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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Romantic Nationalism
culturally distinctive; people are tied to a place
Cultural Nationalism
sense of belonging through shared language, customs, arts
Liberal Nationalism
democratic sovereignty possessed by people – rule by representatives (elected over hereditary)
Racial Nationalism
racial group monopolizes sovereignty and subordinates others races
Kuomintang
leader was Sun Yat Sen
overthrew the Qing Dynasty
Chinese Nationalist Party
Sun Yat Sen
@ Overthrow of Chinese imperial system
@ Exile in Japan and North America and Europe 1895 – 1911
@ Chinese migrant network, fundraising to develop a democratic China after the emperors’ rule
@ Leader Kuomintang – Nationalist Party
@ Return to China 1912 after 1911 Revolt
@ 1912 inaugurated as first President of China
@ Revitalized Political Party and wins election 1913
@ Coup by military leader Yuan
@ Back in Exile to Japan

Married Soong Ching-ling 1913
Chiang Kai-shek
@ took control of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925
@ Chiang led nationalist troops in the Northern Expedition to unify China and end the Warlord era
@ He emerged victorious in 1928 as the overall leader of the ROC
@ He attempted to get rid of the Chinese Communists during the civil war (1927-1949), but ultimately failed, forcing his KMT government to escape to Taiwan, where he continued serving as the President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the KMT for the remainder of his life
May 4, 1919
@ anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement
@ protest against the Treaty of Versailles, which increased the Japan's power over China
@ 5,000 university students in Beijing protested the Versailles Conference (Apr. 28, 1919) awarding Japan the former German leasehold of Jiaozhou, Shandong prov. Demonstrations and strikes spread to Shanghai, and a nationwide boycott of Japanese goods followed
March 1, 1919
@ Korean independence movements
@ after hearing Wilson's "Fourteen Points" outlining the right of national "self-determination", Korean students studying in Tokyo published a statement demanding Korean independence
@ Mass protests of Treaty of Versailles against arrogance of Europe and Japan in dividing up Asia
@ Brutally repressed by Japanese – protests continued through December
@ 7,500 killed; 15,000 injured; 45,000 arrested
Ahn Chang Ho
@ Korean independence activist and one of the early leaders of the Korean-American immigrant community in the United States
@ founded the Friendship Society in 1903, the first Korean organization in the continental United States
@ a group in the United States promotes political freedom in Korea.
Park Yong-man
@ Korean patriot
@ Park, in Aug. 29, 1914, formed the Korean National Brigade, whose goal was to create armed rebels to overthrow the Japanese in Korea.
He set up many military training camps for Korean cadets in the United States and worked in Shanghai for a short period.
Was assassinated in 1928, leading to the downfall of the brigade.
Syngman Rhee
@ the first president of South Korea
@ believed in education and diplomacy
@ anti-communism
@ exiled to Hawaii in 1913 and started the Korean Christian Church Movement in Hawaii
Gandhi
@ leader of the Indian national Congress, which is the political party in India
@ lead India to independence
@ led nationwide campaigns for the relief of poverty, for the freedom of women, for brotherhood among different religious and ethnic groups, for an end to untouchability and caste discrimination, and for the economic self-sufficiency of the nation, but above all for Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination
Ghadar Party
@ founded by Har Dayal (an Indian revolutionary) and Taraknath Das (anti-British Bengali Indian revolutionary and internationalist scholar)
@ organization founded by Indians, mostly Punjabi Sikhs of the United States and Canada in June, 1913
@ tried to free India from British rule
Korean Women's Relief Society
@ started in March of 1919
@ provide support for women and children in Korea and for the provisional government in Shanghai
@ supported political activities in US and Europe that relate to Korean Independence
@ allowed Korean American women to have opportunities to practice political, educational, and religious issues in Hawaii
Stereotypes
@ a form of representation
