Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Three Unifiers of Japan
|
Oda Nobunaga- cruel, brilliant man. Captured the capital of Kyoto in 1568. In 1582, he was ambushed and killed.
Tokugawa Ieyasu- patient, well-rounded in politics. knew when to surrender. In 1614, he decided missionaries undetermined the social order and were not essential to foreigh trade. Also, led the East coalition after Japan split into 2. Toyotomi Hideyoshi- would like to reach an agreement. He invaded Korea two times in 1590s. |
|
|
Bakufu
|
The government pieced together by the Tokogawa shoguns that developed an elaborate bureaucratic structure or "tent government." Rotated monthly between vassal daimyo to make policy decisions, personnel matters, and supervising the daimyo.
|
|
|
Genroku Culture
|
(1688-1704) Golden Age of the Edo Period
unprecedented urban prosperity culminated celebrated in art and literature |
|
|
Matthew Perry
|
sailed into Uraga Bay near Edo, on July 8, 1853, to force shogunal authorities to accept a letter proposing a friendship treaty of Kanagawa. Even though Japanese tried to fend him off, Perry was successful in opening two small ports to American ships, American consul to reside in Japan, and provided for most favored nation treatment. This started the foreign trade and privilege of extraterritoriality in Japan.
|
|
|
Fukuzawa Yukichi
|
a leading member of the Meiji 6 Society
he urged Japan to "leave Asia" in his essay, published on March 16, 1885, that stated that Japan will be conquered if it doesn't adapt to Westernization In 1868, he founded Keio University for the study of Western science and business and wrote the best-selling Encouragement of Learning. He was the most prominent intellectual and promoter of westernization. |
|
|
Iwakura Mission
|
In 1871, a delegation of 49 officials and 58 students left for the U.S. and Europe to convince Western powers to revise the unequal treaties. Headed by Iwakura Tomomi, the diplomatic mission became a study mission after revision wasn't possible without reform. In 1873, the mission group rushed home to stop an invasion of Korea because domestic reform had to precede military engagements abroad. This led to reforms and technological innovations to create a stronger state against both domestic and foreign enemies.
|
|
|
Ito Hirobumi
|
Drafted the Meiji Constitution
Traveled to Europe in 1882 for 9 months to study with constitutional theorists His document defined the emperor in terms of his descent from the gods and employed Western notions of the rights and obligations of citizens After Japan forced Korea to become its ally, in 1906, Korea became a Japanese protectorate with Ito as resident general |
|
|
Shibusawa Eiichi
|
A model for private enterprise
son of a rural entrepreneur, he used his connections with oligarchs to become president of First National Bank. In addition, he provided capital for the construction of privately owned shipyards at the mouth of the Tokyo Bay In 1880, he started the Osaka Spinning Mill and went on to found more than a hundred companies. Because of investments like his, Japan's imports were of raw materials and it exported manufactured goods by the beginning of the 20th century. |
|
|
Triple Intervention
|
In April 1895, Russia, France, and Germany forced Japan to give up its territorial gains from the Sino-Japanese war
It restored the Liaodong and Shandong peninsulas to China Russia opposed the land grab because of its own designs on Manchura and Korea France was allied to Russia Germany had growing commercial interests in China and wanted to divert Russia away from central Europe Japan had to retreat from Korea This competition stopped any of the European powers from making China its colony but showed the power of the Western Powers |
|
|
Russo-Japanese War
|
(1904-1905)
In 1902, Japan became an ally to Great Britian to prevent France and Germany from supporting Russia and opened up a war between Japan and Russia with no interference Russia's leasehold on the Liaodong Peninsula and fortification of Port Arthur threatened Japan's interests in Korea Russia refused to make concessions, and in 1904, Japan's military launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur Russia withdrew in 1905 and Great Britian extended its alliance with Japan This marked the first time a non-Western power defeated a Western Power |
|
|
Hara Takashi
|
His experience in the Foreign Ministry and business world helped him arrange compromises between oligarchs and Diet and showed him the way to manipulate the bureaucracy
During the Russo-Japanese War, Hara promised Seiyukai support for the cabinet and convinced Yamagate to trust him with the powerful position of home minister He used this control to make Seiyukai the dominant party in the Diet Then went on to create a following for Seiyukai in prefectural offices, which would likely elect Seiyukai politicians to the Diet Even before Hara became prime minister in 1918, Diet members had mastered manipulating the electorate In 1921 an unemployed railroad worker assassinated Hara because of what he saw as Hara's disdain for the military. The politics of compromise developed by Hara continued after party cabinets became the rule |
|
|
Pearl Harbor
|
United States joined World War II after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in hopes of forcing the United States to negotiate a settlement and break through the ABCD encirclement Also to prevent the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with the war |
|
|
Potsdam Declaration
|
-On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlines the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference.
