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34 Cards in this Set

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Containment Policy
An American Policy in which the U.S and it's allies would work to "contain" the threat of further Soviet expansion.
Truman Doctrine
A policy in which The U.S supported free people who were resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities (The Soviets)
Marshall Plan
A plan that was supposed to provide economic assistance to all European Nations. Over the next 3 years the Marshall Plan channeled over $12 billion of American aid to Europe, helping to spark a substantial economic revival. By the end of 1950, European industrial production had risen 64%---George Marshall 1947
North American Trade Organization (NATO)
12 nations signed an agreement establishing the NATO and declaring that an armed attack against one member would be considered an attack on all of them. The NATO countries would maintain a standing military force in Europe to defend against the Soviets
McCarthyism
a time period in which the United States was anti-communist and they were constantly fearful that there were communist in the State Department. Joseph McCarthy was the leader of this movement because he said there were at least 205 known communist in the state department, but he never proved any of them
Cuban Missile Crisis
On October 14, aerial pictures caught the Soviet Union constructing nuclear weapons in Cuba. They were said to have done this in response to the U.S having missiles in Turkey. President Kennedy ordered a naval and air blockade around Cuba and demanded the weapons to be removed. The Soviets agreed in return for a promise for the US not to invade Cuba.
Beats
a group of young poets, writers, and artists who criticized bureaucracy, and middle-class society. They wrote harsh critiques of what they considered the sterility and conformity of American life, the meaninglessness of American politics, and the banality of popular culture. They were the most visible evidence of a wide-spread restlessness among young Americans in the 1950s
Levittown
housing developments that were created by developer William Levitt in the 1960s. The houses were very similar to each other- they had identical interiors and only slightly varied facades. These houses helped meet an enormous and growing demand for housing. Many young couples bought these because they were fairly cheap
Dr. Benjamin Spock
He wrote one of the most influential books in postwar American life- it was a guide to child rearing. The book was called Baby and Child Care. It was published in 1946. Spocks approach to raising babies was child-centered, as opposed to the parent-centered theories of many previous books
Brown Vs. Board of Education
A ruling in 1954 in which it overturned the earlier rulings of Plessy Vs Ferguson. It declared that segregating schools violated equal rights opportunities to minorities
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
organized by Ella Baker to mobilize black workers,farmers, housewives, and others to challenge segregation, disenfranchisement, and discrimination
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
A group of black college students who attended a sit-in in 1960 at a college in Greensboro, North Carolina. They formed this group to keep the spirit of resistance of equality alive.
Eugene "Bull" Conner
He was the police commissioner during a series of nonviolent demonstrations. He personally supervised a brutal effor to break up the marches, using arrests, attack dogs, tear gas, electric cattle prods, and fire hoses
Freedom Summer
During the summer of 1964, thousands of civil rights workers (black and white) worked on behalf of black voter registration and participation. It produced a violent response from some souther whites.
Black Panther Party
an organization that was established in Oakland, California- it was founded by Newton and Seale. They promised to defend black rights even if it required violence. They wore weapons openly and proud.
Nation of Islam
Was a movement which taught blacks to take responsibility for their own lives, to live by strict codes of behavior, and to reject and dependence on whites
War on Poverty
A plan to reduce the amount of poverty in the US. It was started by Kennedy and launched by Johnson. It created an array of new educations, employment, housing, and health-care programs
Ho Chi Minh
He was the leader of the Vietminh. He was educated in Paris and Moscow, and a fervent Vietnamese nationalist.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
authorized the president to "take all necessary measures" to protect American forces and "prevent further aggression" in Southeast Asia. This was in response to American boats being blown up by North Vietnamese torpedo boats
Tet Offensive
Jan 31, 1968- the 1st day of the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) communist forces launched attacks on American strongholds. Few Americans knew of what was going on, but certain images shocked many Americans and proved devastating to popular support for the war. The Tet offensive suggested to the American public something of the brutality of the struggle in Vietnam. TV captured an officer killing a young Viet Cong soldier for no reason
Students for a Democratic society
1962- a group of students who wanted to give voice to their demands. Their statement expressed their disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build a new politics.
Port Huron Statement
The declaration of beliefs that were adopted by the Students for a Democratic society (SDS). it expressed their disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build a new politics.
Woodstock
A massive rock festival in New York in 1969. Over 400,000 people gathered. It was a place of peace, drugs, and sex. It represented the birth of a new youth counterculture.
Feminine Mistique
published in 1963 by Betty Friedans. It is often cited as the first event of contemporary women's liberation. It attacked the popular notion that women of that time could only find fulfillment through childbearing and homemaking. This book was about the life that women were living and how they were unhappy with being housewives and nothing more. Many wanted to do more with their lives.
