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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kepler
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(1571–1630), German astronomer. He discovered the three laws that govern orbital motion.
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Brahe
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(1546–1601), Danish astronomer. He built an observatory equipped with precision instruments, but despite demonstrating that comets follow sun-centered paths, he adhered to a geocentric system of planetary motions.
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Newton
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(1642–1727), English mathematician and physicist, considered the greatest single influence on theoretical physics until Einstein. In Principia Mathematica (1687), he gave a mathematical description of the laws of mechanics and gravitation and applied these to planetary motion. Opticks (1704) records his optical experiments and theories, including the discovery that white light is made up of a mixture of colors. His work in mathematics included the binomial theorem and differential calculus.
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Galileo
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(1564–1642), Italian astronomer and physicist. He discovered the constancy of a pendulum's swing, formulated the law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies, and described the parabolic trajectory of projectiles. He applied the telescope to astronomy and observed craters on the moon, sunspots, Jupiter's moons, and the phases of Venus.
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Ptolemy
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Greek astronomer and geographer of the 2nd century A.D. His teachings had enormous influence on medieval thought, the geocentric view of the cosmos being adopted as Christian doctrine until the late Renaissance. His Geography was also a standard work for centuries, despite its inaccuracies.
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Copernicus
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(1473–1543), Polish astronomer; Latinized name of Mikołaj Kopernik. He proposed a model of the solar system in which the planets orbit in perfect circles around the sun; his work ultimately led to rejection of the established geocentric cosmology.
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Bacon
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Francis, Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans (1561–1626), English statesman and philosopher. As a scientist he advocated the inductive method. Notable works: The Advancement of Learning (1605) and Novum Organum
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Descartes
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(1596–1650), French philosopher, mathematician, and man of science. He concluded that everything was open to doubt except conscious experience and existence as a necessary condition of this: " Cogito, ergo sum " (I think, therefore I am). In mathematics, he developed the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions.
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Pascal
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(1623–62), French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He founded the theory of probabilities, but is best known for deriving the principle that the pressure of a fluid at rest is transmitted equally in all directions.
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher and scientist. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, he founded a school (the Lyceum) outside Athens. He is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thought. His surviving works cover a vast range of subjects, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, politics, natural science, and physics.
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Galen
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Greek physician; full name Claudios Galenos; Latin name Claudius Galenus. While attempting to systematize medicine, he made important discoveries in anatomy and physiology.
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Vesalius
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Flemish anatomist; the founder of modern anatomy.
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Laws of Planetary Motion
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Written by Kepler
Contains the three laws of planetary motion |
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Dialogues of the Great World Systems
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Written by Galileo
Argued for the Copernicus system. Galileo put in jail for it |
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Structure of the Human Body
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Written by Vesalius
A textbook of human anatomy. |
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Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
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Written by Copernicus
Offered the first alternative on the on the model of the universe. Varied from Ptolemy's book |
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Philosophical Transactions
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Written by the Royal Society
First journal in the world completely devoted to science |
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The Pensees
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Written by Pascal
Was a defense of christian religion against science |
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The Discourse on Method
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Written by Descartes
A treatise on science and philosophy |
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New Atlantas
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Written by Bacon
A utopian novel about the future of mankind |
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Scientific Method
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a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
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Newton's Three Laws of Motion
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Three laws created by Newton that stated motion
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Doubt
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a feeling of uncertainty or lack of conviction
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Geocentric Universe
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having or representing the earth as the center, as in former astronomical systems.
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Heliocentric Universe
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having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system.
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