-In result of the Japanese rejection of surrender, President Truman dropped atomic bomb and plutonium bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, respectively -Terms of the Declaration included renouncement of all claims of territory, leaders were to be tried for war crimes, and Japanese people would be able to choose their type of government |
|
|
Yoshida Shigeru
|
pulled together a coalition of conservative parties willing to make him prime minister, but had to resign when elections of the following year gave a significant share of the votes to the JSP
regained prime ministership in 1948, by taking advantage of the JSP's inability to deal with economic crises In 1950, SCAP wanted Japan to create an army to fight in Korea he refused this and created a Police Reserve that later transformed into the Self-Defense Force Remained prime minister and most powerful political figure postwar Japan until 1954 Yoshida Doctrine helped reshape Japan's economy and foreign policy |
|
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
was military dictator over Japan on August 30, 1945
As Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), MacArthur intended to demilitarize Japan and work through existing institutions to install democracy In February 1946, he ordered his Government Section draft a constitution but secretly After many conferences, the new constitution which replaced the Meiji Constitution was published in March 1946, approved in October, and promulgated on November 3, 1946 The constitution renounced war and stripped the Emperor of military authority MacArthur was later in charge of South Korean forces by President Rhee during the Korean War -dissuaded the Showa emperor from admitting even moral responsibility for WWII -believed that once the military was gone in Japan, the emperor was needed as a bulward against communism -created more modernization and westernization in Japan |
|
|
SCAP
|
-Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
-kept allies out of Japan while MacArthur was there by putting them in the Far East Commission (FEC) -kept itself about the law and intervened in educational reform and encouraged movie makers to depict romance -to promote democracy, SCAP had the Trade Union Law issued in December 1945 -this created protests and almost strikes that MacArthur called off on February 1, 1947 -In 1948, SCAP had the Japanese government issue regulations forbidding public employees to strike -SCAP was dismantled in 1952 but its personnel was protected by extraterritoriality -SCAP helped Japan reshape its country and become one of the world's leading industry powers |
|
|
Effects of Urbanization
|
-stimulated the growth of commercial publishing
-space for exhibitions and private salons -urban residents paid for service, no servants -"consumption revolution," bought from market more |
|
|
Daimyo
|
-ruled domains
-Shogun's chief advisors -1st line of defense -powerful warlord in premodern Japan, who ruled most of Japan through its vast, hereditary land holdings -shogun Tokogawa Iesayu reorganized them into the han and rated them on their production of rice |
|
|
Han, Shimpan, Fudai, Tozama
|
Imperial dynasty that ruled form 206 BC to 220 AD
-collateral houses -vassals or allies to Tokugawa -opposed Tokugawa; outside lords |
|
|
Deshima
|
-In 1641, shogun ordered Dutch trade to move this artificial island
-built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 for European trade to take place instead of on the mainland during the edo period -this opened the door to Western science and medicine |
|
|
Harris Treaty
|
-signed on July 29, 1958
-treaty consists of steep tariffs on exported goods, low tariffs on imports -Japan was to open 6 cities for foreign trade and residence -open to more foreign communication -named after Townsend Harris, an American consul resident in Japan -he pointed to what the European powers had achieved with their gunboats in China to convince the shogun's government to sign a commercial treaty with the United States |
|
|
Sat-Cho Alliance
|
-Choshu and Satsuma formed an alliance in January 1866
-organized Western-style armies to overthrow the shogun and restore the monarch and Meiji emperor -also, launched self-strengthening programs, using emergency funds to buy arms through Nagasaki and sent retainers on fact-finding missions abroad -Sat-cho forces abolished the offices of shogun and regent and replaced them with new advisory positions open to daimyo, court nobles, and "men of talent." |
|
|
Saigo Takamori
|
-became the daimyo's adviser in 1854
-proposed to invade Korea in 1873 b/c of insult to emperor -he was outvoted on the proposal and left the government -Between 1874 and 1877, over 30 rebellions erupted in defense of samurai priviliege -the largest and last, in Satsuma and led by Saigo, required the mobilization of 65 thousand troops and took 8 months to suppress -Saigo committed suicide -marked the end of samurai and the need of a national assembly |
|
|
Yamagata Aritomo
|
-architect of the conscription ordinance that summoned all males over the age of 20 to serve 3 years in active duty and then 4 years in the reserve in January 1873
-spent 1869-1870 in Europe studying French and German conscript armies -educated conscripts and their families in the goals of the government leaders -this reform did more than any other reform to eliminate status distinctions and create equality of opportunity -In 1890 Yamagata Aritomo told the first Diet that for Japan to maintain its independence, it had to protect its territorial boundary, the line of sovereignty, and an outer perimeter of neighboring territory, a line of interest, which was Korea. -led to the Sino-Japanese War and the defeat of China by the Japanese |
|
|
Sino-Japanese War
|
-China and Japan fought over Korea for 9 months in 1894-1895
-Japanese troops expelled the Chinese army by seizing 2 ports, including Port Arthur, and the Liaodong Peninsula and defeated their navy -this surprised Western powers and showed how weak China was becoming -fight between the Qing Dynasty and Meiji Japan showed how reforms succeeded in Japan and not China |
|
|
Treaty of Shimonoseki
|
-In 1895, gave Japan Taiwan and the Pescadores, Port Arthur and the Liaodong Peninsula, an indemnity, and a promise by China to respect Korea's autonomy
-ended the Sino-Japanese War -a week later the Triple Intervention was created |
|
|
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
|
-treaty signed on January 30, 1902
