History 386 Exam 1

Front 1

Lachrymose View

Back 1

(Tearful View) History of the Jews is of suffering and persecution.

Front 2

Sonderweg

Back 2

That Germany (if looked at through history) would have been the country to carry out the Holocaust - Nazism is inherently German

Front 3

Shoah

Back 3

The Holocaust (literal translation - sacrifice burnt entirely up to g-d)

Front 4

Shoah V'Gevurah

Back 4

Holocaust and Heroism (Israeli historical view)

Front 5

Intentionalists

Back 5

"The war against the Jews" - From the beginning it was Nazis goal to destroy the Jews (raged WWII to kill the Jews)

Front 6

Functionalists

Back 6

Nazi Policy not designed at beginning but turned the way it was through time and Hitler's views

Front 7

Polemical Anti-Semitism

Back 7

Written Ant-Semitism (Rhetoric and Non-violent)

Front 8

Systemic Anti-Semitism

Back 8

Woven into the System - Legislative (prompted violence)

Front 9

Eliminationist Anti-Semitism

Back 9

Elimination of the Jews (Spike of violence)

Front 10

Judenrat

Back 10

Jewish council occurred in the Jewish Ghettos collaborating with the Nazi party (cooperation)

Front 11

Jewish Question

Back 11

What to do with the Jews - Can Jews be integrated into a modern society - Can Jews be part of a modern nation

Front 12

Stephen Szecheryi

Back 12

From Hungary - "The English lake can easily absorb a bottle of Jewish ink but the same bottle would ruin the Hungary soup" - opinionated on the Jewish Question

Front 13

Enlightenment

Back 13

All people are essentially the same

Front 14

Emancipation

Back 14

liberation from servitude

Front 15

Embourguisement

Back 15

(becoming middle class) Urbanization, occupational shift from commerce or money lending to new commerce or banking/insurance or professionals. Educated

Front 16

De-sacralization

Back 16

Displacing religion from the center of life - Idea of enlightenment - Opportunity for Jews to live in European society

Front 17

Romanticism Thinkers

Back 17

Humanity is divided into groups - Major thinker Gottfried von Herder - Same culture (language) belong to the same nation

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Acculturation

Back 18

Embracing the mainstream culture

Front 19

Integration

Back 19

Fusing with the main stream on a cultural level

Front 20

Heinrich Heine

Back 20

Converted to Christianity - "Ticket of admission to European society"

Front 21

Dry Baptism

Back 21

Conversion to Christianity strictly to be accepted in Europe (Heinrich Heine)

Front 22

Nicholas I

Back 22

(1825-1855) Raised Military (all about the army) - Conscript Jews in the Army 1927

Front 23

Alexander II

Back 23

(1855-1881) Liberal Tsar - Come to Tsar during defeat of Cremarian war - Relaxed the law/rule of the Pale Settlement - Relaxed law on censorship - Emancipated the Surfs (1861)

Front 24

Cantonists

Back 24

Special units in the army by Nicholas for the Jews - Drafted from age 12 for 25 years - Pressure by priests and became more Russian - Quota to be filled

Front 25

Pale of Settlements

Back 25

Western borderland of Russia - Area of Russia where Jews were confined - Roughly the size of France - Lived in Shtetls

Front 26

Russian Haskalah

Back 26

(Jewish Enlightenment) Growing belief of Jewish emancipation - Thought might want to become more reform to be emancipated

Front 27

Hasidim

Back 27

Movement of spirtualized Judaism - Inward looking - Thought nothing really had changed.

Front 28

Jewish Press
Ha-Meliz
Ha-Magid
Rasuat

Back 28

Jewish Papers published after post Censorship laws
The intecessor (in hebrew)
The Preacher (in hebrew)
Russian Jewish paper

Front 29

Holy Roman Empire of the Germany Nation

Back 29

Germany was formed from a piece of this empire

Front 30

North German Confederation

Back 30

The Nation of Germany - Large part of central Europe mostly run by Prussia in its attempt to accumulate all land Nationally German

Front 31

Zollverein

Back 31

Customs union - Regulated trade

Front 32

Brandenburg/Prussia

Back 32

Part of the Holy Roman Empire (Ruler- Hohenzollern) -1740 invaded the Habsburgs - Gained a lot of land

Front 33

Frankfurt Parliament

Back 33

(1848-1849) Attempt to create a single unified German nation - Wanted to nation build

