History And Theory Of Design

Front 1

The Latin alphabet came to the Romans from Greece by way of a culture who dominated the Italian peninsula in the first millennium B.C. What was that culture?

Back 1

Ancient Etruscans

Front 2

When a picture symbol begins to represent the sounds of an object instead of the object itself, it is called what?

Back 2

phonograms

Front 3

What physical evidence indicates that animal images in prehistoric cave paintings may have been issued in magical rites of power?

Back 3

Spearmarks, designed to provide power over animals

Front 4

Why were cylinder seals so hard to counterfeit?

Back 4

because the images was displayed as a raised flat design

Front 5

According to Hammurabi's code, which offense was punishable by the cutting off of one's hands?

Back 5

a physician operating on a slightly wounded man with a bronze scalpel

Front 6

The Rosetta stone was inscribed in which three writing systems?

Back 6

hieroglyphic, demotic, and greek

Front 7

What is the evolution of the relationship between text and image in the Egyptian Book of the Dead?

Back 7

EARLIER VERSIONS - > the scribe designed the manuscript and blank areas were left for the artist to fill in .
LATER VERSIONS - > artist would draw first and scribes would fill in the manuscripts later

Front 8

How did the changes in the Book of the Dead imply a diminishing empire?

Back 8

sheets of papyrus were being used and maybe only a few inch square

Front 9

What lettering style, composed of vertical strokes capped with pointed serifs, was used in Gothic manuscripts?

Back 9

textura aka littera moderna

Front 10

What common feature of christian manuscripts are not found in Islamic manuscripts?

Back 10

religious icons

Front 11

In the later Gothic period, around 1400, what private devotional became an entirely popular manuscript?

Back 11

The Book of Hours

Front 12

So-named because they were written between guidelines space one inch apart, what rounded lettering style made writing faster?

Back 12

uncials

Front 13

What is "gold leaf" and how was it applied to manuscripts?

Back 13

ground into powder and mixed with paint, also. hammering gold into fine paper. it was used for texture and design effects.

Front 14

What do you call a seal made by cutting calligraphic characters into a flat surface of stone ,gold or ivory?

Back 14

chops

Front 15

Why did printing with movable type never come into extensive use in the far east?

Back 15

because they had a ridiculous amount of characters!!

Front 16

What do you call a buddhist charm, printed and placed in a pagoda to help lengthen one's life? Why is this significant to graphic design?

Back 16

dharini -- there was an outrageous amount of copies produced and distributed...earliest surviving datable printing

Front 17

The chinese calligraphic writing system contains approximately how many characters?

Back 17

44,000

Front 18

Which chinese writing style, dating from 1800 BCE to 1200 BCE, was closely related to communicating with the dead?

Back 18

chiaku-wen -- aka. "bone-and-shell"

Front 19

The chinese calligraphic writing systems consists of characters classed as logograms. This means each character represents what?

Back 19

an entire word

Front 20

According to legend, calligraphy was invented about 1800 BCE by Ts-ang Chieh, who was inspired by observing what?

Back 20

by contemplating the claw marks of birds and footprints of animals

Front 21

The early chinese practice of making rubbings onto paper from stone inscriptions, such as the Confucian Classics, allowed them to solve a big problem. What was it?

Back 21

to insure a permanent record

Front 22

The oldest Chinese printed document still in existence from 868 BCE is a religious text known as what?

Back 22

The Diamond Sutra

Front 23

An alphabet is a series of simple visual symbols that represent what?

Back 23

the elementary sounds of a spoken language

Front 24

According to Meggs Phoenicia of the second millenium B.C. developed a type of society that contributed to the alphabetic system. How is this society characterized?

Back 24

seafaring merchants

Front 25

Around 1500 B.C., Semitic workers in the Sinai desert developed an acrophonic adaption of Egyptian hieroglyphics. In an acrophonic text, pictographs are used to represent what?

Back 25

the initial sound of the depicted object

Front 26

In what ways did the Greeks modify the Phoenician letter shapes?

Back 26

they applied geometric structure and order to the uneven phoenician characters.

Hint 26

E and M = squares. O is perfectly round etc..

Front 27

To what does the term "boustrophedon" refer?

Back 27

" to plow a field with an ox " --> meaning everyother line reads in opposite direction

Front 28

What is the latin phrase that refers to the library from which a book comes.

