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83 Cards in this Set
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Ramses II
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1279-1213BC 19th dynasty
Buried in the Valley of the Kings Established first peace treaty in history with the Hittites. Military leader, expanded Egypt's borders |
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David
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c.1037–970 BC
Unified the 12 tribes, defeated the Philistines, conquered Jerusalem. Book of Samuel provides most knowledge about him. Succeeded by Solomon Chosen by prophet Samuel to succeed King Saul, first king of Judah |
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Nebuchadnezzar II
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604-562BC
Greatest King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Responsible for the final defeat of the Assyrians at Carchemish. Contained Egypt, subdued Judah, and catured Tyre. |
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Cyrus the Great
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559 BC-530 BC
Founded the Persian empire. Originated from a line of kings from Persis, but conquered the Medes to the north in 550BC. Conquered Lydia in the mid 540s and brought the capital Sardis into the empire. Also conquered Anatolia. Conquered Babylon in 539BC. Liberated the Iisraelites and rebuilt their temple. Allowed for conquered people to keep their culture and religion, kept taxes low. |
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Darius I
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522-486BC
extended the empire founded by Cyrus the Great in all directions; east into the Indus valley, north against the Saka tribes, and west into Thrace and Macedon. Under Darius Achaemenid Iran became the greatest power in the world. Planned to lead the invasion of Greece, but died and was succeeded by Xerxes I --> Persian Wars |
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Solon
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638 BC–558 BC
594BC - Appointed Athenian archon - attempted to take down the "greedy" aristocracy. Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and elegiac poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy. |
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Peisistratus
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a tyrant of Athens from 546 to 527/8 BCE. His legacy lies primarily in his institution of the Panathenaic Festival and the consequent first attempt at producing a definitive version for Homeric epics
First a military leader, then rallied the support of less favored landowners. Went into exile several times before establishing solid control. Athens remained culturally aristocratic, and Peisistratus fostered trade and craftsmanship (Athenian pottery dominated in this time). Peisistratus was the ideal classical tyrant, which was a non-heritable position that a person took purely by personal ability often in violation of tradition or constitutional norms. Didn't mess with the laws of Solon. |
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Cleisthenes
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a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC or 507 BC.For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy
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How did the geography of Greece impact the development of city-states?
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Mountains and seas prevented Greece from uniting under one ruler and instead they emreged as independent city-states
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geography of Greece
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mountainous terrain, jagged coastline, good harbors, lack of arable land, mild climate
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What were the two Aegean civilizations that preceded classical Greek civilization
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Minoan and Mycenaean
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Pericles
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c. 495 – 429 BC
Leader of Athenian Golden Age Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 B.C, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles". promoted the arts and literature; this was a chief reason Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural centre of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that built most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project beautified the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people.[1] Furthermore, Pericles fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist |
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Why was Draco's code an improvement?
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it limited the power of the aristocracy and inconsistent punishments
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Why were Solon's reforms important?
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the increased citizenship and participation in Athens' government
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How was the Council of 500 chosen
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lottery
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The Greek alphabet is based on the alphabet of what civilization?
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Phoenicia
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Alcibiades
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c. 450–404 BC), was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, the Alcmaeonidae, which fell from prominence after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role in the second half of that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.
Switched Sides many times Athens-->Sparta-->Persia-->Athens |
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Lysander
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a Spartan general who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life.
Of good birth but poor. Gained power by getting on the good side of kings. Ruthlessly built himself up and established a cult worship of him as "hero." |
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Demosthenes
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(384–322 BC) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens
Warned against the expansion of Macedon under Philip II. Tried to establish an alliance against him but failed. FAMOUS ORATOR. ("best orator ever produced in Athens" |
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Phillip II
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382 – 336 BC
Father of Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. Conquered much of Greece. Assasinated arguably by Alexander the Great. |
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Darius III
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c. 380–330 BC
Final king of the Persian Empire before the conquests of Alexander the Great. Assasinated by Bactrian Satrap Bessus before he could be captured by Alexander. Lost entire empire to the Greek Empire. |
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Ptolemy I
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Boyhood friend of Alexander the Great and general during his wars.