@ Simplified, fixed, unchanging representation, no individualism
Representation
@ Constructed images/created reality
@ Circulate meanings through language/knowledge
Fu Manchu
@ Asian Masculine Representation
@ stereotype of Asian as villains
@ Created 1913, appeared in 13 novels
@ Films and radios both in Britain and United States
@ Fear of Asian overwhelming the Western world
@ All brains and no heart
@ This character played by white actor
@ Image of Asians trying to overthrow the European
Charlie Chan
@ stereotype of Asians being nerds
@ Very smart and capable
@ Appeared in magazine, serial novel
@ 47 Charlie Chan film
@ Charlie Chan assisted in police officers to solve crimes
@ Played by white man, his son played by Chinese
Anna May Wong
@ Asian Feminine Representation
@ image of Seductress/Villainess
@ Born in 1905 in LA
@ Her parents had laundry shop
@ Left the US and went to Britain to try to find better opportunity
@ Died in 1961, in LA, of a Heart Attack
@ she was stuck in between Chinese and White community because Chinese saw her as prostitute and Whites had racism against her
Sabu
1. Born in India
2. Began @ age of 13
3. Jan 1944, became citizen
4. 1948, married a white woman
production code/hays code
a. Movie Industry Censorship Guidelines
b. Preempt Local and State Censorship
c. Adopted 1930; implemented 1934 – in force through late 50s
d. Replaced by MPAA rating system 1967
e. Controlling representations of immorality
f. Prohibited nudity, drug use, “sex perversion,” adultery, “lustful kissing,” miscegenation
limited asian white romance
Atlantic Charter
@ negotiated at the Atlantic Conference by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Aug. 14, 1941
@ consisted of a vision/agenda of how to create democracy worldwide.
@ The charter supported self-determination and democracy and went against fascism and authoritarianism.
@ hypocrisy in the charter because while the goal was to allow for universal democracy, there was still discrimination right at home.
Military Citizenship
@ mass naturalization of veterans as a reward for their loyalty
Magnuson Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1943
@ immigration legislation proposed by U.S. Representative (later Senator) Magnuson and signed into law on December 17, 1943, WWII when China was welcome ally to the US
@ allowed Chinese immigration for the first time since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and permitted Chinese nationals already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens
@ marked the first time since the Naturalization Act of 1790 that any Asians were permitted to be naturalized
Luce-Celler Act, 1946
@ granting naturalization rights to Filipino Americans and Indian Americans and re-established immigration from India and the Philippines
@ signed by Truman in 1946
McCarran-Walter Act, 1952
@ maintained the quota system
@ also gave the government the ability to deport any suspicious citizen or immigrant, like those suspected to be communists
@ allowed no more than 270,000 regular immigrants a year,
@ relatives of citizens
@ refugees
@ provided for selective immigration on the basis of skills
@ imposed controls on US citizens abroad
@ Approves immigration
@ Ends exclusion of all Asian immigrants
@ Changes naturalization law
@ Free white person is not longer in the naturalization law
General John DeWitt
@ western defense command
@ carried out internment of Japanese Americans
@ “Japanese race is an enemy race”
Executive Order 9066
@ FDR signed February 19, 1942
@ Preventing spy and attack
@ War Secretary – designate military areas from which any persons can be excluded
@ Provide excluded residents transport, food, shelter
@ Backed by federal troops and agencies
security state
@ foundation of government
@ Wartime necessity justifies rescinding civil liberties
@ State power and population’s defense over individual rights
@ Security affects all other polities
@ in times of military necessity, when civil defense and public order is paramount, civil liberties can be abridged or rescinded
civil liberties
@protection against unjustified arrest, detention, searches, and arbitrary seizures, and right to attorney
@ protection from government intrusion – in expression, social mobilization, political dissent, the home
i. Government must follow procedures on
1. Searches/warrants
2. Arrests
3. Criminal charges and jury trial
Gordon Hirabayashi
i. Student @ University of Washington
ii. US citizen by birth