Back 28

ex libris

Front 29

What is the latin phrase that means "cradle" or "rebirth?"

Back 29

incunabula

Front 30

It's connotations of birth or beginning caused 17th century writers to adopt it as a name for books printed from the invention of typography until the end of the 15th century. What is the latin phrase?

Back 30

incunabula

Front 31

The style type known as 'fraktur' in Johann Schoensperger's TEUERDANK is distinguished from other textura-like typefaces by what characteristics?

Back 31

the rigid, angular straight lines of textura were replaced with flowing, curved strokes

Front 32

The "golden rectangle" ( favored by German artists and designers during the latter part of the 15th century ) has what ratio of width to height?

Back 32

.. cant find it ..

Front 33

The Ars Moriendi provided advice on how to what?

Back 33

"art of dying" protocols and procedures on a good death

Front 34

The Master of the PLaying Cards ( who may have had some relationship with Gutenberg's press) is best remembered for what?

Back 34

creating the earliest known copperplate engravings.

Front 35

The illustration of the series of mermaids from the beginning of Chapter Five in Meggs (which are suspiciously reminiscent Starbuck's logo) is an example of what technology?

Back 35

watermark

Front 36

What do you call a steel bar with a character engraved into the top which is then pressed into a softer metal to make a negative impression?

Back 36

steel punch

Front 37

What do you call the negative impression of a character pressed that is filled with a molten lead alloy to create a finished piece of type?

Back 37

matrix

Front 38

Increasing literacy, a growing middle class, and a greater number of universities were all background cultural factors that made the development of what possible?

Back 38

Industrial Revolution && Mass Communications

Front 39

The mechanization of book production by such mean as movable type was sought by printers in Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy, but around 1450 in Mainz, Germany, it was who that first brought together the complex systems and subsystems necessary to print a typographic book?

Back 39

Johann Gutenberg

Front 40

What do you call a translucent emblem created in the paper-making process that is visible when a sheet of paper is held to the light?

Back 40

the watermark

Front 41

True of False : The original format of Gutenberg's 42-line bible contained hundreds of full page illustrations.

Back 41

false

Front 42

What do you call the inscription that usually occurs at the end of a book or manuscript and gives details of the work's production?

Back 42

colophon

Front 43

The VATICAN VERGIL, which includes parts of the AENEID and the GEORGICS is an example of which type of manuscript style?

Back 43

Classical

Front 44

During the Romanesque period (1000-1150 CE), manuscript styles began to blend and merge. What was the reason (cited by Meggs) that styles began to cross-pollinate?

Back 44

visual ideas were traveling back and forth on the pilgrimage route. Universal designs were made possible.

Front 45

According to Meggs, what was the fate of the library at Alexandria?

Back 45

it would be burned down

Front 46

"Recto" and "Verso" relate to what? Which is which?

Back 46

sides of the pages. Verso is left an recto is right.

Front 47

In 1501, what early graphic designer began to publish small, economical books such as Vergil's Opera?

Back 47

Aldus Manutias

Front 48

Who was the first typographic punch cutter to work independently of printers and established his own type foundry?

Back 48

Claude Garamond

Front 49

What is a word, phrase, symbol or design that identifies and distinguishes the goods and services of different parties?

Back 49

trademark

Front 50

Eric Ratdolts's Calendarium offered a scientific explanation of solar and lunar eclipses. This was a specific instance of what general trend?

Back 50

title page

Front 51

What typeface designer began work as a die-cutter, established Venice's second printing press, and eventually designed fonts characterized by extreme legibility?

Back 51

Nicolas Jenson

Front 52

The Italian renaissance in graphic design did not begin in Florence with the renaissance in art and architecture, but rather in which Italian city?

Back 52

Venice

Front 53

Aviso Relation oder Zeitung, which began publication in 1609, was the oldest surviving WHAT from Augsburg, Germany?

Back 53

journal

Front 54

Who established Aldine Press and published many of the major works of great thinkers from the Greek and Roman worlds?

Back 54

Aldus Manutias.

Front 55

The Aldine Press trademark, designed around 1500, contained what two features? What was the press motto?

Back 55

dolphin and an anchor -- "make haste slowly"

Front 56

What were handmade model layouts and manuscript texts ( used as guides for woodcut illustrations, typesetting, page design, and makeup of printed books ) called?