-alliance between Great Britian and Japan -ended Britian's isolation from Japan -brought Japan a step close to becoming a world power -the alliance stated that the country would come to the others defense if a third party would interfere if the war |
|
|
Treaty of Portsmouth
|
-ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905
-gave Japan the southern half of Sakhalin, Russia's leasehold on the Liaodong Peninsula, the South Manchurian Railway, and Russia's acknowledgment of Japan's paramountcy in Korea -Japan inspired Asians with hopes that they could throw off the colonial yoke |
|
|
2-26 Incident
|
-On February 26, 1936, junior officers armed with the slogan "Revere the Emperor, Destroy Traitors" led 1400 troops to seize the Diet building and army headquarters, kill cabinet ministers, and call on the emperor to announce a Showa Restoration
-emperor summoned the army to surpress the rebellion -after 4 days of fighting, the junior officers surrendered and were later executed -created a relationship between the military and the old middle class including teachers, low-ranking officials, and farmers |
|
|
Washington Conference
|
-following World War I, Japan collaborated with Western powers and joined the League of Nations
-In 1921, Japan participated in the Washington Conference -The Washington Conference was designed to preserve the status quo in the Pacific and China and to prevent a new naval arms race -Japan wanted to participate in the development of the world's economy |
|
|
Manchurian Incident
|
-In 1931, the Japanese army in Manchuria launched a coup d'etat against the Chinese governor
-established the puppet state of Manchukuo -marked the end of the "cultural government" rule and the beginning of military mobilization -On September 18, 1931, Japanese set bomb on railway to frame Chinese |
|
|
Konoe Fumimaro
|
-was a Japanese politician who served as the 34th, 38th and 39th Prime Minister of Japan and founder/leader of the Taisei Yokusankai
-while in school, he was given a seat in the upper house of the parliament or Diet in 1916 -In 1933, he was elected president of the upper house -he was recommended for premiership by prominent military leaders in 1936 but didn't accept until 1937 -resigned in 1939 b/c he couldn't contain the military rule -re-elected in 1940 where he attempted to prevent the widening of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War and also, advocated political reforms -eventually was force to resign again and then became deputy minister of national affairs after the surrender to the U.S. |
|
|
Ishiwara Kanju
|
-was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army
-one of the men primarily responsible for the Manchurian Incident in 1931 -arrived in Manchuria in 1928 as a staff member of the Kwantung Army -decided on blowing up the railway to frame the Chinese b/c of the political confusion in northern China after the assassination of Zhang Zuolin -Ishiwara thought he would be executed or dishonorably discharged because of the disapproval from the world community but the complete opposite happened -the success of his operation gave him praise from right-wing younger officers and ultranationalists -he was then given command of the 4th Infantry Regiment in Sendai |
|
|
Tojo Hideki
|
-executed as a war criminal for declaring war on the U.S. in 1948
-served as the 40th prime minister of Japan from 1941-1944, general in the Imperial Japanese Army and a leader of the Taisei Yokusankai -also served as army minister, home minister, munitions minister, and other posts that he thought he needed to fill -never directed the navy -fought against the coup attempt during the February 26 Incident -some hold him responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor |
|
|
Battle of Midway
|
-considered the most important naval battle in the Pacific Campaign during WWII b/c it was the turning point of the Pacific Campaign
-between June 4-7 1942, the U.S. Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy attack on the Midway Atoll -the U.S. Navy inflicted irreparable damage on the Japanese -Japanese plan was to force the U.S. out of the Pacific campaign so they could concentrate on the Greater East Asia area -the Japanese assumptions of the U.S. poor reaction time was wrong and American codebreakers decoding the exact date and time of the attack |
|
|
Hirohito
|
-or also known as Emperor Showa
-summoned the army to stop the February 26 Incident -was the only one that received complete information on military policy and operations, including plans for surprise attacks on American, Dutch, and British bases in 1941 -rarely denied military decisions b/c he was scared to lose the throne -announced the surrender of Japan on August 15 -didn't sign the instrument on surrender on September 2, 1945 to put humiliation on the general and a diplomat -MacArthur and the cabinet tried to keep the blame away from the emperor -On January 1, 1946, the emperor announced how he was just human and a symbol of the state by the new constitution -decided to not surrender to the Potsdam Declaration |
|
|
MacArthur Constitution
|
-the emperor promulgated it on November 3, 1946
-define the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in terms of education, health care, police protection, work, and a minimum standard of living -women received the right to vote -The Privy Council was dissolved -The Diet acquired the sole authority to make laws -similar to the U.S. Constitution -Most controversial was Article 9, which stated armed forces could be created for self-defense -led to the Self-Defense Force -replaced the Meiji Constitution and led to more westernization in Japan |
|
|
Hibiya Riots
|
-riots that protested the Treaty of Portsmouth and the end of the Russo-Japanese War
-took place on September 5, 1905 at Hibiya Park in central Tokyo -before order was restored, angry mobs destroyed or damaged more than 350 buildings including the home of the Home Minister and 70 percent of police boxes -marked the beginning of an era of violence and further riots |
|
|
Shidehara Kijuro/Shidehara Diplomacy
|
-44th Prime Minister of Japan from 1945-1946
-last Prime Minister who was a member of the kazoku -was a leading supporter for pacifism in Japan before and after WWII -served two terms of foreign minister -his diplomacy was to describe Japan's liberal foreign policy -wanted to restore relationship with Chiang Kai-sek's government but was assailed by military interests who believed it was weakening the country -his cabinet drafted the constitution for MacArthur but was vetoed -created the Article 9 idea to be in the constitution |
|
|
Taisho Democracy
|
