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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Mongol armies besiege the Genoese trading outpost of Caffa?
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In 1346
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Where did the Mongol armies besiege the Genoese?
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Caffa, on the Black Cost
1346 |
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Where did the Black Plague come from?
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Defeated (by Mongols) Genoese merchants and soldiers, inadvertently taking the germs with them on their ships.
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Where was the first city that the Genoese arrived?
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Messina, Sicily.
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What was the condition of the sailors/merchants when the Genoese arrived in Messina, Sicily?
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Half were dead, the rest were dying.
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What was the reaction of the Genoese merchants/sailors in Sicily?
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Horror, and they were turned away.
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How much of Europe was wiped out by the black plague?
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1/3rd
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What was a major factor in the spread of the Black Plague?
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Trade routes, the Silk Routes.
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What regions were most severely affected by the Black Plague?
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Areas that Mongols had brought together.
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What kind of areas had the Mongols brought together?
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Settlements and Commercial Hubs along the silk road and Mediterranean Sea.
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What areas avoided infection from the Black Plague?
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South Asian areas, who had also escaped Mongol influence.
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When did the Black Plague occur, what time era?
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14th and 15th centuries.
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What was important to people after the Black Plague?
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Rebuilding their societies.
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What was a key point in how post- Black Plague societies rebuilt?
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Taking valuable things from the past while discarding what had failed them, in favor of radically new ideas.
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What was "truly new" and enduring, after the Black Plague?
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National Monarchies in Europe, Ottoman sultans in Anatolia, Safavids in Persia, Mughals in India, and Ming dynasts in China.
In summary: IMPERIAL DYNASTIES. |
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What kind of ruler ship was implemented around the world, after the Black Plague?
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Centralized forms.
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Why was the plague so devastating?
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Climatic changes, a drying up of the central Asian-steppe borderlands, forced rodents out of their usual dwelling places towards settled agricultural communities.
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What spread the germs across Afro-Eurasia?
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Mongol's trading networks.
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Where was the first Black Plague outbreak?
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1320s, Southwestern China.
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What did many people think about the Black Plague?
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It was God's wish.
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What did the Black Plague do for ruling groups?
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Gave them the opportunity to consolidate power by marrying dyanstic matches, new taxes, and new systems.
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What remains, surprisingly, after the Black Plague?
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Religious beliefs and institutions.
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What appears after the Black Plague?
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imperial dynasties.
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What groups replaced the Mongols?
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Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.
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What was the primary sunni regime in the Islamic world?
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Ottoman-run Constantinople.
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Where do the Mughals take power?
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The Delhi Sultanate in South Asia
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How do the Mughals deal with other relegions?
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Accomodation and tolerance.
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What occurs in China during and after the BP outbreak?
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Ming dynasty replaced by Mongol Yuan dynasty.
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Among infected BP sufferers, what was the death rate?
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25 to 50 percent.
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What are symptoms of the Black Plague?
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coughing up blood, oozing pus blood from black sores.
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Describe 2 aspects of Babur, Akbar, and Aurangzeb
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Babur: Barbarian, Tamerlane's Grandson
Akbar: Tolerant, enjoyed Hinduism Aurangzeb: Intolerant of Hindus, bigot |
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What was the effect of the Black Plague on China?
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The population went from 120 million to 80 million over the course of a century.
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How did the Black Plague affect food supply?
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Farmers became sick and the supply was destroyed.
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Where were the worst places to be during the Black Plague?
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Populated Cities
Coastal Cities |
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When did reconstruction of Afro-Eurasia start?
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Late 14th century.
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What was the point of a "dynasty"?
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Rules needed to revive confidence in themselves and their poltics.
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How did Dynasties establish their legitimacy?
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1. Ruling family members claimed their power was from divine callings.
2. Fighting among potential heirs by establishing clear rules about succession. 3. Through conquest or alliance. |
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Examples of dynasties establishing their legitimacy with "divine callings"?
