History And Systems Test 3

Front 1

doctrine of specific nerve energies

Back 1

each sense has its own nerve type, later determined that brain does this. by Muller

Front 2

sensations vs. physical reality

Back 2

Muller
we are conscious of sensations, not physical reality

Front 3

eradicated vitalism debate

Back 3

Helmoltz
studied metabolic processes in frogs

Front 4

conservation of energy

Back 4

energy is constant, cannot be created or destroyed.
Helholtz

Front 5

nerve conduction

Back 5

first to measure speed of nerve conduction
Helmholtz

Front 6

Theory of perception (Helmholtz)

Back 6

perception is sensation and meaning from previous experience; can't be reduced to retinal images

Front 7

destroyed Kants categories of thought

Back 7

Helmholtz theory of perception

Front 8

theory of signs

Back 8

Helmholtz
close to representational theory
sensations and perceptions are not images of external reality, they are signs of it.

Front 9

kinesthesis

Back 9

Weber
sensation at level of muscle

Front 10

two-point touch

Back 10

demonstrated that touch is not one but many senses
Weber

Front 11

relative vs. absolute judgments

Back 11

Weber
what is smallest difference b/w two weights that can be discriminated?
JND= Just noticable difference= constant fraction of standard weight

Front 12

importance of relative vs. absolute judgments

Back 12

first statement of systematic relationship b/w physical stimulation and psychological experience
(weber doesn't realize this but Fetchner does)

Front 13

Weber's law

Back 13

JND is a constant fraction of standard weight
-demonstrates kinesthetic sense

Front 14

psychophysics

Back 14

study of relationship b/w physical stimuli and psychological experiences
-created by Fetchner
-allowed objected measurement of psychological experience, expressed mathematically.

Front 15

Fechner's Law

Back 15

relationship b/w physical and psychological events is logarithmic.
- perception is scaled version of reality

Front 16

voluntarism

Back 16

Wundt
volitional control of attention, will, choice
-broadly rationalism- active mind

Front 17

Wundt's goals for experimental psychology

Back 17

discover the basic elements of thought & discover the laws by which elements combine into more complex mental experiences

Front 18

Elements of thought

Back 18

(wundt)
-sensations: modality, intensity, qualities
-feelings: accompany sensations

Front 19

tri-dimensional theory of feeling

Back 19

(wundt)
pleasantness-unpleasantness, excitement-calm, strain-relaxation

Front 20

Introspection

Back 20

(wundt) experimental (not pure), systematic, response to varying physical stimuli, not description of inner events (used to find first goal of psychology)

Front 21

Wundt and perception

Back 21

current experience (passive)
what's out there, what's going on physically, what's the relationship to past mental experience?

Front 22

apperception

Back 22

voluntary attention (active)
Wundt

Front 23

Creative Synthesis

Back 23

arranging and rearranging sensations (active)
ex; color, flavor only exist psychologically b/c they are created
Wundt

Front 24

Volitional acts

Back 24

motivated behavior; decision and choice is creative but not free.
Wundt was a determinist= no free will.

Front 25

folk psychology

Back 25

volkerpsychologie
higher mental processes only knowable through naturalistic observation (thru culture, religion, customs, language)

Front 26

studied higher mental processes that Wundt said couldn't be studied experimentally

Back 26

Ebbinghaus

Front 27

used novel material to study learning as it occurs

Back 27

Ebbinghaus
CVC, leads to verbal learning theory

Front 28

said that over-learning reduces retention loss, meaningful info more easily retained than meaningless info, distributed learning superior to massed learning

Back 28

Ebbinghaus

Front 29

started the experimentalists society

Back 29

Titchener

Front 30

Titchener's goals for experimental psychology

Back 30

Structuralism, catalog basic elements that account for all consciousness, find neurological correlates of mental events, describe mental experience