Became regent of Egypt after Alexander's death, and eventually established himself as king. riginally Ptolemy controlled Egypt on behalf of Alexander's heirs, but then takes over as king following Antigonus. Ends up taking over large parts of the N. African coast, the east coast of the Mediterranean, Cyprus, and parts of the northern coast. Ptolomeic Egypt was a kingdom led by a dynastic monarchy. Ptolemy portray themselves as pharaohs. Ran Egypt as a command economy – all foreign money excluded. Foreign traders had to trade their money from Ptolemaic coins. Collection of tax unparalleled for its efficiency, zeal, and comprehensiveness. |
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Uruk
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an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia. Most significant historically between 3800-3200BC
Economy (trade) based society. Many trade links. According to Sumerian King List, Gilgamesh ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. Possibly ruled by one man and one woman. Trading links disappear in 3100BC, possibly due to water shortage and overcultivation of land. |
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Ur
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Ancient city of Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, from around 4000 BCE until the 4th century BCE.
Ur had an important role as a religious cult centre, and the Sumerian moon-god Nanna and the Babylonian equivalent Sin were worshipped here. This cult was also the reason for erecting the impressive ziggurat, from which much still exist. Due to its position, near the river and the sea, Ur was central in foreign trade of its time, and used Dilmun (now Bahrain) as transit harbour. |
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Giza
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Home of the great Pyramids of Giza:
1. The great Pyramid of Khufu 2. A slightly smaller one for his son Khafra 3. Smallest on for Mnkaura |
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Darius III
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c. 380–330 BC
Final king of the Persian Empire before the conquests of Alexander the Great. Assasinated by Bactrian Satrap Bessus before he could be captured by Alexander. Lost entire empire to the Greek Empire. |
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Ptolemy I
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Boyhood friend of Alexander the Great and general during his wars.
Became regent of Egypt after Alexander's death, and eventually established himself as king. riginally Ptolemy controlled Egypt on behalf of Alexander's heirs, but then takes over as king following Antigonus. Ends up taking over large parts of the N. African coast, the east coast of the Mediterranean, Cyprus, and parts of the northern coast. Ptolomeic Egypt was a kingdom led by a dynastic monarchy. Ptolemy portray themselves as pharaohs. Ran Egypt as a command economy – all foreign money excluded. Foreign traders had to trade their money from Ptolemaic coins. Collection of tax unparalleled for its efficiency, zeal, and comprehensiveness. |
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Uruk
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an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia. Most significant historically between 3800-3200BC
Economy (trade) based society. Many trade links. According to Sumerian King List, Gilgamesh ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. Possibly ruled by one man and one woman. Trading links disappear in 3100BC, possibly due to water shortage and overcultivation of land. |
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Ur
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Ancient city of Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, from around 4000 BCE until the 4th century BCE.
Ur had an important role as a religious cult centre, and the Sumerian moon-god Nanna and the Babylonian equivalent Sin were worshipped here. This cult was also the reason for erecting the impressive ziggurat, from which much still exist. Due to its position, near the river and the sea, Ur was central in foreign trade of its time, and used Dilmun (now Bahrain) as transit harbour. |
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Giza
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Home of the great Pyramids of Giza:
1. The great Pyramid of Khufu 2. A slightly smaller one for his son Khafra 3. Smallest on for Mnkaura |
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Mycenae
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In the second millennium BC Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae.
Began its decline in 1200BC, participated in the Persian Wars. |
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Lefkandi
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a coastal village on the island of Euboea.
located between the island's two main cities in antiquity, Chalkis and Eretria. Gained wealth from trade with the east (Cyprus and the Phoenicians) Unique because of the wealth found in graves, perhaps was home to Mycenaean war chieftains. |
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Olympia
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Home of the first Olympic Games in 776BC. Big religious center, showed spread of Greek culture and growing identification of Greekness.
The classical period, between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, was the golden age of the site at Olympia. A wide range of new religious and secular buildings and structures were constructed. |
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Delphi
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Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo
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Corinth
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on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece.
In classical times the ancient city rivaled Athens and Thebes in wealth when Corinth was ruled by the tyrants Cypselus (r. 657-627 BC) and his son Periander (r. 627-585 BC), the city sent forth colonists to found new settlements The city was a major participant in the Persian Wars, offering 40 war ships in the sea Battle of Salamis under the admiral Adeimantos and 5,000 hoplites in the following Battle of Plataea but afterwards was frequently an enemy of Athens and an ally of Sparta in the Peloponnesian League |
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Thebes
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Thebes was the largest city of the region of Boeotia and was the leader of the Boeotian confederacy. It was a major rival of ancient Athens, and sided with the Persians during the 480 BC invasion of Xerxes.