National Organization for Women
1966- was to become the nation's largest and most influential feminist organization. Friedan was one of the leaders.They drew much inspiration from blacks, and they wanted to confront the conditions which prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right as individual Americans and human beings
Cesar Chavez
he created an effective union of itinerant farmworkers. In 1965 his United Farm Workers launched a prolonged strike against growers to demand, first, recognition of their union and second increased wages and benefits. It was one of the most visible efforts to organize Mexican Americans. It occurred in California
Stonewall Rebellion
June 27, 1969- police officers raided Stonewall Inn, a gay nightclub in NYC and began arresting people just for being there. These people began rioting and attacking the police- they set fire to the Inn in which the cops almost got trapped. This marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement
Silent Majority
The conservative, middle-class people. They were called this by President Nixon- Nixon believed these people to be his own constituency
Watergate
A major event in which President Nixon had hired "the plumbers" to sneak into the Democratic headquarters and bug the place so they could spy on them. They bugs broke and "the plumbers" went in to fix them- which is how they got caught. Nixon at first denied involvement in it, but later admitted to it and then resigned.
Strategic Defense Initiative
also known as "Star Wars". Reagan claimed that SDI, through the use of lasers and satellites, could provide an effective shield against incoming missiles and thus make nuclear war obsolete. The Soviets claimed this would elevate the arms race to new and more dangerous levels and insisted that any arms control agreement begin with an American abandonment of SDI.
Exam Question:Discuss the ways in which a cold war grew out of WWII
Some claim that the Soviet duplicity and expansionism is to blame, and others believe that American provocations and imperial ambitions were equally to blame. Either way- both of them contributed to the atmosphere of hostility and suspicion. The US and Soviets had very different views of the postwar world. The US wanted a world in which nations abandoned their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and governed their relations with one another through democratic processes, with and international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self-determination. The Soviet's vision was that the great powers would control areas of strategic interest to them, in which something vaguely similar to the traditional European balance of power would reemerge. The struggle continued all the way through to the 90s because the Soviets were earlier were trying to establish their communist government in Western parts of Europe and they were breaking the agreements that they made in the Yalta. American wanted to have an "open" peaceful world so that it could trade openly with the world. China was not open to switching from communism so the US lifted all restrictions on industrial development in Japan and encouraged them to grow economically as fast as possible, so they could use them as a trading partner in Asia. The Cold War sparked the Truman Doctine which said that the US would help anyone who was against communism. The Marshall Plan was established to help the strengthen the European economy so that it did not fall under communist power. This led to a blockade set up by Stalin on the west sectors of Berlin. This led the US to air lift food to the people. This turned into a symbol of the West's fight against communism. This crisis helped accelerate NATO which consisted of 12 nations. The Cold War ended when the Gorbechav decided that the Soviets economy was more important than the arms race and decided to quit putting so much money into the army and trying to rebuild the economy instead. The countries of the Warsaw Pact had to give up lots of its power
Essay Question: #3
There were various approaches- such as non-violent, violent, mass demonstrations, etc. There was a sit-in formed by black college students in Greensboro. They sat at a segregated lunch counter In the following weeks many followed and also had sit-ins. This forced many merchants to integrate their facilities. They formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)- they worked to keep the spirit of resistance alive in a non violent effort. "Freedom Rides" went around the cities traveling by bus throughout the south. They were trying to get bus stations to become desegregated. There ended up being lots of fights and President Kennedy dispatched federal marshals to help keep the peace. He also ordered the integration of all bus and train stations.The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) influenced many people to challenge segregation, including voting rights. Martin Luther King Jr. established several mass movements and nonviolent demonstrations in which in one in particular the Police used violence to stop them- this became national news. The March on Washington was a mass demonstration to support Kennedy's thoughts about desegregation amongts public accomidations. This is where MLK Jr. Gave the "I have a dream" speech. There were some violent acts as well- Watts Riot was in California and a white police officer hit a black man with his club, during an arrest- this sent the black community into a violent riot. It killed 34 people. The Black Panthers were known for fighting for their rights even if it took violence.
Essay Question: #4
It came to dominate because it supported civil, human rights, and freedoms. This was particularly important for minorities. The New Left- were college students that wanted to see a change in politics. Many were drawn in by the writings of Karl Marx. Most of all the drew their inspiration from the civil rights movements, in which many idealistic young white Americans had become involved in the early 60s. This led to the formation of the Students for a Democratic society (SDS). The counterculture challenged the structure of modern American society, attacking its banality, its hollowness, its artificiality, its materialism, its isolation from nature. The main people of the counterculture were the hippies and they rejected modern society altogether and attempted to find refuge in a simpler, more "natural" existence. Feminist were for Liberalism mainly because they wanted to see a change in their culture. The feminist were already changing and becoming more than housewives- they wanted to persue careers and be independent. Adopting Liberalism would help them become more independent. The Indians and the Latino's were all for Liberalism, because this new way of politics gave them more of an opportunity to become equals and have equal rights as other.
Duck and Cover
Duck and Cover was a suggested method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear detonation which the United States government taught to generations of United States school children from the late 1940s into the 1980s. This was supposed to protect them in the event of an unexpected nuclear attack which, they were told, could come at any time without warning. Immediately after they saw a flash they had to stop what they were doing and get on the ground under some cover—such as a table, or at least next to a wall—and assume the fetal position, lying face-down and covering their heads with their hands.----Critics have said that this training would be of little, if any, help in the event of thermonuclear war, and had little effect other than promoting a state of unease and paranoia. The purpose was was to create an acceptance among the population of the nuclear war as a possibility. It would also send the signal to the world that the nation as a whole was prepared for such a war.