Front 34

Einhert, Freiheit, Macht

Back 34

Unity, Freedom, Power - Bismarks Goal (state building before nation building)

Front 35

Eisen Mit Blut

Back 35

Iron and Blood

Front 36

Otto Van Bismark

Back 36

Biggest Junker - Helped unify Germany (Prussia and Habsburgs) into a unified state. Wanted to state build not nation build

Front 37

Junkers

Back 37

Prussian nobles, younger brothers joined the military army

Front 38

Blood Libel

Back 38

Accusation of Jews killing a Christian child or baby, led to pogroms and murders

Front 39

Adolph Cremieux

Back 39

French Jew, to become important French politician

Front 40

Pope Pius IX

Back 40

(1792-1868) Syllabus of errors - Things that are bad (changes of the 19th Century) Denounced 19th century and secular culture

Front 41

wilhelm Marr

Back 41

Coined anti-Semitism - Social Darwinism - Different races competing against each other (nations competing for survival)

Front 42

Theodore Fritsch

Back 42

Very anti-semitic. Wanted Germany to be anti-Semitic and keep the Jews out.

Front 43

Richard Wagner

Back 43

Wrote "Jewry and Music" (1850) - Thought religion was outdated - Jews corrupt German culture - Composers making German music worse

Front 44

Adolf Fischof

Back 44

Jew - Led revolution in Vienna (1848)

Front 45

James Rothschild

Back 45

(1848) Financed defeat of Vienna revolution

Front 46

Carl Lueger

Back 46

Mayor of Vienna after revolution - Won on an anti-Semitic platform

Front 47

Hep Hep Riots

Back 47

(Hep Hep medieval way to make fun of Jews "goats") - Hierosylmaes Perdita "Jerusalem is Lost" - Organized by German intellectuals - Jews couldn't be incorporated into emancipation

Front 48

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Back 48

Book written by Russian conspirators (supposed to be minutes from a meeting of Jews) - Said Jews manipulated events to their benefit - Jews control the media

Front 49

Tisza Eszlar Blood Libel

Back 49

(1882) In Hungary accused for murdering Christina child for their blood - Became a national issue - Jews were acquitted but riots against Jews broke out

Front 50

Dreyfus Affair

Back 50

France - Decommission held in a public square (Crowd chanted "death to the Jews") - Dreyfus was an assimilated Jewish French soldier accused of espionage

Front 51

Emila Zola

Back 51

Non-Jew outraged by the anti-Semitism - Against French Republic - "J'accuse" - Published letter accused French Government and army for Dreyfus affair

Front 52

Dreyfusards

Back 52

Came to the support of Dreyfuss - Won election - Anti-Semitism began to decline up till WWI

Front 53

Alexander III

Back 53

Took over Tsar when Alexander II was assassinated - No freedom of the press - what to do with the Jews (1/3 baptised, 1/3 leave, 1/3 parish)

Front 54

Kustantin Pobledonostsev

Back 54

Conservative who taught Alecander III - Suppress the peasants

Front 55

Pogrom

Back 55

Government sponsored riots - Police and militia participated

Front 56

May Laws

Back 56

(1882) Economic laws against Jews - Placed in by Alexander III, Discriminated Jews from certain areas

Front 57

Zionism

Back 57

Combat Anti-Semitism

Front 58

Centralverein (cv)

Back 58

Biggest opposition of anti-Semitism - Enlightenment through anti-Semitism - Like the anti-defamation league

Front 59

Mendel Bealis

Back 59

(1874-1934) Jew from Kiev - Accused of blood libel - Brought to trail 1913 was acquitted

Front 60

Leo Frank

Back 60

(1884-1915) Jew from Atlanta - Accused of killing Mary Phegan - Arrested and indited - Convicted to life in prison

Front 61

Knights of Mary Phegan

Back 61

Broke into jail and took Leo Frank who was then lynched and killed

Front 62

Eduardo Bernstein

Back 62

Moderate Socialism - No strong Jewish Identity and thought there was no real anti-semetic movement

Front 63

Arnold Schoenberg

Back 63

(1874-1951) Jewish composer - Had much anti-semitic competition

Front 64

Balfour Declaration

Back 64

(nov 1917) Declaration of the British made to get American Jews support in the war saying that Jews deserved a homeland in Palestine