Back 56

exemplars

Front 57

Who wrote Underweisung der messung mit dem Zirckel und Richtscheyt ( a course in the Art of Measurement with Compass and Ryler), which presented the application of geometry to architecture, decoration, engineering, and letterforms, including a modular system for constructing a Gothic alphabet based on six stacked squares with the top and bottom units tilted to for the serifs? What else is the artist/designer noted for?

Back 57

Albrecht Durer also known for --> creating latin and german editions of the Apocalypse

Front 58

William Caxton's typographic work is often contrasted to type being produced on the continent of Europe in what regard?

Back 58

unified the constantly chaning, diverse dialects in use throughout the islands

Front 59

Philippe Pigouchet developed a technique called "crible" for illustrations. What was the effect of this technique?

Back 59

black areas of a woodblock are punched with white dots = lively tonality

Front 60

A single-leafed page, printed on one side, is called what? On both sides?

Back 60

broadside / broadsheet

Front 61

The latin term for "here begins" was often used by early printers on the first page of a book to seperate the front matter from the rest of the text. What is the latin phrase?

Back 61

incipit

Front 62

What was the most pressing concern of the private press movement -- including the Kelmscott, Dove, and Essex house press? It is no small irony that while William Morris was on the one hand returning to printing methods of the incunabula, on the other hand, he was adopting a rather new printing expediency -- what was it?

Back 62

money ? -- he used intials, borders and ornaments that were modular and interchangeable

Front 63

Typefaces with a ratio of 1:2.5 or even 1:2 of stroke width to capital height are called what? What are two other new typographic forms that hail from this period?

Back 63

fat-face -- > antique(egyptians) & tuscan

Front 64

What innovation brought greater speed to the printing press?

Back 64

steam

Front 65

What precursor to photographic processes (whose name means "dark chamber") was known as far back as Aristotle's time?

Back 65

camera obscura

Front 66

On an axis from Spartan and utilitarian to fanciful and ornamented, the Victorian taste in letterforms ( as exemplified by Herman Ihlenburg's designs) runs toward which extreme?

Back 66

elaborate and ornamented

Front 67

What is the medium on which Daguerrotype's photographic images were exposed?

Back 67

silver-plated copper sheet

Front 68

What process, new in 1880, allowed the printing of photographs in newspapers?

Back 68

halftoning

Front 69

Describe how the image is formed on a lithographic plate

Back 69

oil based drawing on a flat stone. water is added to surface, then oil based ink is rolled over the surface. paper is pressed over the image and a printing press is used to transfer the inked image onto the paper.

Front 70

Which French typographer standardized typeface measurement and initiated the concept of type families?

Back 70

Nicolas Jenson

Front 71

John Baskerville's printing was considerably more refined that that of his contemporaries; what are two of the factors that made this so?

Back 71

his presses focused on perfect alignment and the smooth stone press bed

Front 72

Giambattista Bodoni's late work reflect a turning away from the flourishes of rococo and towards a more sober style that (as indicated by its name) harked back towards an earlier period. What was the style of his later work?

Back 72

antique virtue

Front 73

William Blake's swirling illustrations accompanying his visionary poetry is in what style?

Back 73

art nouveau, abstract

Front 74

What is the name of the press founded in England in 1786 with the nationalistic purpose of producing work equal or better than was being produced on the continent of Europe?

Back 74

Shakespeare Press

Front 75

Who was the american fan of William Caslon who introduced his works to the colonies?

Back 75

.. dunnno..

Front 76

What scottish author and scientist invented the pie chart and is generall considered the father of information graphics?

Back 76

William Playfair

Front 77

A standard inch is divided into how many typographic points?

Back 77

72

Front 78

According to Meggs what does "Mesopptamia" mean? What countries occupy that region now?

Back 78

"the land between river" -- Iraq

Front 79

Ukiyo-e means what in english? Why are ukiyo-e important to the history of design?

Back 79

"pictures of the floating world"

Front 80

Who was self-described as Gakyo-rojin ( "old man mad with painting" )?

Back 80

Katushik Hokusai

Front 81

In Art Nouveau, what is the relationship of basic design to ornamentation?

Back 81

its very organic and plant like

Front 82

What phenonmenon caused a 19th century boom in parisian poster production?

Back 82

dont know..

Front 83

Illustrator Audrey Beardsley was heavily influenced by which Kelmscott pioneer? What did this previous designer think of Beardsley's work?