iii. Refused to evacuate and refused to cooperate with unjust law
iv. he was convicted of violating a curfew and relocation order
v. US supreme court ruled in 1943 that Hirabayashi is guilty
Fred Korematsu
i. He was dismissed from his job because he was Japanese
ii. Went to plastic surgery to conceal his identity
iii. But arrested by the FBI after 6 weeks
iv. Convicted, put on probation, but not sentenced
v. On December 18, 1944, in a 6-3 decision, the supreme court ruled that the executive order 9066 was constitutional
Mitsuye Endo
@ Nisei who worked as a typist in the Department of Motor Vehicles in Sacramento
@ Dismissed from her job and sent to a relocation camp in Utah
@ Challenged the constitutionality of the forced removals
@ Her lawyer, James Purcell, filed a habeas corpus on her behalf demanding she be charged or released from confinement in order to challenge her dismissal
@ the Court agree to release Endo only if she does not challenge the constitutionality of the detention
@ Endo refused
@ 2 years later, the Supreme Court said that any persons can't be held in camps without proof of their disloyalty
Federal Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 1980 - 1982
established in July, 1980, to investigate Executive ORder 9066, and related wartime orders and their impact on Japanese Americans in the West and Alaska Natives in the Pribilof Islands
@ possible redress
Civil Liberties Act, 1988
@ a United States federal law that granted reparations to interned Japanese-Americans
@ granted each surviving internee about US$20,000 in compensation
War Relocation Authority (WRA)
@ set up in March 1924
@ civilians supervise internees and camp
@ army retains control over the camps
@ hired JACL members for staffing in 10 camp neighborhoods
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
@ established in 1930 by doctors, lawyers, teachers
@ was established to fight for the civil rights primarily of Japanese Americans but also for the benefit of Chinese Americans and other peoples of color
@ challenge the racist policies of the state and federal governments
@ during WWII, tried to insure some protection and comfort for Japanese Americans imprisoned in government detention camps
@ strategy of accommodation and “cheerful cooperation” with government
Issei
@ first generation Japanese
@ immigrants, in US before 1924
Nisei
@ 2nd generation Japanese Americans
@ US born generation 1910 – 1930
Kibei
@ Nisei whose childhood with relatives in Japan
@ educated in Japan 1920s/1930s
super patriots
men from Hawaii and men from the camps
those who cooperated with the US government to prove their loyalty
War Brides Act (1945) - Asian War Brides of 1947
@ allow spouses and adopted children of US military personnel to enter the US
@ Asians, granted citizenship
@ Allowed to enter the country to 3 months
@ Mostly married to white men, some to black men
Confession Program
@ FBI instituted a “confession program” for people who had lied about their immigration records
@ During this period some Chinese immigrants were “paper sons,” falsely claiming familial ties with Chinese-American citizens in order to stay in the United States.
@ The confession program was created to sow a climate of fear and mistrust in the community.
@ It encouraged people to turn in their neighbors and even their relatives. It divided families and resulted in many persons being deported and many more being intimidated
Restrictive deed covenants
@ more popular after WWII
@ returning veterans got vocational education, loans to start homes and business through the GI Bill
@ kept neighborhood "safe", no Asians were allow to buy homes get loans to buy homes from a certain neighborhood
@ public housing was for certain race
Fair Housing Act 1968
i. Refusal to sell or rent a home to any person because of race, color, religion or national origin.
ii. Discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a home.
iii. Advertising the sale or rental of a home indicating preference of discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin.
iv. Forcing, threatening, intimidating, or interfering with a person's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing rights
Civil Rights Act 1964
prohibits racial discrimination in public access, federally funded programs, and public and private employment
Voting Rights Act 1965
prohibited voting rights discrimination based on race color, religion, etc....
