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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Economic growth
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increased agricultural production, town growth, creative thought and art
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agricultural advances
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plows, migration- drained swamps, nobles and freeholders moved, clear forests, build villages, collar harness, 3 way field rotation system
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plows
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heavier, cut through rich damp soil, produce more crops, cultivate new lands, increased food production
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collar harness
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replaced ox yoke, horses choked, ox cheap but slow, move weight to shoulders, replaced oxen with horse, faster and more efficient, palnt more crops, plow more land,
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trade
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rapid expansion, town revival, sea and river routes- connect w/ medd.and east europe and scandanavia, rebuilt and repaired roiman road system, international traders, varied merchandise, trade fairs
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venice, Pisa, Genoa
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controlled medd. 1200's, silk spices luxury items
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Flanders
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noth france and south beligum , trade center of norht coast, textiles, traded for silk porcelin and silver
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Hanseatic league
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towns along baltic coast, control trade b/w east europe and north atlantic
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trade fairs
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hundreds traders meet convient place, fuedal lords charge merchants fees and taxes on goods and give protection to merchants
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champagne
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famous trade fair, almost exact center of west europe, 4-6 weeks a year
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banking
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early merchants barter system- impractical and some merchants only accept money, needed common medium of exchange,
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money economy
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growth of banking, economy based on money, feudal classes in sqeeze, nobles depend on banks to pay expenses, pay off loans, raise taxes, sell land, demand $, serfs able to buy freedom, decline n feudal system
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moneychangers
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italians or jews , determined value of various currencies, exchanged money, transferred funds, recived deposits, arranged loans, first bankers,
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towns
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beside well traveled roads or waterways, faced bandits, walls around towns, wooden fances-> stone with guard towers,narrow winding streets, markets, smelled, shops- owners lived above, limited space within walls, builidings with thatched rooves- fire hazard, no sanitation- diseases,
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Bubonic Plague
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1348, killed 1/3 population, black death, worst epidemic,
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Guilds
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business associations, merchants and artisans, member benifits, medical help, unemployment relief, organiszed social and religous life
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merchant guild
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maitain a monopoly of local market for members, restricted trading by foreignors in thier city, uniform pricing,
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craft guilds
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regulated work of artisans, carpernter, cobblers, blacksmithsw ect., strict rules- pricing and wages, coulnd't charge more than other guilds or advertise, prohibeted competition, standards of quality,
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master
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artisans who owned their own shop and employed workers
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apprentice
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worked for master without pay, learned tricks of trade,
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journeyman
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paid, only work under master, show masterpiece to other masters, if approved become master himself
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Middle Class
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towns- burg, Burgesses, Burghers, Burgeoisie, originally anyone in town, people who mande money through money economy, merchants, bankers, turned towns into organized municipalities, councils to administer town affairs, spread money economy- kings depend on the middle calss, loans and income from taxes,
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Town Government
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city dwellers don't fit feudal system, didn't like taxes or service to the lord, run own affaris, own courts and law, fudal lords feared growth middle class- strict enforcement of laws, MC- money and pwoer to win,
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communes
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italian towns, groups, political power from money economy, eneded feudal power, independant city states,
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charters
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documents fiven to townspeople by kings or nobles, give right to control own affairs,
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Education
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illeteracy, controlled by clergy, monasteries and covents, taught for religious life only, increase towns- need educated government officials, lawyers
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universities
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guild of scholars organized for learning, rented rooms, books scarce, met regualary, rules b/w teachers and students, degrees- qualify as teacher,
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Bologna, Italy
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law and medicine, modle
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University of Paris
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model for north, liberal arts nad theology=
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New learning
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studied roman law, Aristotle and Muslim writings, jewish scholars, Church opposed aristotles works- threaten chruch teachings, support ideas,
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Scholasticism
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emphacized reason as well as faith in interpretation of christian doctrine, reconcils classic philosophy with chruch teachings,
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Peter Abelard
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theology in PAris, Sic et Non- book, statements form bible, both sides of controversial questions, reconcile differences with logic,
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Thomas Aquinas
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most important, Summa Theologica- book, reason god's gift, in harmony with faith, point to god, catholic church later adoted thoughts,
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Beowulf
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anglo saxon- 700, earliest surviving, girm battle, gloomy scenery, harshness of life, unkonw poet, warrior defear monester named grendel,
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Chansons de geste
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songs of high deeds, courage of feudal warriors,
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Song of Roland
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chivalrous defense of christianity by charlemagne's knights
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troubadours
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traveling poet musicians, define chivalric knoghts,
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Hildegard of Bingen
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german abess, spiritual wisdom, music
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Herrad of landsberg