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1. Ming emperors in China (Mandate of Heaven)
2. European Monarchs (Divine Right). |
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Users of the "divine callings" establishment of power claimed what?
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That they were closer to the gods than to commoners.
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What were the Ottomans like in the past?
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warrior bands traveling between Islamic and Christian boorders.
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Name the Three Kingdoms' great rulers.
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Ottomans: Oghuz Osman Selim I Suleiman the Magnificent
Safavids : Safi al-Din (founder) Ismail Abbas Mongols: Babur Akbam the Great Aurangzeb |
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Who do the Ottomans attract to consolidate power early on?
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merchants, bureaucrats , artisans, and cleris.
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Where was the Ottoman group stationed under Osman?
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Bursa, western Anatolia
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The champion of Sunni Islam was the ____ .
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Ottoman empire.
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When did the Ottomans enter the Balkans?
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Mid-14th century.
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What was the territory of mid-14th century Ottoman empire?
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Morroca, Hungary, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq-Persian border.
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Who was the top of the Ottoman hiercharcy?
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The "Sultan".
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What is a "Sultan"?
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The leader of the Ottoman hierarchy.
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Who was below the Sultan in the Ottoman empire?
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military and civilian bureaucracy.
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How did the Ming dynasty renounce the Mongol legacy?
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rejecting Mongol eagerness to expand
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Which groups began taking control of Turkish-speaking groups?
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Ottomans and Safavids.
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What was the most important city and capital in Islam, in the Abbasid empire?
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Baghdad.
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What did the destruction of Baghdad cause?
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The elimination of Islam's old political order.
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How did the Mongols use assimilation?
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Instead of assimilating old cultures into their ways, the Mongols would absorb the culture of the conquered area.
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Where did Mongols have problems?
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Urban centers.
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What were the two components of Mongol rule?
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1. The ability to terrorize forces with scare tactics (heads on pikes)
2. Borrowing skills from across the empire and promoting new technology. |
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When did the Black Death reach Baghdad?
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1347.
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By when did the BP take Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus?
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1348/.
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What condition was the Mediterranean after the BP?
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Political and economic collapse.
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Where were the Ottomans?
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Anatolia
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Where were the Safavids?
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West Persia.
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How did Islam's domain expand?
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Migration
Warfare Consolidation of PostMongol Societies |
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Where were the political, economic, and cultural centers of the Islamic world before the Mongols?
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Egypt
Syria Iraq |
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What are Islam's most holy cities?
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Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Badhdad
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What enabled the new Islamic world to appear besides the BP?
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Mongol invasions.
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When did the Safavids, Ottomans, and Mughals appear?
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Mid-16th century
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Where did the Mughals control?
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Northern Indus River valley
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What areas did the Ottomans control?
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Anatolia, Southern/Eastern Europe.
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What is important about Anatolia?
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It is the pivotal area between Europe and Asia.
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Which kind of Islam were the Ottomans a part of?
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Sunni
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How did Ottomans treat or integrate diverse peoples in their territories?
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Tolerantly.
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Which kind of Islam were the Safavids a part of?
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Shiite
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What areas did the Mughals rule over?
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India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
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What are some key points about the Mughal Empire?
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1. Wealthy
2. Decentralized. 3. Constantly under attack. |
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Name the order of Ottoman conquesters.
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Osman
Selim I Suleiman |
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What did the Ottomans promise in exchange to new subjects?
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Wealth and Glory
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How did rules control potentially discontent subordinates?
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Spreading spoils of conquest and lucrative administrative positions.
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Who was Mehmed the Conqueror?
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The conqueror of Constantinople.
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Who by, and how, was Constantinople Taken?
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Mehmed the Conqueror: He build a fortress on the Bosporous strait, promised soldiers free access to booty, and portrayed the city as a holy conquest.
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How long did Mehmed the Conqueror's fight against Constantinople last?
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40 days.
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Why did Mehmed build a base on the Bosporus strait?