-the emperor's weakness shifted the political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen to the Diet of Japan and the democratic parties
-time of liberal movement -wanted to become a democratic system but couldn't resist economic and political pressures of the 1930s -military leaders became increasingly influential due to the Meiji Constitution |
|
|
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
|
-July 7, 1937 Japan invaded China
-marked the 2nd Sino-Japanese War and a fight over investments in Manchuria -Japan put excess men and material on the railways that the Boxer Protocol stated -ended a civil war between Chinese communists and Nationalists so they fight Japanese aggression -Japanese wanted access to a small town to search for a soldier and was refused -shots were fired and sides refused to negotiate and the conflict grew into the 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
|
|
Ming Dynasty
|
-last dynasty to be ruled by ethnic Hans
-reigned from 1368-1644 in China -the Manchu Empire defeated them and took over -the founder was a peasant and was the third of three peasants to become emperor -Hongwu Emperor led the revolts against the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty -retained Confucian view and had a strong militant class -novels, dictionaries, and encyclopedias were a cultural development of the Ming Dynasty -they also built and repaired the Great Wall of China |
|
|
Li Zicheng
|
-a rebel and leader of one main part of the peasant army
-captured Beijing in 1644 -In 1630, he joined Gao Yingxiang in the peasant uprising -won support b/c of his land reforms and elimination of agricultural taxes -wherever Li captured, he distributed the land amongst the people -he established the Dashun Dynasty and marched into Beijing and the last Ming emperor hung himself in 1644 -Dorgon sent Wu Sangui to stop Li and kill him in 1645 |
|
|
Three Feudatories
|
-a rebellion in the Qing Dynasty against the Kangxi emperor
-led by Wu Sangui and two other "feudatories" -the Qing began to curb the power of these generals in 1673 -in that same year, the south wasn't fully under Qing control so, Wu declared himself ruler of an independent state -Wu didn't have a large following and 8 years later was defeated -showed how the Qing Dynasty had more control and their military was stronger |
|
|
Lin Zexu
|
-In 1839, Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou with orders to suppress the drug trade or Opium War
-demanded opium under foreign control be handed over -when the British ignored his demand, Lin stopped all trading -he then dumped twenty thousand chests of opium into the sea -this caused the British to be pissed about not getting compensations for their merchandise and come back with fleets to harass the China coastline -China agreed to pay them back, allowe expanded trade in Guangzhou, direct access to Qing officials, and gave Hong Kong to them -British didn't agree and fought another round to get additional concessions -this caused China to open to the West and Western imperialism and marked the first victory by a Western power in East Asia |
|
|
Zeng Guofan
|
-the man the Qing government turned to, to stop the Taipings
-needed 12 years and 120,000 troops to defeat the Taipings -climbed government ranks after passing the jinshi exam in 1838 -knew the failings of the Qing armies and created a new army -it was essentially a private army that soldiers, officers, and Zeng were all loyal to each other |
|
|
Qing
|
-reigned from 1644-1911
-ruled by self-acclaimed group called the Manchus -created a multiethnic empire -people tried to stop the Qing out of loyalty to the Ming -descended from the Jurchens -stood up to George Macartney and his trade reforms from George III -faced some of the most destructive rebellions in world history -reform wasn't possible with the Qing Dynasty |
|
|
Wu Sangui
|
-a Ming general and a native of Liaodong
-joined forces with the Manchus to conquer the rest of the country -Wu defeated Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong in 1645 and 1647 respectively -part of the "Three Feudatories" and challenged the Qing military and failed |
|
|
George McCartney
|
-arrived in Guangzhou in 1793 to secure a place for British traders near tea-producing areas, negotiate a commercial treaty, and create a desire for British goods
-former ambassador to Russia and former governor of Madras -his visit amounted to no further trade negotiations |
|
|
Hong Xiuquan
|
-founder and led army of religious sect in Taiping Rebellion
-was a Hakka -preached to people on making changes like stop use of opium and alcohol and believed he was Jesus's younger brother -called his group the God Worshipping Society -In 1848, Hong left his group and a local named Yang Xiuqing made people believe he was the voice of God the Father and he was above Hong -In 1851, Hong declared himself king of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace or Taiping |
|
|
Li Hongzhang
|
-best known for his diplomatic negotiation skills and Self-Strengthening Projects (1862-1893)
-In 1872, he became the leading political figure that ended several major rebellions -one of Zeng Guofan proteges during the Taiping rebellion -In 1865, was assigned along with Zeng to suppress the Nian gangs -was sent to negotiate with Japan after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) |
|
|
Yuan Shikai
|
-one of the most significant Chinese political figures in the late 19th century and early 20th century
-succeeded Sun Yatsen as the 1st president of the Chinese Republic in 1912-1916 -high military official of the Qing Dynasty who turned against it -In 1885, Japan and China split influence in Korea, but China used Yuan to keep their paramount position and stop other influences like Japanese, Russia, and Great Britain -his presidency marked the end of the Manchus -tried to turn the republican government into a monarchical government but hostility inside and out of China stopped it |
|
|
Sun Yatsen
|
-Chinese anti-Manchu revolutionary and political figure
-died right before the planned Northern Expedition -help reunified the country and take it closer to being westernized -went to Hong Kong to study Western medicine and completed his degree in 1892 -talked to people and formed anti-Manchu groups such as the Revive China Society -In 1896, he cut off his queue and began wearing Western clothes -In 1905, the Revolutionary Alliance was formed and later, Sun created his theory of: nationalism, democracy, and the "people's livelihood" |
|
|
Self-Strengthening Movement
|
1861-1895
