History 210-1 Final Review

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Cult of Domesticity

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1830s, characterizes the dominant gender role for white women in antebellum period. This ideology stressed the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere at a time that women and men occupied "separate spheres in society".

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Wilmot Proviso

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1846, shortly after outbreak of the Mexican-American War, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced this controversial amendment stating that any lands won from Mexico would be closed to slavery. This launched the Free-Soil Movement to stop the spread of slavery on the land acquired from Mexico and thus limit the increase of power of the slave states.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed that all slaves of the Confederacy were free. Since the South had not yet been defeated, the proclamation did not immediately free anyone, but it made abolition of slavery an explicit war aim of the North and it accelerated the breakdown of slavery as a labor system.

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David Walker

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1833, an African American abolitionist published a work titled Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, in which he denounced slavery and called for blacks to take up arms against slavery. Abolition movement depended on support from Northern black community to thrive.

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Indian Removal

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1830-1838, Policy supported by President Jackson to move Indian tribes from their original lands to determined areas west of the Mississippi. Ended with the Trail of Tears, in which the Cherokee who had resisted evacuation were forced to march to Oklahoma. Jackson asserted the importance of state rights over Indian rights which brought the support of the South and western border states and allowed removal bill to pass through Congress.

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Paternalism

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1830s to 1860s, view by southern planters as benevolent masters who provided for their slaves since they were seen as perpetual children who needed constant care and supervision by superior whites. Shows the added importance put on whites and the growth of racism in American society, which later creates problems with slaves and has role in Civil War

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Proslavery argument

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1830s to 1850s, argued that enslavement was the natural and proper status for people of African descent because they were innately inferior to whites and suited only for slavery, that slavery was held to be sanctioned by the Bible and Christinaity since the Bible stressed the duty of servants to obey their masters, and that slavery was consistent with the humanitarian spirit of the nineteenth century because slave owners took care of their "perpetual children". By 1850s, became more than just the South's apology for slavery and attacked the free-labor system of the North. Furthered the sectionalism within the U.S.

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Factory System

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Beginning in 1820s, a system that emerged in the textile manufacturing first that stressed speed, quantity, and standardization in methods of production and in which artisan masters became entrepreneurs and oversaw their businesses. Aided the market revolution and changed the course of capitalist activity in the North.

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U.S.-Mexico War

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1846-1848, conflict between the U.S. and mexico after the U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. U.S. acquired vast new territories from Mexico when it won, according to terms of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Brought slavery to front of conflict because Northerners charged Southerners of trying to spread slavery to new territories, and the greater political power this would give to southern states.

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Missouri Compromise

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1820, compromise in Congress that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It banned slavery in remainder of Louisiana Purchase above 36 30. Previewed that opinions about slavery and its extension would take regional loyalties and would follow sectional lines. Was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.

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Market Revolution

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1815-1850, the rise of production and new opportunities for industrialists. Factories were formed in the North and the rise of cotton in South. Created the differing economies that lead to sectionalism.

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John Brown

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1856, an antislavery zealot that lead a group to murder 5 proslavery settlers. He also lead a raid on Harper's Ferry to seize federal arsenal and armory and hoped to start a larger war against slavery in 1859. Gained a lot of sympathy and admiration in the North and caused fear, repression, and mobilization in the South to prevent an uprising by slaves.

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Election of 1860

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Abraham Lincoln was elected. Election was seen as insulting to southern honor and hostile to vital southern interests since Lincoln and his party (Republicans) were not supported in their section. Lead to South's secession movement as they did not want to accept a permanent minority status in American politics and face the resulting dangers to black slavery and white "liberty"

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Erie Canal

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1838, Canal that was most spectacular engineering achievement of U.S. at time, was great economic success, and linked the Great Lakes regions to eastern seaports. Facilitated the transportation of goods at time the U.S. was developing its market economy.

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Roger B. Taney

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1857, Chief Justice that announced majority rule against Dred Scott. He argued that no African American-free or slave- could be a citizen of U.S. and that his residence in Wisconsin Territory established no right to freedom because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery and declared the Missouri Comprise unconstitutional

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Andrew Jackson

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President elected in 1828 that changed American politics because he embodied the common man, engaged people more in politics, and was very forceful and domineering in his plans, such as Indian removal

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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1848, ended the Mexican-American war. Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas and ceded an additional 500,000 sq. miles to U.S. for $15 mil. Brought issue of slavery again as it provided new territory where slavery could spread and how this would change political powers in U.S.

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Dred Scott v. Sanford

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1857, Supreme Court case where plaintiff sued for his freedom on grounds that he had lived for many years in an area where slavery had been outlawed by Missouri Compromise. Results established that residence in territories could not assure freedom because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery there and that Missouri Compromise was therefore unconstitutional.

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Compromise of 1850

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1850, series of five congressional statutes that made California a free state, ended the slave trade in D.C., and strengthened Fugitive Slave Law. It temporarily calmed the sectional crisis. May have weakened the second-party system as people voted for party that more closely supported Compromise (Democrats) rather than because of firm party allegiance in election of 1852.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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1854, repealed the Missouri Compromise, split the Louisiana Purchase into two territories, and allowed its settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty. Act inflamed slavery issue and led opponents to form Republican party. Fired the sectional conflicts over slavery expansion.