Front 31

Goal of structuralism

Back 31

study consciousness, mind is total accumulation of experiences over lifetime, what are basic mental elements, how do elements combine (Associationism), neurological correlates of mental experience, DESCRIBE

Front 32

stimulus error

Back 32

attaining meaning to something instead of description of sensational elements
Titchener

Front 33

Titchener's mental elements

Back 33

sensations (elements of perceptions)
images (elements of ideas)
affections (elements of emotions)

Front 34

Criticized tridimentional theory of feeling

Back 34

titchner
(believed in hedonism, only pleasantness-unpleasantness)

Front 35

law of combination

Back 35

Titchener
associationism- mental processes operate by association of one state with its successor states

Front 36

why did structuralism disappear?

Back 36

introspection is bias, limits scope (ignores other aspects of psych.), focus on basic and not applied psych, inability to incorporate evolution

Front 37

imageless thought

Back 37

Kulpe
disagreed with Wundt that all thought had to have a specific referent
ex, searching, doubting, hesitation, confident

Front 38

mental set

Back 38

Kulpe
problem solving strategy that can be induced by instructions or by experience. operates on unconscious level.

Front 39

Wursburg school

Back 39

groups of psychologists under Kulpe's influence
-found imageless thoughts
higher mental processes studied experimentally

Front 40

Inheritance of aquired characteristics

Back 40

Lamarck
environment leads to individual developing, which are then passed to other generations

Front 41

Spencer-Bain principle

Back 41

frequency or probability of some bx increases if it is followed by pleasurable event and decreases if followed by negative event

Front 42

social darwinism

Back 42

coined by Spencer
saw evolution as progress towards perfection, justifies classism, darwin didn't believe there was a direction like perfection

Front 43

theory of evolution

Back 43

Darwin
more offspring than environment can support, adaptive features or fittest traits are past down in genes (natural selection)
evolution is endless and slow

Front 44

evolutionary psychology

Back 44

broadened to include inclusive fitness- what's important is that genes survive, not us
very popular in current psychology- some say its the metatheory in psych.

Front 45

Functionalism

Back 45

against search for elements of consciousness but instead the function of the mind, biological rather than physiological, urged broadening of topics and methods, motivation of bx, differences instead of similarities

Front 46

Father of US psychology

Back 46

William James

Front 47

had a crisis because his materialistic views were incompatible with free will, so he decided to except free will

Back 47

James... radical empiricist, functionalist, soft determinism

Front 48

established first lab in psych. (but it was for teaching, not experimental)

Back 48

James

Front 49

Principles of Psychology

Back 49

written by James
opposed Wundt and structuralism
can't break psych experience into elements, observing elements changes them

Front 50

stream of consciousness

Back 50

the way James thought the mind works
-personal, continuous, ever-changing, selective, and functional (adaptive, evolution)

Front 51

studied instincts

Back 51

james

Front 52

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 52

emotion is determined by experience of body's reaction to stimulus
(emotion is label we put on physiological arousal)

Front 53

James and determinism

Back 53

determinism when conducting science, non-determinism otherwise, free will required to feel like life has purpose and that we have control

Front 54

James' contributions

Back 54

incorporated evolutionary theory into psych., supported applied and comparative psych., eclectic approach expanded domain of psych.

Front 55

Puzzle Box

Back 55

Thorndike,
animal learning, measured latency to get out of box, learning curve, reached conclusions that learning is incremental and automatic (passive mind)

Front 56

Connectionism

Back 56

Thorndike
strength of neural connections in learning, neural bonds or connections that associate sense impression and impulses to action

Front 57

Law of Effect

Back 57

Thorndike
reinforement makes behavior more likely, punishment less likely

Front 58

Transfer of training

Back 58

belief at the time that learning strengthened mental muscle. Thorndike found no evidence of this (learning only transfers if situations are similar.)

Front 59

functionalism's fate

Back 59

incorporated into virtually all subfields of psych., no longer considered separate school