-a period of institutional reforms initiated by Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers -an attempt to become more Westernalized by grasping Western technology -Li Hongzhang created the Self-Strengthening Projects during this movement |
|
|
Taiping Rebellion
|
-occurred 1851-1864
-civil war between heterdox Christians and Qing Dynasty -20-30 million were killed -one of the most destructive rebellions in world history that the Qing Dynasty defended against -after capturing Nanjing their capital, the Taipings announced plans for equalization of land and people -they tried to Shanghai in 1860 and 1862, but Western residents organized counterattacks -eventually the rebellion fell apart inside out and was put down in 1864 |
|
|
Dowager Cixi
|
-de facto ruler of the Qing Dynasty
-installed her nephew as the Guangxu emperor in 1875 -continue her power since he was too young to make decisions -started rule in 1861-1908 -most powerful person at court during the Self-Strengthening period -sided with conservative critics that China needed to stop giving in when it came to the France trying to bullying them over Vietnam -the result of this was humiliation and defeat -In 1901, she announced a national school system -In 1905, she abolished the civil service examination system altogether -powerful political figure even after she retired in 1889 |
|
|
Opium Wars
|
-1st Opium War was 1839-1842
-tested Chinese morality against British technology -Lin Zexu stopped drug dealing but made the British mad -they wanted reimbursement to their loses from Zexu and additional concessions -China's defeat opened them to the West and Western imperialism -Treaty of Nanjing settled the war -2nd Opium War was between 1856-1860 -the Qing Dynasty was dealing with rebellions and the British and French wanted to renegotiate the trade agreement from the first war -b/c China had failed to meet the needs from before -they renegotiated these "unequal treaties" and the British still wanted to take their fleet up the Beihe river -Qing forces withstood them which led to the British and French stealing from the summer palace and then burning it down |
|
|
Unequal Treaties
|
-any series of treaties that caused China to lose territory or sovereignty rights
-lost Hong Kong -extra-territorality -opening of ports to the West -legalization of opium |
|
|
100 Days Reform
|
-In 1898, reform movement to be put out in 100 days in China
-meant to make fundamental reform and modernization after China's defeat by Japan -Under Qing Dynasty, reform wasn't possible -was a failed national cultural, political, and educational reform movement from June 11 to September 21 -ended in a coup d'etat led by Dowager Cixi -5 hour audience, longest audience in imperialism |
|
|
Emperor Guangxu
|
-the idealist and innovator of the 100 Days Reform
-was put on the throne at the age of four but didn't get to make decisions completely until he was 19 and Dowager Cixi retired in 1898 -began new views on reform -redesigned the Qing as a constitutional monarchy with modern financial and educational infrastructures -Dowager Cixi locked him up and executed those of the reformers she could catch -Dowager Cixi still had power even after he had taken complete control of the throne |
|
|
Kang Youwei
|
-committed Confucian
-brilliant leader started study societies in 1895 -In 1895, 1200 provincial graduates signed his "ten-thousand word petition" on how to respond to the crisis caused by the war with Japan -with Qing Dynasty gone; reform was more possible -dedicated to the ideals of personal virtue and service to society -gave the ideas of reform to the emperor and told him how Japan dressed Western and cut their hair short |
|
|
Zhang Zuolin
|
-warlord of Manchuria from 1916-1928
-fought in the first Sino-Japanese War -was assassinated by Japanese officers in 1928 -the assassination of Zhang led to the Manchurian Incident -Japanese assassinated him b/c of his failure to stop the Nationalists -transformed Manchuria into one of the most prosperous parts in China until his fall |
|
|
Twenty-One Demands
|
-Japan's infamous demands that ratified and prolonged existing privileges in Manchuria and along the China coast
-tried to turn China into a protectorate -but a public outcry in China and abroad made Japan back down -while the rest of the Europeans were busy with their wars in 1915 -confirmed Japan's position in the former German leasehold in Shandong -Japan dropped the last part about the protectorate and gave Yuan Shikai an ultimatum -In 1917, China helped with the efforts of the war hoping to get something out of the allies victory but didn't -At Versailles, Chinese representatives were not admitted, while Japan got a seat with Western powers -led to the May 4th Incident |
|
|
New Culture Movement
|
-young people with modern education felt they could advice those in power
-believed they could save China -believers in the movement challenged Confucian values -proposed ending use of the classical literary language and to write in vernacular -blamed China's own flaws much more than foreigners -first issue of the New Youth periodical was in 1915 and eventually led to many more joining it in 1919 -New Youth and others similar to it aimed at young people aspiring for a New China -main goals were enlightenment and national survival |
|
|
Lu Xun
|
-one of the first to write in vernacular
-In 1902, Lu went to Japan to study medicine -gave up medicine to change the Chinese spirit after watching newsreel of Russo-Japanese War -wrote the first vernacular short story for the New Youth in the May 1918 issue -gave voice to those troubled by China's prospects and weary of China's old order but wary of promises of easy solutions -In 1921, the Ministry of Education used vernacular in elementary school textbooks |
|
|
May 4th Movement
|
-On May 4, 1919, word arrived that the decision had gone in favor of Japan
-some 3000 Beijing students assembled at Tiananmen Square in front of the old palace to protest -broke through police lines to beat up pro-Japanese officials and set fire to the home of a cabinet minister -everyone was on the student's side from teachers to Sun Yatsen to warlords -the government finally arrested 1150 students but release them later -the cabinet fell, a sense of nationalism grew, and China refused to sign the Versailles Treaty |
|
|
Chen Duxiu
|
-founder of the periodical New Youth
-was appointed dean of letters in the newly reorganized Beijing University after the 1911 Revolution -participant in the 1911 Revolution -became an advocate of individual freedom -launched the first issue in 1915 -Chen challenged the Confucian value of deference towards elders -studied philosophy in United States for 7 years -inspired others to write periodicals about Western ways |