Prior to its destruction by Alexander in 335 BC, Thebes was a major force in Greek history, and was the most dominant city-state at the time of the Macedonian conquest of Greece |
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Syracuse
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The city was founded by Ancient Greek Corinthians and became a very powerful city-state. Syracuse was allied with Sparta and Corinth
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Alexandria
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Egypt not very urban, not many cities. Alexandria the one exception – the biggest city in the Hellenistic world – 250,000 people at its height. Founded in 331 by Alexander, developed by the first two Ptolemies. Large population of Greeks, natives, and Jews.
People did do “tourism” in Alexandria Held one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world – Library of Alexandria. Great symbol of Hellenistic intellectualism and cosmopolitanism. |
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Battle of Qadesh
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1275BC
Hittites v. Egyptians Outcome: consolidation of a border between Egypt and the Hittites in southern Syria Led to Egyptian king Ramses II signing the Treaty of Alliance with the Hittites |
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Battle of Marathon
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490BC Turning point of the first Persian War.
Persians under Darius I want to punish Athens for assisting the Ionian revolts - Athenians, with help of Plataea, defeat the Persians at Marathon - Led to Second Persian War |
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Battle of Thermopylae
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480BC - Second Persian invasion - took place simultaneously with the navel battle at Artemisium. Fought by Greek alliance led by Sparta and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.
King Leonidas I of Sparta led one of history's most famous last stands. Persian victory |
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Battle of Plataea
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479BC - Final battle of the second Persian war.
Huge Spartan victory against the Persians. Mardonius, Persian commander, attacked the Greeks when he thought they were in retreat, but were slaughtered by Persian forces leading the Greeks. |
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Battle of the Eurymedon
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466 or 469 BC
a double battle, taking place both on water and land, between the Delian League of Athens and her Allies, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I During the Wars of the Delian League, Xerxes began planning a counteroffensive, but the Athenian general Cimon stopped them at this battle. |
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Thirty Years' Peace
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446/445 BCE
End of the First Peloponnesian War. Both Sparta and Athens recognized each other's allies and promised not to interfere with their allegiances. Athens was forced to give up its conquests of Nisaea, Pegae, Troizan, and Achaea. This also ruled out armed conflict between Sparta and Athens if at least one of the two wanted arbitration. Neutral poleis could join either side (i.e. Sparta or Athens) and this implies that there was a formalized list of allies for each side. Athens and Sparta would keep all other territories pending arbitration. It also recognized both Leagues as legitimate, a boost for Athens and its newly formed empire in the Aegean. The Thirty Years' Peace, however, only lasted 13 years: for in the year 432, Athens attacked Potidaea, which was a listed ally but a Corinthian colony. Corinth supported its former colony. Sparta supported Corinth, who had been engaged in battle with the Athenians in Corcyra in 435 BC. The Potidaen affair and Athenian trade sanctions against the Spartan ally Megara prompted the Spartans to declare that the Athenians had violated the treaty, thus declaring war. At this point the Thirty Years' Peace was void and the second Peloponnesian War (commonly known as the Peloponnesian War) began. |
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Peace of Nicias
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The Peace of Nicias was a peace treaty signed between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in the March of 421 BC, ending the first half of the Peloponnesian War.
Athens captured 180 Spartan soldiers-->Spartan general Brasidas captured many cities including Amphipolis-->Brasidas of Sparta and Cleon of Athens killed at Amphipolis-->Both sides sign Peace. Fighting begins again after. |
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King's Peace
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The Peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), also known as the King's Peace, was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Great King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece.
Reflects Persian influence on the war |
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Battle of Leuctra
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a battle fought between the Thebans and the Spartans and their respective allies amidst the post-Corinthian War conflict.