removed the requirement to take literacy test to be eligible to vote
Hart-Cellar Act 1965
i. Signed 1965; implemented 1968
ii. National Original Quotas abolished
iii. All National Origins Equivalent
iv. Hemispheric Quotas
v. Eastern Hemisphere 170,000 visas/year max of 20,000 per country
vi. Western Hemisphere 120,000 visas/year no country max
vii. Changed the lives of millions of people, changed US wealth and power
viii. Johnson signing of the bill
1. “This is not a revolutionary bill; it does not affect the lives of millions. It does not reshape the structures of the lives.”
ix. 7 times more Asians
Family reunification model
let family members come to US to cut transnational ties
families tend to stay in US
ii. Exempt from ceilings or limits:
1. Spouses of US citizens
2. Unmarried minor children of US citizens
3. Parents of US citizens
Model Minority
myth that Asian Americans are confronting and assimilating to the American middle class society
stereotype of Asian Americans having equal economic opportunities
economic success and academic archivers
racial triangulation
a way to explain that Asian Americans "good" minority is succeeding in American society , so the other "bad" ones could too
try to cover racial discrimination
Gook
military slang refers to Vietnamese in the Vietnam War
originated in Philippines during Spanish-American War
Fall of Saigon 1975
the capture of Saigon, the capital of the South Vietnam, by North Vietnam, on 30 April 1975
ended the 2nd IndoChinese War
Maya Lin -- 1982 the Vietnam War Memorial
The Vietnam War Memorial was designed by Maya Lin to honor members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War and who died in service or are still unaccounted for
there were controversy that the design didn't represent America because Maya Lin was Asian
"Boat People"
2nd wave of refugees from Vietnam
were not educated and most couldn't speak English
fled in boats
robbed, assaulted, raped by "Thai Fishermen" who were pirates
destination: refugee camps
Hmong
@ In Laos, a significant number of Hmong/Mong people fought against the communism during the Secret War
@ when communism took over in 1975, Hmong fled to US as refugees
Most Hmong came from a rural background and were factory or labor workers.
They had a harder time adjusting due to their experiences of persecution and had difficulty in ESL and literacy
IndoChina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act 1975
1. Model of the emergency refugee crisis from postwar Europe, Cuba to Florida 1960s
2. Federal Aid to States and Local Community Organization
3. Medical Assistance, evacuation costs, social services
5 billion dollars of assistance was allocated to states and local governments to be used to aid the 2.5 million refugees
Refugee Act 1980
1. Systematized federal refugee program
2. Direct funding Job training
3. English Language Education
4. Economic Assistance
5. Goal: economically self-sufficiency through these programs
6. Applied to Bosnian, Afghani, Ethiopians, Eritreans, Somali, refugees
Amerasian Homecoming Act 1988
1. “Ameriasian” – mixed races and nationality children of US Military fathers and Asian mothers, outside of marriage
2. Amerasian Act 1982 – general immigration to the US of Amerasian children
ii. Born in Cambodia, Korea, Laos, Thailand, or Vietnam 1950 – 1982, fathered by US citizen
iii. Japan and Philippines not included (longer histories of occupation)
iv. No individuals paternity/national American homecoming Act, 1988
v. Provisions for Amerasians born in Viet between January 1, 1962 and January 1, 1976 to emigrate with their immediate family member
vi. Proof of race mixture = national paternity
vii. No US citizenship for Children
Dilip Singh Saund
@ first Asian American, Indian American and Sikh member of the United States Congress. He is to date the only Sikh to have served in Congress
@ a member of the United States House of Representatives, won office in 1957
Patsy Takemoto Mink
@ served in the U.S. House of Representatives for a total of 12 terms
@ Applied for medical school but wasn’t accepted because she was women
@ the first Asian American woman elected to Congress
@ also the first woman elected to Congress from the state of Hawaii, and became the first Asian American to seek the Presidential nomination of the Democratic Party in the 1972 election
@ Author of Title IX, approved in 1972, which was the first comprehensive federal law to prohibit gender discrimination against students and employees of educational institutions
Lau v. Nichols
@ brought by Chinese American students living in San Francisco, California who had limited English proficiency