Back 83

William Morris. He was angry! Beardsly replaced neutral borders with stylized borders.

Front 84

Which illustrator and designer was sometimes dismissively referred to as the "American Beardsley?" What publication is he associated with?

Back 84

Will Bradley - Inland printer and Chapbook

Front 85

What U.S. company's rounded corporate logo, designed in the 1890's is still in use?

Back 85

The english UNDERGROUND

Front 86

William Morris, on his deathbed is said to have been moved to tears by the books produced by Charles Rickett's printing company. What was the name of the Rickett's Press? What was one of the books produced by this press highlighted Meggs.

Back 86

Vale Press -- > The Sphinx

Front 87

Jugendstil in English means what? What was unusual about Jugenstil?

Back 87

Youth style -- > It was a magazine decorated with illustrations on virtually every page, and the cover page was designed differently every issue.

Front 88

Who were the Cercle des XX and what artists did they champion?

Back 88

Belgian artists known as "Group of Twenty" -- > Gaugain and Van Gogh

Front 89

The phrase "cheap and nasty" in Meggs refers to what?

Back 89

mass-produced goods of Victorian era

Front 90

What is the most striking visual aspect of a William Morris book design?

Back 90

..dont know..

Front 91

Who edited the journal "Ars Typographica" and also designed more than 100 typefaces in his career that didn't start until he was 40?

Back 91

Frederic W. Goudy

Front 92

What writer and thinker's belief that the uniopn of art and labor was the ideal condition heavily influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement?

Back 92

Edward Johnston

Front 93

Selwyn Image had a dispute with the Academy of Art over what art-related issue?

Back 93

..dont know..

Front 94

Which Ruskin devotee established the socialist-minded Guild of Handicraft?

Back 94

Charles R Ashby

Front 95

What did Rudolf Koch, who designed the Neuland typeface, feel was supreme spiritual achievement of humanity?

Back 95

The alphabet

Front 96

What interesting convention marks William Pickering's 1847 edition of Oliver Byrne's 'The Elements of the Euclid', a geometry text, as a break from tradition?

Back 96

.dont know..

Front 97

At the end of the 19th century, architects and fashion, graphic and product designers moved away from the floral curvlinear elements of art nouveau and toward a more different style of representation. What was it? ( representations of the human figure often especially displayed this tendency )

Back 97

jggbdbjhb

Front 98

The Vienna Sucession (Sezessionstil) formed in 1897 when a group of young Viennese artists seceded from what? Why did they choose to break away?

Back 98

Kunstlerhaus- Viennese Creative artists Association.--> because they refused to allow foreign artists to exhibit

Front 99

What was especially innovative about the periodical Ver Sacrum (1898-1903)?

Back 99

it was somewhat of a design laboratory. the staffed was switched up occasionally allowing a lot of personnel and designers it had a square format and included a lot of linear and geometric shapes.

Front 100

Philosophically, The Vienna Workshop ( Wiener Werkstatte ), opening in 1903, was influenced by whom?

Back 100

juhlfgiu

Front 101

In 1916, the eminent calligrapher Edward Johnston was chosen to design an exclusive, patented typeface for the world's first what? And what sort of typeface was it?

Back 101

Underground Railway -> Sans-serif typeface

Front 102

Peter Behren's believed that (after architecture) this was best barometer of "spiritual progress."

Back 102

jgiuy

Front 103

While the Deutsche Werkbund ( German association of Craftsmen ) had strong ties to the english arts and crafts movement, one major difference was that German artists admitted to the value of what kind of processes?

Back 103

giving machine made objects a sense of form and meaning through design, including buildings

Front 104

This was an outgrowth of the Sezessionstil and sought a close union of fine and applied arts as an alternative to poorly designed, mass-produced articles and trite historicism. It was the philosophical heir of William Morris.

Back 104

jhkuefgi

Front 105

Peter Behrens's Allgemeine elektricitata-Gesellschaft (AEG) designs represent a synthesis of neoclassicism and Sachlichkeit, which loosely translates to what in English?

Back 105

frfuygu

Front 106

This American archhtect became known for his repetition of rectangular zones and use of asymmetrical spatial organization in his design of furniture, wallpaper, and stained-glass windows. What house was probably his most celebrated design?

Back 106

Frank Lloyd Wright. Connely House?