History, Chaoter 4 : Eightennth Century America

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back country

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A term used in the early days of the republic to refer to the wilderness and the supposed misfits who lived in the western settlements.

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great awakening

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The Great Awakening was a religious revival in American religious history. There were three--some say four--such periods of fervor, each characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, a jump in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.

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fort duquesne

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Fort Duquesne (originally called Fort Du Quesne, and pronounced "du-kane") was a fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh in the state of Pennsylvania.

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king george's war

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Americans were the primary fighters in this conflict. Colonials captured a major Canadian fort, that was actually returned in the peace treat. French established a fort at the head of the Ohio R. (Ft. Duquesne) Va militia led by officer George Washington were defeated

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albany plan

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The Albany Plan was proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York. It was an early attempt at forming a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes" during the French and Indian War.

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albany congress

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meeting of representatives of seven of the British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island).

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seven years war

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The final war between France and Great Britain, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 – giving all of North America to Great Britain, except New Orleans and the small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon

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peace of paris

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was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War. On 3 September 1783, representatives of King George III of Great Britain signed a treaty in Paris with representatives of the United States of America—commonly known as the Treaty of Paris (1783)—and two treaties at Versailles with representatives of King Louis XVI of France and King Charles III of Spain—commonly known as the Treaties of Versailles (1783).

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george whitefield

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was an Anglican itinerant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Great Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies.

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jonathan edwards

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American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America

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parliament

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legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom

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william pitt

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was the most powerful minister in George's Cabinet. He believed he was the only one that could save the Birtish Empire and took control of the British army and navy.

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general braddock

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was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War

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entrepots

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is a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties seven years war

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john trenchard and thomas gordon

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John Trenchard-was an English politician belonging to an old Dorset family. Thomas Gordon-American lawyer and politician of the colonial period

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john locke

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Widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers

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pennsylvania dutch

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The Pennsylvania Dutch are the descendants of Germanic peoples who emigrated to the U.S. (primarily to Pennsylvania), from Germany, Switzerland and The Low Countries prior to 1800

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middle ground

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The geographic area from the Great Lakes to the upper Mississippi basin and the social terrain, "in between cultures, peoples, and in between empires and the nonstate world of the villages" of the Algonquin-European accommodation

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gilbert tennet

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American Presbyterian clergyman, leading preacher of the Great Awakening.

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molasses act

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a British law of 1733 that imposed taxes on molasses, rum, and sugar imported into the American colonies, which would effectively close trade with the West Indies and destroy New England's rum industry. The colonists rarely paid the tax, choosing rather to avoid it through smuggling.

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charles chauncy

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Was an American Congregational clergyman in Boston. He was ordained as a minister of the First Church, Boston, in 1727 and remained in that pulpit for 60 years

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cato's letter's

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Cato's Letters were essays by British writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, first published from 1720 to 1723 under the pseudonym of Cato, the implacable foe of Julius Caesar and a famously stubborn champion of republican principles.

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james davenport

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Was an American clergyman and itinerant preacher noted for his often controversial actions during the First Great Awakening.

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old lights

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Old Lights, suspicious of the revivals and their seeming threat to authority, wanted to suppress the new lights

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new lights

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New Lights embraced the revivals that spread through the colonies

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evangelicals

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refers to the practice of relaying information about a particular set of beliefs to others who do not hold those beliefs.

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henry muehlenberg

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was a German Lutheran pastor sent to North America as a missionary, requested by Pennsylvania colonists.

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cotton mather

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the minister of Boston's Old North church, was a true believer in witchcraft

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mestizo

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a person of racially mixed ancestry, esp., in Latin America, of mixed American Indian and European, usually spanish or Portuguese, ancestry, or, in the Philippines, of mixed native and foreign ancestry

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mulatto

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person whose ancestry is a mixture of Negro and Caucasian.

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transportation act

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allowed judges from England, Scotland, and Ireland to send convicted felons to the American Colonies

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king william's war

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opposition to french bid for controol of Europe

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queen anne's war

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austria and france hold rival claims to spanish throne

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Navagation acts

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A series of commercial restrictions passed by Parliament to control trade and gain wealth for England

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benjamin franklin

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famous philosopher, politician, inventor, and printer that had a major influence on the Enlightenment

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king george's war

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sturggle among britain, spanish and france for control of new world territory

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constitution

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Found expression in a growing body of law, court decisions, and statutes