History 6B Final

Front 1

Kangxi Emperor

Back 1

-ruled for 63 yrs, longest in history
-issues faced: ethnic Qing outnumbered, tried converting followers w/ Confucian ideals (1670 Sacred Edict), no effective taxation, underreported census to avoid payments
-Kangxi dictionary
-Third Emperor of Qing Dynasty
-Prevented revolt of Three Feudatories

Front 2

Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)

Back 2

-Taiwan, based on SE coast, glorified pirate/smuggler/trader
-fled to TW
-1660's to 1683: descendents and followers control Taiwan until defeated by Qing

Front 3

Three Feudatories

Back 3

-Feudatories: quasi-independent kingdoms with own bureaucracies and civil service exams
-Wu Sangui based in SW (Yunnan, Guizhou region): 1673: launches rebellion: War of the 3 Feudatories
-Shang Kexi (Guangdong) and Gengjimao (Fujian) rebel against Kangxi
Wu declares new Zhou dynasty but doesn't designate an emperor (maybe wants Ming loyalists to join him and find some Ming relative to be king); has no credibility as "double traitor," later says he is emperor and then dies;

Front 4

Jesuits

Back 4

-don't like ancestor worship, claiming it is idolatry, forbidding it;
-destroys relationship with Kangxi emperor.
-Matteo Ricci was a prominent Jesuit,
-introduced science/asstronomy

Front 5

Qianlong Emperor

Back 5

-fifth emperor of Qing Dynasty
-ruled 61 yrs
-conquered Xinjiang (turkestan areas) and incorporated Zungars: China reaches greatest territorial extent
-Heaven and earth society launches rebellion on Taiwan
-slowly phased out tax reforms

Front 6

McCartney Embassy

Back 6

-1793
-George III refuses to kowtow, which goes against the tributary system: British is sovereign nation vs. China
-Macartney demands more ports open to trade even though they have nothing to offer (saw everything from the Jesuits already);
-Emperor gives British some stuff and then ignores them

Front 7

Opium War

Back 7

-1839: Prohibitionist Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu tries to shame Britain into ending opium trade with open letters to Queen Victoria; not to queen but posted publicly, fails by beginning letter praising princess' submissiveness to Chinese empire
-Opium is illegal in England and China, but Chinese never sell illegal stuff in England vs. England selling opium in China; confiscates opium and destroys it; English demands payment
-England begins raiding coastal towns, sinking CHinese shipsin harbors
-1840: British fleet met at Tianjin by conciliatory Manchu Grand Secretary Qishan
-1841-1842: seize Hong Kong, naval attack on Nanjing

Front 8

Lin Zexu

Back 8

Scholar and official during Qing Dynasty, appointed as imperial commissioner.
Most recognized for conduct and position against opium trade in Guangzhou. His forceful opposition considered as primary catalyst for First Opium War of 1839-42.
wrote a letter to Queen Victoria citing how opium is bad, tried to shame the British, failed by beginning letter praising "princess' submissiveness".
confiscated opium and destroyed it.

Front 9

Tiananmen Square Massacre

Back 9

- 1989/6/4
- Against the government's authoritarianism and voiced calls for economic change and democratic reform
- "Tank Man"
- Demonstrators were mainly students
- The government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, cracked down on other protests around China, banned the foreign press from the country and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the PRC press

Front 10

Zhao Ziyang

Back 10

- Became Premiere of the State
- Zhao was critical of Maoist policies
- Believe in implementing free-market reforms
- Received support from Deng Xiaoping after the Cultural Revolution.
- Zhao Ziyang was also an advocate of the privatization of state-owned enterprises, the separation of the Party and the state, and general market economic reforms. Many of these views were shared by Hu Yaobang.

Front 11

Hu Yaobang

Back 11

- Became General secretary of the party
- Keeps low position
- Supported economic and political reforms
- In 1987, socialist hardliners forced him to resign for his "laxness" on middle-class and he was humiliated with "self-criticism".
- A week after he died, the day before His funeral, some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen square
- Died of heart-attack

Front 12

Democracy Wall

Back 12

- December 1978: movement starts
- Collection of essays and poems compiled into magazines and journals pasted a wall near the leadership compounds
- People post demands
- Young people, not intellectuals with only high school education (workers)
- Young generation who has not reaped the rewards of cultural revolution
- Most famous = Wei Jinshen
- By mid-december, ppl show up > ppl who got sent to cadre schools
- Mid-January: communist leaders = tired of protesters
- Cleared the walls and arrested ppl > captured Wei Jinshen: put to trial and sentenced 15 years in prison
- Deng Xiaopin vs. Hua Guofeng

Front 13

Third Plenum

Back 13

- December 1978
- Declared Primary Stage of Socialist Phase
- Main task: “Socialist Modernization” > develop forces of modernization (production)
- Structural institution changes: legal reform
- Legal Reform: in order to develop a rational economic system, need to have a rational predictable system
- A rational modern system = a rational legal system
- 1980s: Effort to create comprehensive legal codes for PRC
- “Socialism with Chinese Characters” (Mao’s phrase)  umbrella term for the major reforms
- “Seek truth from facts” (Mao)
- “practice is the sole criterion” (Mao)
- “black cat/white cat. As long as it catches mouse” (Deng)  underlying principle of communism
- Creation of special economic zones > relates to economic development of Taiwan
- Set up small laboratories for the growth of capitalism under control
- Four major south-eastern port cities: Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Shantou, Xiamen + Hainan
- Very successful  enjoy foreign investment
- Spiritual pollution starts from special economic zones  spreads from its point of origin
- By early 80s, reformists conduct campaigns against spiritual pollutions

Front 14

Liu Shaoqi

Back 14

- He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state
- Sent to investigate the problems (corruption) that occurred during the Great Leap Forward
- Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power
- Was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor
- He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints

Front 15

Jiang Qing

Back 15

- Mao's wife

Front 16

Cultural Revolution

Back 16

- End of action in 1969
- Issue not resolved until 1976
- Reorientation of international policy > mortal enemies of the US and the USSR > became not so radical
- General demobilization in society
- 1971: Lin Biao’s death; Henry met up with Zhou Enlai to set up a meeting between Mao and Nixson
- Ping pong diplomacy: allowed Japanese ping pong team to play in China
- Jimmy Carter normalized diplomatic relations with China
- Already by the 1970s, the radical phase of cultural revolution = fading
- January 1976: Zhou Enlai died > in tomb-sweeping festival, spontaneous grievance over the death of Zhou Enlai > radicals did not like it
- Large protests blamed on Deng Xiaopin

Front 17

Sino-Soviet Split

Back 17

- Refuted Stalinism
- Argument with Mao over the Great Leap Forward  BAD idea
- Did not want to start nuclear war with US on the issue of Taiwan
- Coexistence with the West
- 1960: Soviets withdrew all technical personnel including experts on nuclear bombs  Khrushchev worried Maoists = too hot-headed >Maoists put back the shredded documents and eventually got nuclear bomb in 1964
- Maoists worried about Soviets being too soft on US

Front 18

Lin Biao

Back 18

- Wants to instill Maoist ideals back to military
- Gathered three essays that he wanted the army to read
- All members of the People’s Liberation Army wear the same uniform, regardless of ranks