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82 Cards in this Set
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In 1198, this man become pope while the Catholic Church was at the height of its power. If rulers did not obey, he would excommunicate the ruler & issue an interdict against the ruler’s people, which meant he forbade priests from providing Christian rituals to the people. This pressured the people to make the king to obey the pope.
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Innocent III
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The leader of a monastery is this person. He became involved in politics, advising kings, & ruling the land near the monastery.
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An abbot
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The role of the church caused arguments. The kings wanted to rule the church & the pope claimed he could crown kings. In 1073, this man was elected pope & wanted to stop nobles & kings from getting involved in church affairs. He issued a decree that said kings could not appoint high-ranking church officials.
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Gregory VII
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Gregory VII’s decree stating kings could not appoint high ranking church officials made this man, who was the Holy Roman Emperor, mad. He refused to obey Gregory VII & declared that Gregory VII was no longer pope. Gregory VII said that he was no longer emperor and excommunicated him. He was forgiven by the pope, but the Germans had elected a new emperor that Gregory VII accepted. So this man started a war.
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Henry IV
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Charlemagne set up courts throughout his empire which were run by nobles. He also sent these people, (also called “the lord’s messengers”), to keep tabs on the nobles and the courts.
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Inspectors
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Charlemagne died 814 & his empire didn’t last. His son Louis wasn’t a strong leader & these leaders, the leaders that followed Louis, divided the empire into 3 kingdoms. The 3 kingdoms were weakened by invaders that swept through in the 800s & 900s.
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Louis’s sons
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These people from the south raided France & Italy from Spain & north Africa.
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Muslims
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These people came from the east & Hungary and invaded.
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The Mygars
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These two rulers tried to unite northern Italy & Germany under 1 strong ruler & central government in the 1100s & 1200s. The popes went against this because they did not want to be controlled by the emperor. Italy & Germany stayed divided into small kingdoms until the 1800s
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Frederick I & Frederick II
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In the 400s, this priest went to Ireland to spread Christianity & set up churches & monasteries. Irish monks preserved Roman learning & passed it on to Europe.
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Patrick
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Between 590-604, this man wanted all of Europe to be Christian & asked monks to become missionaries. In 597, he sent 40 monks to southern Britain, where the monks converted Ethbert, the ruler of Kent, and built a church in Canterbury.
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Pope Gregory I = Gregory the Great
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These are people who travel around teaching religion and trying to convert people
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Missionaries
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Raiding Muslims, Mygars & Vikings destroyed the Frankish kingdoms. In 911, the nobles decided to elect a king, but the king had little power because the nobles wanted to remain independent. Then this man, a stronger king, fought the Mygars & sent troops to protect the pope. As a reward the pope declared him emperor of the Romans in 962.
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Otto I
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In the 700s & 800s, these people started raiding Europe because their population was too big to support itself at home. They robbed villages & churches, taking anything that they could carry with them.
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The Vikings
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These invaders swept through the south & west of Europe conquering large areas after 476.
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Germanic Invaders
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This group of people took control of Spain.
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Visigoths
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This group of people took control in Italy and adopted Roman ways.
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Ostrogoths
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These two groups of people invaded Britain, Denmark & Germany.
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The Angles & Saxons
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On Christmas day 800, the pope crowned Charlemagne at St. Peter’s in Rome and gave him this title.
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Roman Emperor
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Anglo-Saxons conquered southeastern Britain & moved out these people who fled north & west to the mountains while others went to Ireland. The people who fled have descendants that are Scottish, Welsh & Irish
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Celts
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This man became mayor of the palace & became the new king of the Franks after Charles Martel died. He defended the pope against the Lombards.
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Pepin
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This man became king after Pepin died. He came to the aide of the pope, invaded eastern Germany, defeated the Saxons & made them convert to Christianity, & later invaded Spain & took part form the Muslims. His title implies greatness.
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Charlemagne
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In 496, this king of the Franks became a Catholic and won the support of the Romans in his kingdom.
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Clovis
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The most important nobles who rose to power after Clovis died were called this. By 700 they were settling disputes & fighting their own wars.
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“Mayor of the palace”
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The most powerful “mayor of the palace” in France was this man, who wanted to unite all of the Franks under his control. The Catholic Church wanted to restore order to Western Europe & supported Germanic kings who were Catholic, so the pope supported this man’s rule of France.
