History And Systems Of Psychology Exam 2

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Classical Conditioning

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A basic form of learning.
A subject (animal or human) comes to respond to apreviously-neutral stimulus in a way that is associated with another stimulus. 


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Ivan Pavlov lived from

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1849-1936

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Pavlov was famous for his study of classical conditioning in the

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salivation of dogs

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John B. Watson lived from

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1878-1958

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Watson was an American psychologist and considered

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the founder of the school of behaviorism in psychology

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Watson rejected the idea of

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consciousness

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Watson conducted research on

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animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. 


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Watson is particularly famous for his _______________ experiment.

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Little Albert

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Thorndike studied learning and conditioning in

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cats

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B.F. Skinner lived from

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1904-1990

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Skinner considered free will to be

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an illusion

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Skinner felt that through behaviorism he could

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change the world

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operant conditioning

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A process of behavior modification in which thelikelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive ornegative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited, so that the subjectcomes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of the reinforcement with thebehavior

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Albert Bandura was born in

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1925

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Bandura is particularly famous for the ________________ experiment.

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Bobo Doll

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Julian Rotter lived from

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1916-2014

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Rotter first coined the term

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social learning theory

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Rotter explored the idea of

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locus of control

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internal locus of control

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the belief that reinforcement depends on one’s own behavior

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external locus of control

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thebelief that reinforcement depends on outside forces. 


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behavioral therapy began by

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focusing on directly observable behaviors and their environment

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Behavioral modifications can be achieved by

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applyingthe principles of classical conditioning or operantconditioning. 


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Albert Ellis lived from

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1913-2007

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Albert Ellis was best known for developing

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Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

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REBT is an action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to

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identify, challenge, and replace their self-defeating beliefs withhealthier ones that promote emotional well-being and goal achievement.

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Ellis argued that devout religious beliefs are

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harmful to one's mental health

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Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who lived from

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1875-1961

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Analytic Psychology was a form of psychotherapy first suggested by

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Carl Jung

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Individuation was a central concept of

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analytic psychology

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individuation

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the psychological process of integrating theopposite forces and drives, conscious and unconscious, into an autonomic self

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Psychological concepts created by Jung

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archetype

collective unconscious

complex

extraversion

introversion

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Jung believed that we are shaped not only by the past but also by

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our goals, hopes, and aspirations

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individual psychology

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A theory of personality that incorporates social as well as biological factors.

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social interest

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innate potential to cooperate with others toachieve personal and societal goals.

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inferiority complex

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A feeling ofinferiority is a motivating force in behavior. 
Drive for superiority or perfection is universal

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Alfred Adler lived from

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1870-1937

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Alfred Adler was particularly famous for his work in the concept of

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birth order

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birth order

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there is a relationship between birth order andpersonality because of how one is treated in relation to others in the family

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Viktor Frankl was a neurologist and psychiatrist from

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Austria

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Frankl developed

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logotherapy

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humanistic psychology rose to prominence in the

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1960s

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humanistic psychology

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Adopts a holistic approach to human existence and encourages viewing oneself as a "whole person" greater than the sumof our parts

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humanistic psychology emphasizes the individual's inherent

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drive toward self-actualization

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self-actualization

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the process of realizing and expressing one's owncapabilities and creativity, own value system

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humanistic psychology emphasizes such phenomena as

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creativity, free will, aspirations, consciousexperience, and fulfillment of human potential. 


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5 concepts of humanistic psychology

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1. Human beings, as human, supersede the sum of theirparts. They cannot be reduced to components. 


2. Human beings have their existence in a uniquelyhuman context, as well as in a cosmic ecology.


3. Human beings are aware and are aware of beingaware - i.e., they are conscious. Human consciousness always includes anawareness of oneself in the context of other people.

4. Human beings have the ability to make choices andtherefore have responsibility. 


5. Human beings are intentional, aim at goals, areaware that they cause future events, and seek meaning, value, and creativity. 


Front 47

Abraham Maslow lived from

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1908-1970

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Maslow is best known for creating

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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Carl Rogers lived from

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1902-1987

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Carl Rogers is known as one of the founders of

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humanistic psychology

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Rogers believed that personality is shaped by

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the present and how we consciously perceive it

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Rogers coined the term,

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client-centered therapy

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2 characteristics of client-centered therapy

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1. Unconditional positive regard

2. Responsibility for improvement on the clientrather than on the therapist.

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Roger's 6 Qualities of Psychologically Healthy Persons

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1. An openness to, and a freshness of appreciation of, all experience 


2. A tendency tolive fully in every moment 


3. The ability to be guided by their instincts rather than byreason or to opinions of others 


4. A sense of freedom in thought and action 


5. A high degree of creativity

6. The continual need to maximize their potential

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Positive Psychology began in the

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1990s

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Positive psychology was founded by

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Martin Seligman

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Positive psychology focuses on (5)

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1. happiness

2. excellence

3. optimal humanfunctioning

4. subjective well-being

5. the science of happiness, love and life

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Positive psychologists generally conduct research on interventions for these 8 things

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1. enhanced well-being

2. leisure

3. peak performance

4. positive affectivity

5. emotional creativity

6. optimism

7. hope theory

8. goal-settingfor life and happiness