Front 65

National Self-Determination

Back 65

A national group (nation) should control itself - Live with those ruled by those of the same ethnicity

Front 66

Fin de siecle

Back 66

End (turn) of the century

Front 67

October Revolution

Back 67

Lenin overthrew Liberal government to Communism - Perceived by many as a Jewish revolution

Front 68

Leon Trotsky

Back 68

Jew in Bolshevik revolution - sat on committee

Front 69

Bolsheviks

Back 69

Lenin Communists - Want to spread communism

Front 70

Cossacks

Back 70

Groups of Ukrainians - Skilled Horseman - Often involved in Pogroms - encouraged violence - thought of as freedom fighters

Front 71

Bela Kun

Back 71

(1886-1938) Formerly Jewish - Led communist revolution in Hungary - Friends with Lenin - Supported Russian Communism founded by Lenin

Front 72

Aster Revolution

Back 72

(Oct 1918) Liberal revolution in Hungary (no real government to overthrow) - Eventually overthrown by Kun

Front 73

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Back 73

Communist government set up by Kun

Front 74

Admiral Miklos Horthy

Back 74

Fought against communist regime - Ended up as leader of Hungary - National army

Front 75

Red Terror

Back 75

Acts of violence perpetrated by communists

Front 76

White Terror

Back 76

Acts of violence perpetrated by anti-Communists

Front 77

Rosa Luxemburg

Back 77

(1870 - 1919) Of Jewish origin (polish) Lived in Germany and founded the Spartacus league - Led communist revolution

Front 78

Spartacus League

Back 78

Popular uprising - Frontrunner for German Communist revolution

Front 79

Spartacus Uprising

Back 79

(June 5-12, 1919) Took over German government for 7 days - Thought to be Jewish led revolution

Front 80

"Interwar"

Back 80

Time between WWI and WWII

Front 81

National Minorities Treaty

Back 81

Poland, guaranteed rights to minorities - Created political rights - Jewish Bloc (Hisidic leader of the Jewish Bloc)

Front 82

Josef Pilsukski

Back 82

Romantic notation of Poland - Lead campaigns to expand borders of Poland - Thought Poland as multiethnic - Thought Jews deserved to be there

Front 83

Roman Dmowski

Back 83

1935 Took over leadership of Poland *Pilsudski and Dmowski were the two leading Poland politicians on the Nation Minorities Treaty

Front 84

Admiral Miklus Horthy

Back 84

Saw Jews as vital to rebuilding Hungary - THought there was too many Jews in culture - imposed Numerus Clasus

Front 85

Istvan Bethlen

Back 85

Tried to undermine Numerus Clasus *Horthy and Bethlen both ran the Hungarian government until 1932

Front 86

Numerus Clausus

Back 86

(1921) Horthy imposed quota on schools, BAR, medical school for Jews

Front 87

Gyala Gumbus

Back 87

1932 took over for Bethlen - Wanted to get rid of the Jews

Front 88

Xenophobia

Back 88

Fear of foreigners (that which is different) - Mainly W. Europe and USA

Front 89

Ostjuden

Back 89

(Eastern European Jews) Xenophobia directed at Jews - Less viable to assimilate (more Hasidic Jews)

Front 90

Leon Blum

Back 90

French Politician - French Jew socialist - Dreyfusard - French left - During interwar was leading politician - If increase of immigrants would stir up French economy

Front 91

Henry Ford

Back 91

Bill Gates of 1920 Very important - Anti-semitic (political problem) - Dearborn Independent published by Ford - In DI published protocols of Zion

Front 92

Doulchstoss

Back 92

Stab in the back - The ultimate betrayal

Front 93

Jewish Census

Back 93

(1916) Asked Jews what they were doing to help the war - Showed Jews were helping a lot

Front 94

Paul Von Hindenberg

Back 94

(1847-1934) Son of Prussian nobles - Chief of army - Brought up the idea of stab in the back

Front 95

Erich Ludendorff

Back 95

(1865-1937) Deputy chief of Hindenberg - Agreed with surrender then reneged

Front 96

Walter Rathenau

Back 96

(1867-1922) Of Jewish Origin - Born in Berlin - "Hear O Israel" wrote this essay on assimilation

Front 97

Freicorps

Back 97

Free Groups - Didn't agree with the Weimar republic - Soldiers antagonizing and killing people - Assassinated Walter Rathenau