Theban victory weakened Sparta’s immense influence over the Greek peninsula which Sparta had gained since its victory in the Peloponnesian War. |
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Battle of Chaeronea
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The Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC, fought near Chaeronea, in Boeotia, was the greatest victory of Philip II of Macedon. There, Philip (accompanied by allied contingents from Thessaly, Epirus, Aetolia, Northern Phocis and Epicnemidian Locrian) defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes and initiated Macedonian hegemony in Greece
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Battle of Gaugamela
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The Battle of Gaugamela took place in 331 BC between Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III of Achaemenid Persia. The battle, which is also called the Battle of Arbela, resulted in a massive victory for the Macedonians and led to the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
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Sumerian King List
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The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript, originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It records the location of "official" kingship, along with the rulers and their supposed reign lengths. Kingship was believed to have been handed down by the gods, and could be transferred from one city to another, reflecting perceived hegemony in the region
Kish, Uruk (Gilgamesh), Ur, Mari |
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Turin King List
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The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is a hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Ramesses II
on its back is written a list of the gods, demi-gods, spirits, and mythical and human kings traditionally thought to have ruled Egypt from the beginning. The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, and months and days for individual kings. |
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Pentateuch
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The First Five Books of Moses - The entirety of Judaism's founding legal and ethical religious text. Most holy of the sacred writings of Judaism
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Linear B Tablets
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Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, an early form of Greek. It predated the Greek alphabet by several centuries (ca. 13th but perhaps as early as late 15th century BC) and seems to have died out with the fall of Mycenaean civilization. Most of the tablets inscribed in Linear B were found in Knossos, Cydonia,[1] Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae. Followed by the Dark Ages. Deciphered.
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Hyksos
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an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt initiating the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt.
The rule of these kings overlaps with that of the native Egyptian pharaohs of the 16th and 17th dynasties of Egypt, better known as the Second Intermediate Period. The first pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose I, finally expelled the Hyksos from their last holdout at Sharuhen in Gaza by the 16th year of his reign. |
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Phoenicians
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what is now modern day Lebanon, was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan.
an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the period 1550 BC to 300 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost.Their civilization was organized in city-states, similar to ancient Greece. The Phoenicians were also the first state-level society to make extensive use of the alphabet, |
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Sea Peoples
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a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty
We don't know where they are from. They threaten the Egyptians, Hittites, and the Mycenaeans. |
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Helots
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an unfree population group that formed the main population of Laconia and the whole of Messenia (areas of Sparta)
Somewhat akin to slaves Tied to the land, they worked in agriculture as a majority and economically supported the Spartan citizens. They were ritually mistreated, humiliated and even slaughtered |
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Homoioi
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were the males of Spartais known to the spartans as "peers" or "men of equal status". From a young age, male Spartiates were trained for battle and put through grueling challenges intended to craft them into fearless warriors. In battle, they had the reputation of being the best soldiers in Greece, and the strength of Sparta's hoplite forces led to Sparta becoming the dominant state in Greece at several points during the Hellenic period.
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ma'at
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the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice.
Ma'at as a principle was formed to meet the complex needs of the emergent Egyptian state that embraced diverse peoples with conflicting interests. The development of such rules sought to avert chaos and it became the basis of Egyptian law. embraced all aspects of existence, including the basic equilibrium of the universe, the relationship between constituent parts, the cycle of the seasons, heavenly movements, religious observations and fair dealings, honesty and truthfulness in social interactions |
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kleos
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the Greek word often translated to "renown", or "glory".
A Greek hero earns kleos through accomplishing great deeds, often through his own death. Kleos is invariably transferred from father to son; the son is responsible for carrying on and building upon the "glory" of the father Kleos is a common theme in Homer's epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey |
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Arete
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means "goodness", "excellence" or "virtue" of any kind. In its earliest appearance in Greek, this notion of excellence was ultimately bound up with the notion of the fulfillment of purpose or function; the act of living up to one's full potential. Arete in ancient Greek culture was courage and strength in the face of adversity and it was what all people aspired to.
The Ancient Greeks applied the term to anything: for example, the excellence of a chimney, the excellence of a bull to be bred and the excellence of a man |
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panhellenism
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considered that though all city-states were independent of each other, they were all still Greek and should be expected to unite in defense of a common enemy when necessity required it
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logos
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a concept developed by Greek philosophers to describe the force of reason which had come into being as part of creation. Overlapped with both the physical world and the devine
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episteme
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Greek word for knowledge or science, which comes from the verb, "to know".
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demokratia
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Demokratia is a direct democracy, as opposed to the modern representative democracy. It was used in ancient Greece, most notably Athens, and began its use around 500 BC.