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Charles Martel
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In 1174, this man become ruler of Egypt, united the Muslims, & declared war against the Christian crusade states. He was also a great military leader & captured Jerusalem in 1187.
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Saladin
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The 3rd crusade had lots of problems. Frederick died crossing a river. The French & English arrived by boat & captured a city but were not able to advance. Philip went home. After that, this man took a small piece of territory along the coast & agreed to a truce with Saladin that said that Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety.
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Richard I = “The Lion-Heart"
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Around 1200, this man called for a 4th Crusade. Merchants from Venice used this opportunity to weaken their rival, the Byzantine Empire, & convinced crusaders to invade Constantinople. They burned & looted the city for 3 days
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Pope Innocent III
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He needed an army, so he gave land to nobles. This was the start of feudalism.
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Charles Martel
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Six more crusades happened over the next 60 years but accomplished very little & these people conquered all of the territory they lost. By 1291 that last Christian city fell to Muslim forces.
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The Muslims (Muslim armies)
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Nobles who joined the crusades sold their land to serfs & freed serfs, which reduced the power of nobles & made these people stronger. They then used their power and built stronger central governments.
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Kings
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This ruler of Kievan Rus married the Byzantine emperor’s sister & became an Eastern Orthodox Christian. His people also converted.
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Vladimir
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In 1240 the Mongols came to Kievan Rus. The Slavs called the Mongols this. They destroyed all the cities & killed lots of people.
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Tatars
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This man ruled England from 1145–1189. He used the law courts to increase his power by establishing a central court with lawyers & judges, and a circuit court that traveled to hear cases. He also started juries to take care of arguments over land.
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Henry II
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Initially the Anglo-Saxons resisted this person’s rule with revolts. However, he gave land to his Norman knights in England & made them swear loyalty to him as ruler of England. Under him, officials & nobles spoke French, while Anglo-Saxons spoke their own language, which became English.
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William the Conqueror
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In the late 800s the Vikings attacked Britain. This man united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to get the Vikings out. His kingdom was called Angleland, or England. He ruled from 871 – 899, founded schools, & hired scholars to translate books from Latin to the Anglo-Saxon language.
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King Alfred of Wessex = Alfred the Great
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In 900s, the Vikings conquered part of France across the English Channel from England in Normandy. By the 1000s Normandy was ruled by William who was a descendant of the Vikings who conquered the land & was the cousin of this man.
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King Edward of England
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After Charlemagne, the kings grew weaker and these people gained the power to collect taxes & make laws. During invasions the people looked for help from these people.
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Landowning Nobles
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These people were nobles who served a lord of a higher rank. Feudalism was based on the bond of loyalty & duty between lords & these people. In return for their loyalty, a lord must provide protection.
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Vassals
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These people were warriors in armor who fight on horseback and between 700-1200, these people were the most powerful warriors in Europe.
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Knights
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These people paid fees to the nobles to farm the land, had rights under the law, and could go wherever they wanted.
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Freemen
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These people could not leave the manor, own land or get married without the lord’s consent. They worked for the lords for 3 days of the week & the other 3 were for growing food for themselves. They had to pay part of their crops to the lord & pay to use the village’s mill, bread oven & winepress. They could gain their freedom by running away to towns & staying there for more than a year or buying their freedom.
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Serfs
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These people had the job to protect the serfs and they could not sell serfs or take away land given to serfs to support themselves.
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Lords
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These people ran the manor when their other family members were out fighting. They were expected to look over the storing of food & household supplies, as well as keeping track of the manor accounts.
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Women (wives or daughters)
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The creation of guilds caused the growth of a new class of people who were not lords, vassals or serfs. They were called this. They did not own land but did have wealth & freedom.
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The Middle Class
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A child could become a person who learns a trade from a master craftsman who provided room & board but no pay at the age of ten. These people worked for 5-7 years without pay.
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Apprentices
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After 5-7 years, an apprentice could start earning wages and became one of these people.
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Journeymen
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These people worked in the fields & raised kids, while gathering & preparing the family’s food. They mixed & baked bread dough every day.
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Peasant women
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By 1100 feudalism made Europe safer & new technology allowed people to produce more food & goods. These people in the feudal society repaired roads & became the law, which enabled trade to start back up again.
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Nobles
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Towns were on land owned by and under the control of these people.