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To prevent European vessels from reaching the capital.
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Who renamed Constantinople?
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Mehmed the Conqueror
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What did Mehmed the Conqueror do after taking over Constantinople?
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Adopt the previous Byzantine practices to unify his state and many of the powerful families into it.
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What else was Suleiman known as?
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The Lawgiver
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How many people were ruled under Suleiman?
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20 to 30 million.
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Who built the Suleymaniye Mosque?
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Suleiman.
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Who were the "Shadows of God"?
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The sultans of the Ottoman empire.
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What did many Sultans do for Islam?
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Devoted substantial resources to the construction of elaborate mosques and to support Islamic schools.
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What is the Topkapi Palace?
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The center of the Ottoman world.
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Where did the Ottomans do buracrat training, grand vizier activities, and the Sultan answer questions.
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Topkapi Palace.
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What did the Topkapi Palace have?
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Imperial Household, layers of courtyards, mosaic of mosques, and dwellings for the harem.
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How many women lived in the Topkapi Palace?
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10 to 20 thousand
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What happened when a Sultan died?
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The entire harem would be sent to the "Palace of Tears".
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Why did the Ottoman empire endure so long?
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The ability to win the favor of exceedingly diverse populations.
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From when was the Ottoman empire the more multi-lingual empire?
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15th and onward.
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What did the Ottomans show flexibility and tolerance to?
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Politics and language.
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What did the Ottomans do about foreign rule?
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Gave autonomous region control appointees.
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How did the Ottoman empire clip foreign rulers attempting to keep large amounts of tax profit?
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The Janissaries.
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Who were the janissaries?
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A corps of infantry soldiers and bureaucrats. Christian youth taken for physique and looks, converted to Islam, and sent to farms to learn Turkish.
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Who was Sinan?
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The janissary architect of the Suleymaniye Mosque
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What did the legitimacy of the Safavid empire lay in?
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Islamic foundation
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Mongol rules practiced a form of ____ .
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Religion toleration.
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What is a khan?
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A Mongol ruler who was acclaimed at an assembly of elites, descened from Khan.
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What was a popular Sufi movement that led to the Safavid Empire?
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The Sufi brotherhood led by Safi al-Din.
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What did Safi al-Din's successors do?
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Embrace Shiism.
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How did the Safavids rally support for power?
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Promising to restore good governance in areas badly affects in Persia.
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Which of the 3 Islamic empires was most fundamentalist?
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Safavids.
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What did the Safavids do with those who did not follow Shiites?
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Assimilate or kill.
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Who was Safi al-Din's succesor?
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Ismail
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What did Ismail do?
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Ignore his advisors and make Shiism the official state religion (in Persia, where Sunnis were a majority).
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Who was the first Shah of the Safavid Empire?
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Ismail.
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When did Ismail proclaim he was the first Shah of the Safavid empire?
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1502.
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What did Islam resemble in the hands of the Safavids?
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An extreme and militant form.
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Did the Safavids tolerate diversity?
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No.
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When did the Mughals seize power?
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A quarter century after the Safavids.
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Which of the 3 Islamic empires did NOT replace a Mongol society?
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Mughals.
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When did the Delhi Sultanate come into existence?
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1206.
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What group did India have to fight?
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The Tamerlane warriors.
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When was the Delhi Sultanate at its height?
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1303.
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Why did the Mongols not have control over the Delhi Sultanate?
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It was able to stop them in 1303.
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When did Islam truly begin to expand?
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13th century.
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Where was the first expansion of Islam?
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From Arabia area to Anatolia.
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When was the Manzikert Battle?
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1071.
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Who succeeded Muhammed?
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Umar.
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Who do the Shiites accept?
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Descendants of Ali, Muhammed's son in law.
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Who do Sunnis accept as successors to Muhammed?
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Umayyads, directly from Muhammed.
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What is Wahhabis?
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A fundamentalist group finding refuge in Saudi Arabia.
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What did the Wahabis believe?