|
|
First United Front
|
-formed in 1923 as an alliance to end warlordism in China
-between Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China together formed the National Revolutionary Army -set out in 1926 on the Northern Expedition |
|
|
Second United Front
|
-alliance between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China during the 2nd Sino-Japanese War or WWII
-suspended the Chinese civil war from 1937-1946 -focused their energy and time on defeating the Japanese -Chiang Kai-shek refused to ally with the Communists but was captured and forced to by Kuomintang leaders -a rare time during wars when sides that were in conflict fought against a common enemy |
|
|
Chiang Kai-shek
|
-sent to Soviet Union for 4 months of training in 1923
-this was to help the Nationalists build a party army -Chiang's return led to Whampoa Military Academy -cadets within this academy became very loyal to Chiang -In July 1926, the Northern Expedition was launched with Chiang at military commander -leader of the Nationalist party which ruled China from 1927-1949 -In 1934, launch the New Life Movement which was to militarize the whole nation -didn't progress politics but made economic modernization -lost power after the Japanese destroyed and defeat him in Nanjing -the army he spent a decade building fell apart after constant air raids and runaway inflation in the new capital of Chongqing |
|
|
Soong Mei-ling
|
-married Chiang Kai-shek
-gave an impassioned speech before the U.S. Congress in which she contrasted China striving for democracy and Japanese warmongers -American-educated and helped her become popular among the American press -lobbied effectively for China |
|
|
Wang Jingwei
|
-member of the left wing Kuomintang, he was anti-Communist but supported siding with them during the Sino-Japanese War
-tried to stop Chiang's army from proceeding north but failed -after another failure in 1930, he reconciled with Chiang's government in the early 1930s -In 1940, Japan created the Reorganized Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei -member of Chiang Kia-shek's Nationalist Party at that time -deemed one of the infamous "Traitors of the Han People" b/c he broke off with Chiang to form his own government -hoped to win peace with Japan in the name of the Greater East Asianism -In 1943, Japan allowed Wang to declare war on the U.S. and Britain -what Wang did help China be a victor in WWII no matter the outcome |
|
|
Zhang Xueliang
|
-became ruler of Manchuria and most of north China after his father, Zhang Zuolin, was assassinated on June 4, 1928
-in January 1929, he executed two pro-Tokyo officials in his attempt to reunite China -stepped in to stop the 1930 coup against Chiang -an instigator of the Xi'an Incident in 1936, he spent over 50 years under house arrest -but still considered a patriotic hero -supported Chiang Kai-shek but captured him and forced him to stop the civil war to fight against the Japanese |
|
|
Xian Incident
|
-happened on December 12, 1936
-Chiang went to Xian and was captured by Zhang Xueliang and others, he was refused release until he decided to create the United Front -this put aside the civil war so the Chinese could fight the Japanese -temporarily peace between the Communist and the Kuomintang party |
|
|
Great Northern Expedition
|
-military campaign from 1926-1928 created by Sun Yatsen but carried on by Chiang Kai-shek
-main goal was to unify China under the Kuomintang party by eliminating the rule of warlords -possible b/c of the National Revolutionary Army training by Germans and Russians -warlords had a chance when the Kuomintang party split b/c of the Shanghai massacre of communists -this started the formation of an effective central government but later a dictatorship |
|
|
Long March
|
-year-long march to set up new base in 1934
-b/c Germany launched their 5th "extermination campaign" with the Nationalist siding with them against the Communist -8000 of the 86000 survived the march but recruited to bring the total to about 20000 -during this march, Mao Zedong reached the top of the ranks -made base in Yan'an -victory for the Communist party b/c they overcame such odds and believed that they were men of destiny to remake China |
|
|
Sino-Soviet Split
|
-throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Stalin tried to hinder the success of the Chinese Communist Party as to aid it
-but still, in 1949, Mao view the Soviet Union as China's ally -eventually, the relationship began to falter when the Soviet Union was scared that China would drag them into a war with the U.S. and their assistance was a waste for the The Great Leap Forward -Soviet Union decided to not give China nuclear weapons as it had promised and did not side with China on border disputes with India, whom the Soviet Union wanted as an ally -later, in April 1960, China destroyed Soviet foreign policy -and in July, Khrushchev pulled all their experts out of China -By 1963, Mao denouncing Khrushchev as a communist and challenging their leadership -China did not help the Soviets with supplying North Vietnam during the war and developed their own atomic weapons instead |
|
|
Four Modernizations
|
-of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense
-were goals set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963 but pushed by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 -were the focus of the Chinese government -designed to make China a great economic power -adopted foreign technology to increase export growth |
|
|
Jiang Qing
|
-had a daughter with Mao Zedong in 1940
-worked as an actress in Shanghai and then made her way to Yan'an after the Japanese invasion -started a Cultural Revolution Small Group to look into ways to revolutionize culture in the spring of 1966 -part of the Gang of Four and were later arrested, after Mao's death, for all the excesses of the Cultural Revolution -head responsible for the Cultural Revolution since Mao was dead |
|
|
100 Flowers Campaign
|
-in 1956, Mao called on intellectuals
-Mao encouraged intellectuals to come forward and express ideas about the revolution -as long as criticism wasn't counterrevolutionary, it would help strengthen the party -first to come forward was scientists and engineers who wanted party members to stop interfering with their work -Mao made sure the educated new their place in the New China and wouldn't be able to have their own ideas different from the party |