Front 98

Kapp Putsch

Back 98

Kapp Leader of a Freicorp Tried to take over Berlin

Front 99

Retenmark

Back 99

Security mark to help stabilize the hyper inflated economy

Front 100

Dawes Plan

Back 100

(1925)Germany gets lost territory back - Reparations level off - New German National Bank monitored by Allies - Loans made available abroad - Cover reparations with tax revenue

Front 101

Lacamo Treaty

Back 101

(1925) Restored ordinary diplomatic relations with others - Could trade freely with Europe

Front 102

Young Plan

Back 102

Long term solution to Reparations debt - 58 years

Front 103

Adolf Hitler

Back 103

(1889-1945) Born and raised in Austria - Didn't become German citizen until 1932

Front 104

Bavarian Soviet Republic

Back 104

Succeeded from Germany - Very brief - communist origin

Front 105

National Socialist Workers Party (NSDAP)

Back 105

Party Hitler joined (Discredited by communism) - Change name to add Nationalism (Nazi party) -1921 Hitler took over

Front 106

Beer hall Putsch

Back 106

(1923) Nazis/Hitler tried to conquer Berlin - Hitler imprisioned

Front 107

Mein Kampf

Back 107

My Struggle - Written by Hitler when in prison

Front 108

Marinus Van der Lubbe

Back 108

Dutch Jew in Parliament died in the parliament building when burnt down - Blamed for burning

Front 109

Reichstag Fire Decree

Back 109

Thought Lubbe was trying to set the Reichstag on fire (parliment building) - Hindenberg decree, suspended freedom (temporarily) of all Germans

Front 110

Ernst Rohm

Back 110

(1887-1934) Former military officer - Helped organize the military group for Hitler (SA)

Front 111

Sturmabteilung (SA)

Back 111

Hitler's militia organized by Rohm

Front 112

Henrich Himmler

Back 112

(1900-1945) Joined Nazi party in 1923 - Was administrative recruit man for Hitler

Front 113

Shustaffel (SS)

Back 113

"Defense Force" Hitler's personal body guard - 1938 were 10's of thousands of members

Front 114

Franz von Papen

Back 114

(1879-1969) Invites Hitler to join the coalition - Military man - Not Prussian - Catholic not protestant - Supported Hindenberg over own candidate

Front 115

Stleglaugelhalter

Back 115

Gave Hitler a foothold into German politics ("Cabinet of Barons") Hitler invited to serve on the Stleglaugelhalter

Front 116

Gleichshaltong

Back 116

Synchronization, Homogenization, Forceable coordination - Make everything fit together smoothly - Series of policies and beginning of Nazi culture

Front 117

Enabling Act

Back 117

(March 1933) Consolidate all power in the hands of the Nazi Party - Could take more steps eliminating all non-Nazi Parties (dissolved trade unions)

Front 118

Herman Goring

Back 118

(1839-1946) Led the Gestapo

Front 119

Heheime Staatpolizei

Back 119

Secret state police - Gestapo - Did not have jurisdiction in Bavaria at begining

Front 120

"Night of the Long Knives"

Back 120

(June 1934) Hitler takes out all major leader of SA - Hitler thought SA was too unorganized in its anti-Semitic aims

Front 121

Reishfluetseur

Back 121

(1933) Emigration tax – had to leave your estate and wealth behind – 1933-1938 raised over a billion marks for the German government

Front 122

LPC

Back 122

“Likely to become a Public Charge” – Drain the economy – American term during the Great Depression – U.S. emigration not really available

Front 123

Danzig/Gdansk

Back 123

Free city – Many Germans – accepted Nazism – some Jews decided to move back to Germany from there

Front 124

Reichretrertung der DeutshumJuden

Back 124

Jewish organization recognized by Nazi Germany – Strived for Jewish unity – Jewish self-help group

Front 125

Leo Baek

Back 125

Head of the Reichrertrtung de DeutschumJuden

Front 126

Robert Weltsch

Back 126

Leader of German Zionism – Wear the Jewish star with pride – as 1938 approached started advocating emigration to Palestine

Front 127

Martin Buber

Back 127

Only Jewish cultural icon to stay in Germany – founded the Lehrhaus

Front 128

Lehrhaus

Back 128

German Jewish Adult study place

Front 129

Franz Rozenzweg

Back 129

Jewish philosopher – converted to Christianity but then decided not to convert and stay Jewish – Became a cultural icon for Jews.