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every Muslim should be ruled by Shiia Islam
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Why were many people eager to convert to Islam?
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- All people were equal in Allah's eyes.
- Muslims were seen as upper class/elite |
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How did Farmland get affects by Islam?
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It often ended in hands of wealthy.
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How were slaves used?
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Used for battles, domestic things, ships, and grunt work. BUT they could buy their own freedom.
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How were women treated in Islam?
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With respect.
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What conditions were on Islamic women?
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-Could inherit land
-Polygamy was permitted up to 4 -Only man could initiate divorce. |
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How was homosexuality and adultery seen under Islam.
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Negatively, but women were more cruelly punished. Often ignored for men.
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Where was it common for women to wear full-body Burkas?
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Cities, not rural area.s
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Where did the Seljuk Turks come from?
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Central Turkestan, Central Asia
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When was Baghdad caputred by Seljuk Turks?
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1055
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In 1055, what city was captured and by who?
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Baghdad, and the Seljuk Turks.
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What areas did the Seljuk Turks take over?
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Anatolia, except for Constantinople.
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When did Constantinople fall to Istanbul?
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1453.
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Describe Oghuz
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Tolerant and Multicultured.
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When did Suleiman take over?
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1520
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What kind of law did the Ottomans have?
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Not Shia Law
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What is a "dimmi"?
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A protected person under the Ottomans, but only monotheists.
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Where did "dimmi" live?
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millets.
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Who was responsible for Kanun?
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Sluleman.
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What did the Kanun do?
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Regulate all aspects of society.
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What system did the Ottomans really focus on?
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The Education System, the ehart of the empire.
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What is a Madrasa?
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religious schools under the Ottomans.
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What were the two types of training in Madrasas?
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Ulama and Qudis
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What are Ulama?
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students of religious training in ottoman empire.
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What are Qudis?
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Students of legal, judge training in ottoman empire.
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If you can't be in a Madrasas, you enter ___.
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Tekkes.
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What are Tekkes?
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Technical schools, taught people devotional techniques and to help others understand Islamic law.
ottoman empire. |
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What was the Ottoman empire very interested in?
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Emulating Protestant Europeans.
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What's the deal with Tulips?
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They were a symbol within the ottoman empire of European wealth and class.
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What interests did the Ottomans have from Europe?
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Fashion
Science Technology |
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What is one of the reasons for the Ottoman empire collapse?
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People did not like over-emulation of European Protestants.
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Who develops the Twelver Shiism?
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Ismail.
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Who were the red-hats?
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The Qizilbash warriors, who fought for Safavids, who wore red hats.
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As the empires expand in the Islamic world, what happens?
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They begin to bump into each other.
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What was the Safavid education like?
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Emulated after Ottomans.
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What were the schools of the Safavid empire?
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Maddras, Takkigas, and Ulama.
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Which Shah enlists Roman Catholics, to find the Ottomans?
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Abbas
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What kind of art and works were done in the Safavid empire?
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Calligraphy and mosaics.
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Whho was the found of the Mughal empire?
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Babur in 1523. He was not particularly religious, just ambitious.
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Who build the Taj-Mahal?
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Shah Jahan
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Like the Ottomans and Safavids associated with Europe, where did the Mughals look to to emulate a society?
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China.
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Akbar the ____.
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Great.
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What are the big commonalities of the 3 Islamic Empires?
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Military Creations
Authority derived from piety and military prowness Devotion to Islam enabled leaders to expand. |
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What led to the decline of the Islamic empires?
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Religious intolerance.
Economic/Military Decline. Cultural Conservatism. |
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What kinds of military decline did the 3 Islamic empires suffer?
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Costly Wars
Raising taxes Failure to develop trade. |
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What was Sikhism?
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A new belief in the Sultanate Dehli.
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Who started Sikhism?
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Nanak.
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What initiated Babur's attack?
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The governor of Punjab invited him after the Sultan tried to clip nobility power.