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Garden of Delgiht- book, encyclopedia of world hisotry
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vernacular
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language of everyday speech, language of won country, literature to more people,
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Dante Alighieri
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The divine Comedy- book, trilogy, Dante's Inferno, imaginary journey heaven and hell,
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Geofrey Chaucer
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Canterbery tales- book, pilgrim on way to shrine of Thomas BEckett,
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Romanesque
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early chrihces, combined roman and byzantine, thick walls, close set pillars, heavcy arches, small windows
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gothic
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french, flying butresses- weight off walls, thinner walls, stained glass windows, higher ceilings, open interior,
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late middle ages
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stronger central governemnt, loyalty of people, limit power of clergy and nobles, gradually educated commoners, onset- violents warefare,
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Hundred Years war
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Engalnd and France, Egland fought keep french norman land, french want unite lands, Edward III engladn claime french throne,
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Major battles
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first english winning, longbow, Crecy and Agincourt, firearms
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Joan of Arc
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peasant girl, french lowest point, reversal, king charles VII, heavanly voices-save france, french victory Orleans, fell captive to england, heresy, burned at stake, led to french victory, port Calais only french in englash hands at end,
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Effects of HYW
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french suffered more than england, fighting on french soil, french new unity, egland bitterness among nobles, elgand unity- focous on local problems, hastened feudal decline, castle and knight warefare outdated, replacements feudal soldiers, nataional hired armies, matainance expensive, taxes and laons for protection and good government,
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France
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monarch more power and presitige, Louis XI- son Chalres VII, streanglhen beurocracy, promoted trade and agriculture, unite french feudal lands, Burgundy- Charles the Bold- independant, encourage fights b/w burg, and Swiss, deaht of Charles burgundy b/w mary and french king
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Burgundy
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europes most properous area,
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England
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power limited by parliment, taxes and laws, power struggle for throne,
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War of the Roses
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family symbols, LAncaster- red, York- white, Edward- York, overthrow landcaster,l King Edward IV, streanghten royal government and promote trade, death- no heirs, brother IRchsard take throne, Kill cousins in tower of London, Richard III- no support, overthrown b y Herny Tudor- Lancaster, defeated at Bosworht field, king HEnry VII, first tudor king, diminish royal claimants, avoided wars and increased pwoer over nobles, arose w. streangth and few challenges,
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Spain
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leading power, Reconquista, muslim areas of Spain, Iberian peninsula, Portugal, Aragon, Castille, Granada- moorish
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Isabella- Castilla, Ferdinand- Aragon
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married, seperate govern. power limited to local interests, own courts and customs,
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cortes
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spanish assemblies nobles powerful, review royal policies
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Castile
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streanghten royal powerofficaals govern towns, special towns with courth laws, surrender garnada, ende religious toleration, Spanards catholic, convert or leave, persecution of jews and moores, Inquisiton, eforced teaching, fear- streangth,
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Holy roman empire
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German Italian and Slavi lands, no unity, emperor elected by 7 german princes- diet, governen local terripoty, independant rulers, choase sucessor after death, HApsburgs, prestice, Charles V- king of Spain, HRE, most powerful family- Hapsburg,
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East europe
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kingdoms, B/w germany and russia,Poland and hungry
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Poland
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wast slavs, Roman Cathloic, fight teutonic knights, near baltic, king Casmir III, strong central government, unified, one largest states, defeated teutonic knoight- battle of tennenburg,
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Hungry
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south of poland, king Stephen I, Roman Catholic, attacked by Mongols, destruction, rebuild, ottomon turks, defeated by them, Suleiman I- Battle of Mohaes, Hungry under Otts
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LAte middle ages
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plague and wars, turned to chruch, religious ceremonies multiplied, pilgrimages, temporarily power weakedned, questions, monarchs and national govern.
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Babylonian Captivity
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Papacy French Monarchs, Clemet V, move to Avignon Freance, escape, apppoint only french cardinals, long period of exile of popes, rome center of chruch fear dominated french monarchs, dislkied increased taxes to make chruch admin. more efficient, corrupted worldy power,
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Great Schism
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Pope greg, XI- left for rome, death forced elect italian pope, declared invalid, French opoe chosen, neither resign, problem. chirhc counicl- only by popes, neither want to call, divine leaders but 2, reforms, no agreements, Pisa Italy, Constance Germany, weakened churhc politically, loyalty to monarchs,
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Pisa, Itlay
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unite chruch, 3rd pope
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constance germany
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resignationall 3, new elected, MArtin V, ended schism,
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reforms
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people dislike, abuses w/i church, unpopular means raise money, fees for everything
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simony
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sellign church positions, cost passed to people,
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John Wycliffe
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scholar- Oxford, criticized wealth, clergy corruption, Bible sole authority, translate latin to englih bible, read it themselves, revolutionary, only clergy interpret gods word,
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Lollards
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Whycliffe followers, criticized chruch, destroyed images, antipapal feeling, dificult supressing, moderate vies, mild punishment, ideas spread after death,
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Jan Hus
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slavs of Bohemia- Czech, end german control, bible in Czech, back Catholic chruch reforms, leader reform movement, preacher, professor university of Rague, condemned by church, riots, rebellions, council at constance, safe journey, burned at stake,
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Hussites
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supporters Hus, resisted chrucdh and HRE, 5 crusades against them, all failed, firerms and moveable walls, compromise, Hussites certain religious liberty, allegiance to chruch, Hus ideas spread, appearance fo chruch sucess
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