|
|
Gang of Four
|
-consisted of Jiang Qing and three of her closest advisors
-were arrested a month after Mao's national mourning to be held responsible for the Cultural Revolution -removal of this group marked the end of the Cultural Revolution -turned on Mao to accumulate power -their downfall on October 6, 1976 marked the end of a turbulent political era in China |
|
|
Deng Xiaoping
|
-an impressive revolutionary pedigree
-in the early 1920s, continuing through the Shanghai underground, the Long March, and guerrilla warfare against Japan -June 1957 he became the secretary general of the Communist Party -served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s -able to outmaneuver Mao's successor for top position -his economic policies were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman Mao Zedong -as a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution -visited the United States and other countries to prove that China's new regime was about economic and technological developments -Deng told people not to worry about policies were capitalist or socialist, only whether they would make China prosperous |
|
|
Tiananmen Square
|
-the May 4 Incident occurred here in 1919
-when the Beijing students protested the events proceding the conference at Versailles -political protest movement in 1989 -large, city square in central Beijing -was forming the Tiananmen Gate until Mao increased its size -home to protests |
|
|
Koryo Dynasty
|
-ruled Korea from 918-1392
-first king and founder was Wang Kon -unified by the state of Silla -slavery played a large role in the economy |
|
|
Choson Dynasty
|
-the last and longest imperial dynasty
-ruled from 1392-1910 in Korea -enormous strides in arts, science, and technology were made -The Korean script known as han'gul was developed -rulers did not leave behind a heir and that caused confusion and the country's decline |
|
|
Consort Rule
|
-when the Dowager appoints emperor at a young age
-Queen reigns until she resigns or king is ready -similar to what Dowager Cixi did in China |
|
|
The Taewongun
|
-grand prince
-titled reserved for the father of a king who had never been king himself in Korea -King Kojong's Taewongun ruled from 1863-1874 -tried to create stability but was criticized -crashed with Queen Min which caused his political fortunes to rise and fall -rebuilt the palace to bring prestige and power up, resisted Western and foreign demands, and pursued domestic reform -avoided unequal treaties and fought off foreigners |
|
|
King Kojong
|
-selected by Queen Sinjong
-took throne at 12 but was unaware of his right to rule in 1866 -no structure in the Dynasty -eventually convinced by Queen Min that he had the right to rule not his father in 1894 -first event he dealt with was Japan bullying him into signing a treaty that was much like the unequal treaties in Japan and China -let Westerns in the country and opened Korea to the West |
|
|
Queen Min
|
-King Kojong's wife
-clashed with the Taewongun and his supporters -changed Korea's isolationist stance and had considerable influence over husband -almost murdered in 1895 over salaries -no stability in government and influenced Kojong to open Korea to |
|
|
Tonghak Rebellion
|
-Tonghak launched an insurrection in 1894
-also fueled by xenophobia reaction to Japanese and other foreigners on Korean soil -largest rebellion in Korean history -combined Confusican ethics with Buddhist faith as a counterpoise to Western learning or Christianity -caused the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 |
|
|
Kim Okkyun
|
-with the use of legation guards seized the palace and held King Kojong captive
-China acted quickly sending Yuan Shikai to drive Kim Okkyun out of the country in 1883 -leader of radical faction that organized a coup to seize power -summoned high officials to court and decapitated them on the spot -China acted and restored the political situation -marked the last time China would stop Japan and the relationship between China and Korea |
|
|
Kabo Reforms
|
-aimed at remaking government and society
-it called for modern police and military and modern education, abolished slavery, uniform currency, universal health care, and many others -reform measures had mixed results -the reform cabinet lasted 16 months throughout 1894 and 1896 -reform wasn't possible without structure and unification |
|
|
Treaty of Kanghwa
|
-treaty with Japan in 1876
-Japan sent a survey ship up the coast hoping that Korea would fire upon it -they did and Japan landed troops and threatened with military action -Korea then sign their first modern treaty that was similar to the "unequal treaties" in Japan and China |
|
|
Kapsin Coup
|
-a radical faction believed that Korea had to follow Japan's lead
-for example, social equality, the appointment of men with talent and ability, centralized administration, and enlightment -convinced King Kojong, in 1883, to make a modern post office, the Ministry of Culture and Information, and publication of the first newspaper -a coup lead by Kim Okkyun in 1884, eventually fended off by China -restored the political situation |
|
|
Yangban
|
-highest social class of the Yi Dynasty
-1392-1910 -civilian and military were landholding class -Kabo Reforms end to status distinctions between yangban and commoners |
|
|
New Culture Movement in Korea
|
-Korean literature in the vernacular flourished
-launched by Korean Nationalists -established the East Asia Daily newspaper -first modern novel, Heartless, in 1917 -modern mass media began during the colonial period and films in the "cultural government" policy -radio broadcasting began in 1927 following the 1st all-Korean station in 1933 -the movement help Korea become more modernized |
|
|
Yi Tonghwi
|
-became prime minister of the Korean Provisional Government in 1922
-a guerrilla commander in 1907 -later joined the Communist Party -favored military action, while Rhee preferred diplomacy -left Shanghai in disdain and returned to Manchuria to resume armed struggle -one of the reasons radical left wings couldn't work with conservative right wings |
|
|
Periods of Japanese Colonial Rule
|
-end of the Russo-Japanese War 1905-1910, protectorate over Korea
-Government General rule from 1910-1919 till the March 1 Movement -then cultural government 1919-1931; lasted until the Manchurian Incident -1931-1945 was Pre-WWII to the end of the WWII, military mobilization |
|
|
The New Women
|
-when women found a public voice two women's journals began publication
-one of the two published -sparked socialist women's groups that appeared in 1924 |