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What devices improved accuracy of measurements on sea and land?
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Mechanical clocks and compasses.
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What problems preceeded the Black Plague in Christian Europe?
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Climatic problems
Famine |
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Who were the Beghards?
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A group of post-BP in Europe believing in doing what one wanted to.
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Who were the Flagellants?
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People who constantly atoned for sins, in the wake of the BP.
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What problems did the Post-BP Church have?
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It needed to consolodate power and was always being attacked.
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Why did the Church turn to persecution?
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To establish themselves as religious authority.
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What are Indulgences?
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Charms you bought in order toget less time in purgatory.
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What was undermined by the BP?
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The Church
The Feudal System. |
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Who were the Habsburgs?
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A family that established a powerful dynasty in post BP Europe.
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Why did Latin lose ground in Europe?
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Many countries adapted new languages as official.
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What was the situation of European government in the economic recovery?
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Mostly, there wasn't one. People challenged.
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How did Europeans form government after the BP?
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Monarchy. fought, and new states were constantly
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What led to the Ranassaince?
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Stabilization of Italian city states and monarchical rule in Portgual and Spain.
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Who were Moors?
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Muslim occupants of North Africa.
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Under who were the Castillians defeated?
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Joao I
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Who was Henry the Navigatory?
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Son of Joao, supported expeditions along west african cost.
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What allowed Portugal to thrive within the BP?
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Political consoloidation and colonies.
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Who fought, and won, the War of the Roses?
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The Houses of Lancaster and York. Both lost in favoer of the Tudors.
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Even when European stable states appeared, ____ .
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they were nowhere near as big as the Islamic empires.
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What was the Italian Renaissance all about?
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New exposure to the old, classical texts. Foregoing "common" medicine and stuff.
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Who sponsored the Renassaince?
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Wealthy families, rules, and the Church.
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Who funded the Doumo?
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Cosimo di Medici.
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What helped spread the Rensassaince throughout all of Europe?
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Increasing economic prosperity
Circulation of Books Insterstate Competition. |
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Which painters often offended the Catholic church?
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Michelangelo and Paul Rubens.
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Why could artists challenge the Church during the Renassaince?
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The Church patroned them.
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What is humanism?
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A belief about knowing more to morality than Christianity.
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Who wrote The Prince?
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Machiavelli.
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What was China like at the end of the last Yuan Mongol rulers?
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Chaotic, under bandit attack, dissident religious sects.
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What is the Red Turban Movement?
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A group within China incorportating Buddhism and Daoism. Believed world was going to end.
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Who was Zhu Yuanzhang?
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Originally a Red Turban member, became a great leader, drove Mongols from China.
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Who built the Forbidden City?
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Zhu, the Hongwu Emperor.
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Who were Isabella and Ferdinand?
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A married group that led to the beginning of extended marriage dynasties.
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Who started the Inquisition?
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Isabella and Ferdinand.
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How did Hongwu initially plan on ruling?
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Giving control of areas to princes. But this was stopped.
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Why did Hongwu end his prince system?
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He felt threatened.
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What steps did Hongwu do to centralize rule?
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Assigned Bureaucrats to oversee manufacturing.
Re-estabklished Confucian schools to pick officials. Set up irrigation. |
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Which imperial dynasty was most centralized?
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Ming, under Hongwu.
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How did rulers in the Ming dynasty consolidate their position?
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Adding special rules and customs, and reinforcing hierarchies.
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Who did Hongwu entrust for rural world management?
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local leaders
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How many subjects did Hongwu kill?
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100,000
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What was Trade like, under the Ming dynasty?
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After the BP, it became the pre-imment long distance exchanger.
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What did Hongwu ban?
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Private maritime commerce.
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Who was Zheng He?
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An important military leader entrusted by Hongwu in naval expeditions.
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What was the goal of Zheng He's military action?
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Showing dominance, not expansionism.
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Why were the Ming dynasty naval expeditions stopped?
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Glamorous but expensive.
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