@ students claimed that they were not receiving special help in school due to their inability to speak English
@ no educational services in Chinese denied the Chinese students equal educational opportunities on the basis of their ethnicity, the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974 ruled in favor of the students
@ expanded the rights of limited English proficient students around the nation
@ Remedy – bilingual teaching, immersion, native language training
Vincent Chin 1982
@ a Chinese American beaten to death in June 1982 by two layoff auto workers
@ the event a retaliation due to the Japanese automaker taking over the auto industry
@ Ebens and Nitz, the murderers, were put on trial for violating Chin's civil rights
@ given 3 years probation and $3000 fine
@ tried again in 1984 and found guilty, sentenced for 25 years
@ however, all charges were ultimately dropped in 1987
Nevroze Mody 1987
@ In September of 1987, in Jersey City, Navroze Mody was attacked by eleven white youths who called themselves "Dotbusters." The Dotbbusters proclaimed as their aim the elimination of Indians
@ beaten, kicked, and killed by his assailants. A white friend who was with Mody at the time was unharmed
Stockton Massacre 1989
Cleveland Elementary School, Patrick Purdy
a. Killed 6 Asian American children, including himself
b. Wounded 25 other children, 23 were Asian Americans
c. Resulted in Federal assault gun ban
Los Angeles riots of 1992
@ on April 29, 1992 when a jury release four police officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King when he resisted arrest following a high-speed car chase
@ Thousands of people in the Los Angeles area commenced to a riot over the six days
@ fires raging throughout the city
@ more than 50 killed, over 4 thousand injured, 12,000 people arrested, and $1 billion in property damage
Immigration Reform and Control Act 1986
@ illegal to knowingly hire or recruit undocumented immigrants
@ required employers to indicate their employees' immigration status
@ allowed undocumented immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 to stay
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act 1996
i. Deny entitlements to undocumented
ii. Expand border patrol
iii. Minimum Income for legal migrant sponsors
iv. Limits Due Process for Political Asylum
v. Time and Movement Limits for Permanent Residents to push them to become citizens
Patriot Act 2001
i. Government – broader powers to conduct surveillance on telecommunications
ii. Conduct unwarranted, pre-warranted searches on individuals or groups, (sneak and peek)
iii. Detain them without probable cause in investigations for terrorist activities
iv. Designate immigrants and visitors from certain countries to register with US government
Team Hawaii
Military's use of ethnic segregation.
A group of Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Native Americans selected because they could resemble the Viet Cong and enter the enemies' territories
Korean Liberty Convention Philadelphia 1919
attended by about 150 Korean leaders in the United States, including Philip Jaisohn and Syngman Rhee
where Syngman Rhee read the Declaration of Independence for Korea
Suzie Wong
A fictional character created by Richard Mason in 1957
a stereotype that defined Asian women as prostitutes and submissive
The story is about an impoverished white man who soon attracts the attention of an English aristocracy, but he fall in loves with Suzie Wong, a Chinese prostitute
Concentration Camps/Internment Camps
Concentration camps - for war enemies and similar to death camps
Internment camps - segregated area for a specific group of people
Loyalty Oaths
In 1943, all internees over the age of 17 was asked to fill out a "leave clearance" application, basically asking them questions whether they were loyal or not to the US and were willing to fight for the US.
tricky questions
Heart Mountain
An internment camp in Wyoming and it is known for the major draft resistance
the resisters claimed that resisting the draft didn't mean disloyal to the US but they felt that there weren't guaranteed the basic civil rights of the US which were freedom, liberty, and justice
Desegregation
In 1948 there were legal challenges to segregation and as a result, there was eventual desegregation in schools, institutions, public transit and residences
Black Juans, Ichibans, Buddha Bandits
names for ethnic gangs.
Many youths born in and after camps joined gangs because they provided ethnic unity. competition between these gangs to show masculine identity