|
|
38th Parallel
|
-the parallel that divided Korea between the Soviet Union in the north and the United States in the south
|
|
|
Korean War
|
-1949 to 1953
-separated by the 38th parallel -North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950 -In October, U.S. forces joined the war to help the South and moved north -Chinese began to secretly cross the Yalu River too -In late November, they surprised the American troops and forced them south of Seoul -ended in a stalemate and peace talks dragged on until 1953 -made China an enemy to the U.S. and the U.S. started to support Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan |
|
|
Syngman Rhee
|
-tried to provoke Kim Il Sung into an all-out war by launching cross-border raids in 1949
-United States prevented him from invading the North -first president of the Republic of Korea in 1948 -in 1922, Rhee was chosen to be president of the Korean Provisional Government -spent two decades in the U.S. to gain support for Korean liberaton -neither Rhee nor Kim Il Sung obtain Korea's independence nor shape its future |
|
|
Choo Doo Hwan
|
-was a ROK Army general and the President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988
-foreign policy battled communism from North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union -tried to develop atomic weapons but was stopped further development by the U.S. |
|
|
Inchon
|
-battle in the Korean War
-decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor on the U.N. -battle began September 15, 1950 and lasted to September 17 -ended a string of victories by the North Koreans -majority were U.S. Marines commanded by General Douglas MacArthur |
|
|
Pusan Perimeter
|
-was a large-scale battle between United Nations and North Korean forces lasting from August 4 - September 15, 1950
-was one of the first major engagements of the Korean War -UN troops were defeated several times and pushed back to the Pusan Perimeter -they rallied to put up a final stand against North Korean forces -North Korean forces were no match and collapsed -eventually retreated in defeat after the Battle of Inchon |
|
|
Park Chung-hee
|
-dictator of South Korea from 1961-1979
-battled in Manchuria against opponents of Japanese colonialism, including Korean guerrillas -took control in a coup on May 16, 1961 -won elections in 1963 and 1967 and majorities for his Democratic Republican Party in the National Assembly -after a close win in 1971, Park decided to revise the constitution to keep his power in 1972 -had his biggest political challenger thrown in the Tokyo Bay in 1973 -eventually was shot and killed by the head of the KCIA in 1979 -showed that dictators had too much power |
|
|
Kim Jong Il
|
-after Kim Il Sung's death in 1994 he became the de facto leader of Democratic Republic of Korea and he took cautious steps to open the economy
-established the Diamond Mountain tourist center for South Koreans, free trade zone south of the Yalu River, and the Kaesong industrial park -also, exported ballistic missile technology to enemies of the United States -invited South Korean companies to build factories that would hire cheap North Korean labor -made a huge impact despite not taking over his father's position |
|
|
Modernity
|
state of a society's development in which the rate of change becomes so rapid that the members of the society regard it was a matter of course that the world will change radically and unpredictably during the course of their lives
|
|
|
Nanjing Massacre or "Rape of Nanjing"
|
-December 13, 1937
-development of anti-Japanese army invaded north China in July 1937 to protect its interests in Manchuria, it met fierce opposition that the Japanese did not expect -war in China was marked by the first actrocities of WWII, against civilian populations -Japan captured Nanjing in December -dissatisfied by the indecisive victory, Japanese officers and soldiers looted stores, raped women, and murdered thousands |
|
|
Mao Zedong
|
-emerged as the paramount leader in 1935 after the communists party established base in Ya'nan b/c of Nationalists pressure
-grew up on a farm but bounced back and forth between school and work -eventually left farm for an education -demonstrated and joined army to fight against Qing Dynasty -not until 1920 that Mao showed interest in Marxism -July 1921, Mao was 1 of 2 delegates from Hunan for the 1st meeting of the Communist Party -In the mid-1920s, Mao worked on organizing peasants for the army and did propaganda for the Nationalist Party -In 1932, the Central Committee of the Communists joined Mao in the Jiangxi Soviet where he climbed the ranks during the Long March -In 1945, the new constitution recognized Mao's new role as sage of the party |
|
|
Great Leap Forward
|
-In 1956, Mao began talk about the Great Leap Forward
-a coordinated hard work of hundreds of millions of people to make China a mighty nation instead of poor -this movement would take China pass Great Britain in industrial output within 15 years -long hours of work left no time to cook or eat -by fall of 1958, communes, factories, schools, had "backyard steel furnaces" -led to major development in transportation, power stations, reservoirs, mines, and irrigation -1958 harvest was a complete disaster caused by Mao's lack of economics and natural disasters -Mao created a fear that stopped people from reporting the problems and would be labeled a rightist -even after the Three Hard Years, with 30 million "excess" deaths, Mao nor the Communist Party fell from power |
|
|
March 1st Movement
|
-March 1, 1919
-marked the end of the military rule from 1910-1919 -nationalists movements continued, mainly underground, despite the Government-General police force -erupted when 33 patriots signed a Declaration of Independence and marched peacefully to the Japanese authorities to petition for liberation -inspired by Woodrow Wilson's call for self-determination for people subject to foreign rule -forced Japan to change its policy to a more "cultural government" |
|
|
Kim Il Sung
|
-In 1932, Kim organized a small guerrilla unit of 18 men in northern Manchuria
-helped persuade Chinese General Wei Zhengmin to put persecution of Korean communists to a halt in March 1935 -possible b/c he was fluent in Chinese and was close friends with Wei -June 4, 1937, he launched the most successful guerrilla raid against the Japanese at Poch'onbo -continue to fight until March 1941 b/c Japan eliminated Chinese communists armies and was forced into Russia territory -eventually became leader of North Korea during the Korean War |