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American Colonization Society

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1817, abolitionist organization that hoped to provide a mechanism by which slavery could gradually be eliminated. The society advocated the relocation of free blacks (followed by freed slaves) to the African colony of Monrovia, present-day Liberia. Increased racism and racist attitudes in U.S., especially in South, as many Southerners feared race war would erupt if slaves were simply released from bondage and allowed to remain in America.

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Louisiana Purchase

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1803, U.S. acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France for $15 mil. Purchase secured American control of Mississippi River and doubled the size of the nation.Brought the conflict of if the Constitution permitted the president to authorize the acquisition of vast new territories and incorporation of thousands of foreign citizens.

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Northwest Ordinance

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1787, Legislation that formulated plans for governments in America's northwestern territories, defined a procedure for the territories' admission to the Union as states, and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. The Ordinance gave rights to settlers of the area and it also outlawed slavery which assured that slavery would not be a problem in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

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Blackhawk War

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1831-1832, conflict between U.S. and Sac and Fox Indians, under Chief Black Hawk, who refused to abandon their lands east of the Mississippi. Federal troops and illinois state militia pursued his band and drove Indians back to river where they were almost exterminated while attempting to cross to western bank. Part of Indian removal program to send Indians beyond Mississippi which Jackson presided over.

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Lowell System

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Beginning 1822, named after the mill that opened that year in Lowell, Mass. A factory production system where workers, mostly women, worked for long hours on a specific task. The women were controlled in all aspects of life by their employers. Example of shift from domestic to factory production during the market revolution.

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Whig Party

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1840s, political party that called for government to have the right and duty to subsidize or protect enterprises that could contribute to general prosperity and economic growth. Political party suffered divisions and crises during the 1850s, which later lead to their disintegration and the end of the second-party system and the rise of the Republicans.

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Gradualist Orthodoxy

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1820s, view that slavery needed to be eliminated gradually instead of by abrupt emancipation. This view was supported by the American Colonization Society. Became point highly criticized by radical abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison in his The Liberator.

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Turner's Frontier Thesis

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1893, put forth by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" that asserted that the existence of a frontier and its settlemlent had shaped American character; given rise to individualism, independence, and self-confidence; and fostered the American spirit of invention and adaptation. Explained why it was okay for Americans to push Indians off their lands as they were seen as inferior and nothing would be allowed to stop America's growth. Later was modified by historians by pointing out the environmental and other consequences of frontier settlement, the role of the federal government in peopling the West, and the clash of races and cultures that took place on the frontier.

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Nat Turner's Rebellion

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1831, rebellion led by Nat Turner, a preacher and prophet who believed God gave him a sign that time was right to strike for freedom. Rebellion was short-lived but caused great fear and anger, as Southerners saw their peculiar institution attacked and therefore their way of life and it sparked a Southern campaign for repression so that slaves would not rise against their masters.

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Report on Manufactures

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December 1791, report submitted by Alexander Hamilton that suggested ways in which the federal government might stimulate manufacturing by developing its own industry and by having the government place protective tariffs and special industrial bounties to greatly accelerate the growth of a balanced economy and therefore gain independence from Great Britain and France. Proposal was attacked as placing too much power on the federal government and by creating vice as had been seen in other European cities and stressed the idea of a virtuous government.

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Second Great Awakening

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early 1800s, a series of evangelical Protest revivals that swept over America. Called for social reforms that would not compromise peoples morals with the wake of the market revolution. Slavery became a topic as radical abolitionists started fighting fervently for end of this institution with help of ideas developed during this Awakening and created internal dissent during the 1830s.

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William Lloyd Garrison

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1831, author of an antislavery weekly, The Liberator, where he fervently criticized the evils and sin of slavery. He supported immediate and unconditional emancipation of slaves and criticized colonization and spread of slavery into lands gained from Mexico, in 1844.

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Frederick Douglass

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1847, black abolitionist who was a former slave. He founded a black newspaper in the North called the North Star that gave the chance to preach about liberation and attacked slavery.

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Fort Sumter

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1861, Fort in South Carolina near Charleston that was the place of the beginning of the Civil War. Lincoln sent supplies, which Confederacy saw as a hostile action and fired the first shots.

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Manifest Destiny

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1845, term that referred to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the beliefs that population growth demanded territorial expansion, that God supported American expansion, and that national expansion equaled the expansion of freedom. Idea that U.S. had right to expand and nothing should get in the way, which was revived with the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.

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Political Antislavery

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1830s, view that slavery had economic repercussions. It demeaned the value of free labor and it went against the market revolution that the U.S. was undergoing. Those who opposed its spread stressed the importance of Union preservation and that slavery expansion would jeopardize this. Also, politicians saw the peril of the continuation of the 3/5 clause if slavery continued to expand onto new territories

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Moral Antislavery

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1830s, view that slavery was wrong because it was a sin in the eyes of Christians and that slavery was very evil because of all the suffering it caused to the people who were slaves.

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Confidence Man

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1830s, idea that cities were seen as sinful and caused moral anxiety among farmer families who saw their sons heading to the cities during the market revolution and who were becoming corrupt with ideas of getting something without earning it.

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Free Labor

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1830s, idea that people had right to earn wages for work performed. This idea was jeopardized by slavery as it demeaned free laborers' work since slaves did not get paid for their work. Grew with the expansion of the market revolution.

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Salmon (Samuel) Chase

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1803, justice of the Supreme Court. He was known for attacking Republican policies and was indicted after Jefferson complained about him to Congress. Shows the dissent and hypocrisy during Jefferson's presidency, as those who opposed the views of the majority (Republicans) were suppressed, something that Jefferson had been against.