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elenchos
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a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate rational thinking and to illuminate ideas.
a dialectical method, often involving an oppositional discussion in which the defense of one point of view is pitted against the defense of another; one participant may lead another to contradict himself in some way, strengthening the inquirer's own point. |
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Koine eirene
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the term used in ancient Greece for a peace treaty that simultaneously declared peace between all the combatants in a war. The concept was invented with the Peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC. Prior to that time, peace treaties in Greece were between two combatants or alliances only and had an expiration date after which either side was free to resume hostilities
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Proskynesis
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refers to the traditional Persian act of prostrating oneself before a person of higher social rank.
According to Herodotus in his Histories, a person of equal rank received a kiss on the lips, someone of a slightly lower rank gave a kiss on the cheek, and someone of a very inferior social standing had to completely bow down to the other person before them. To the Greeks, giving proskynesis to a mortal seemed to be a barbarian and ludicrous practice. |
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Erastes
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was an adult male involved in a pederastic relationship with an adolescent boy called the eromenos. Erastes was in particular an Athenian term for this role.
Classical Period among the elites |
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Eromenos
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an adolescent boy who was in a love relationship with an adult man, known as the erastes
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Warka Vase
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a carved alabaster stone vessel found in the temple complex of the Sumerian goddess Inanna in the ruins of the ancient city of Uruk,
it is one of the earliest surviving works of narrative relief sculpture, dated to ca. 3,200–3,000 BC |
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Standard of Ur
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a Sumerian artifact excavated from what had been the Royal Cemetery in the ancient city of Ur
dates from around 2600 - 2400 BCE, Wooden box inlaid with precious stone. On once side it shows the city in times of peace, the other in times of war. |
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Narmer Palette
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significant Egyptian archeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC, containing some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found. It is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. On one side the king is depicted with the White crown of Upper (southern) Egypt and the other side depicts the king wearing the Red Crown of Lower (northern) Egypt.
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Cyrus Cylinder
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a document issued by the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great in the form of a clay cylinder inscribed in Akkadian cuneiform script.[1] The cylinder was created following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, when Cyrus overthrew the Babylonian king Nabonidus and replaced him as ruler, ending the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The text of the cylinder denounces Nabonidus as impious and portrays the victorious Cyrus as pleasing to the chief Babylonian god Marduk.
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Acropolis
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The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft) above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
Home of the Parthenon, Greek temple to Athena. Destroyed by the Persians during Persian invasion --> Pericles began building project on it in the 450s to glorify Athens |
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Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamum
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originally built in the 2nd century BC in the Ancient Greek city of Pergamon
The Altar has a 113 metre (371 feet) long sculptural frieze depicting the gigantomachy, or struggle of the gods and the giants Hellenistic-Baroque style --> suggests the superiority of Greek culture over Barbarian culture. |
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Satrapy
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governors of the provinces of ancient Median and Persian empires
The first large scale use of satrapies, or provinces, originates from the conception of the first Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great, beginning at around 530 BC |
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Ephor
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an official of ancient Sparta. There were five ephors elected annually, who swore each month to uphold the rule of the two Kings of Sparta, while the kings swore to uphold the law.
Kings mostly generals, ephors domestic rulers Herodotus claimed that the institution was created by Lycurgus |
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Archon
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Originally 9 Archons, three of which led: one civic, one military, one religious.
Under democracy, Eponymous Archon remained head of the state, with reduced importance |
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Deme
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a subdivision of Attica, the region of Greece surrounding Athens. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside seem to have existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BC. In those reforms, enrollment in the citizen-lists of a deme became the requirement for citizenship; prior to that time, citizenship had been based on membership in a phratry, or family group
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Council of 500
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Under the reforms of Cleisthenes enacted in 508/7 BC, the boule was expanded to 500 men, 50 men from each of the ten new tribes, also created by Cleisthenes. The 500 men were chosen at the deme level, each deme having been allotted certain number of places proportional to population. Membership was restricted at this time to the top three of the original four property classes and to citizens over the age of thirty.
served for one year and no man could serve more than twice in his life. Supervised the state's finances, navy, cavalry, sacred matters, building and shipping matters, etc. |
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Ostracism
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a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years
Crucially, ostracism had no relation to the processes of justice. There was no charge or defence, and the exile was not in fact a penalty; it was simply a command from the Athenian people that one of their number be gone for ten years. |
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Second Athenian Sea League
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378-377BC
Opposition to Sparta enabled Athens to establish a Second Athenian League after the Corinthian war when Sparta captured Thebes. |