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Lords
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In towns, males who were born in the city or lived in the city for a time could have rights and be these people. These people could vote and started electing city councils that were made up of judges, city officials & lawmakers.
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Citizens
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In France, many of the nobles had more power than the king but this changed with this man, who ruled from 1180 – 1223. He went to war against England & gained most of the territory England controlled in France back.
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Philip II
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He ruled from 1285 – 1302 and met with representatives from the three estates.
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Philip IV = “the fair”
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Southern Slavs were these three groups of people.
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Croats, Serbs & Bulgarians
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Western Slavs were these three groups of people.
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Poles, Czechs & Slovaks
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Eastern Slavs were these two groups of people.
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Ukrainians & Russians
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This man led the Slavs from Novgorod defeated the Swedes & Germans, & earned the title of grand duke from the Mongols leadership.
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Alexander Nevsky
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In 1462, this man was the ruler of Moscow & married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor. He later started living in the style of the emperor building large palaces & cathedrals. He also drove the Mongols out of Russia in 1480 & expanded his territory north & west.
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Ivan III
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In 1095, he spoke in France and asked for Europe’s lords to launch a crusade against the Muslim Turks & to capture the holy land, Jerusalem.
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Pope Urban II
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Charlemagne advocated education & he had this man, a scholar, start a school for government officials. Officials were supposed to keep records in their regions, which helped the government become more effective.
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Acluin
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The fall of Jerusalem to Saladin led to this war. Emperor Frederick of the Holy Roman Empire, Richard I “The Loin-Heart” of England, King Philip II of France gathered their armies to fight Saladin.
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The 3rd Crusade = The crusade of kings
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Alexander Nevsky’s son Daniel & his line became Moscow’s rulers. Moscow’s rulers married women from other ruling families & fought wars to expand Moscow’s territory. Moscow became even more important when it became the headquarters for the eastern branch of this Church.
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The Eastern Orthodox Church
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These were the French classes in society, which were the clergy, the nobles, and the townspeople & peasants.
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The Three Estates
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The meeting of the estates arranged by Philip IV, was called The Estates-General. France’s 1st parliament was the beginning of this.
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Representative Government
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This group of people decides whether people will be accused with a crime
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Grand Jury
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This group of people decides whether a person accused of a crime is guilty or innocent.
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Trial Jury
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These were given in a public ceremony in order to make the tie between the lord & vassal known to everyone. These were the foundation of the feudal system, as it created the feudal hierarchy and made people fulfill their roles.
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Loyalty Oaths
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When King Edward of England died, a noble claimed the throne, Harold Godwinson, however William believed that he should be king of England. In 1066 with an army of knights William defeated Harold at this battle. William was crowned king & known as William the Conqueror.
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The Battle of Hastings
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In 732, Charles Martel led the Franks against the Muslims & defeated them at this battle. This resulted in Christianity remaining Europe’s major religion.
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Battle of Tours
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When Otto I became the emperor of the Romans, the territory he controlled in Germany & northern Italy became this.
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The Holy Roman Empire
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The Slavs & Vikings merged into 1 people, and around 900, the Viking leader Oleg & created a Rus state around this city.
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Kiev
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When the Germanic group called the Lombards threatened the pope, Pepin stepped in, defeated the Lombards, & donated the land that he conquered to the pope. These lands became known as these.
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Papal States
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Charlemagne’s empire had it’s capital in this city, where he set up a system of government.
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Aachen
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The only major city to survive the Mongols was this city, which paid tribute to the Mongols & accepted the Mongols as their rulers.
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Novgorod
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This building is the fortress at the center of Moscow.
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The Kremlin
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This empire was under attack & in 1071. The empire didn’t have the money or troops to fight the Turks, so the emperor asked the pope to help defend the Christian empire defend itself against Muslim invaders.
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The Byzantine Empire
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In 1098, the 1st Crusade captured this place in Syria. Then they moved on to Palestine & reached Jerusalem 1099, storming the city killing anybody in their way.
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Antioch
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After driving the Muslims out, the crusaders created 4 states: 1 in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine, 2 in the county of Edessa, 3 in the principality of Antioch in Asia Minor, and 4 this county in Lebanon. All of the states were surrounded by Muslims & depended on Italian cities, such as Genoa, Pisa & Venice, for supplies.
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Tripoli
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The Muslims retaliated in 1144, after the 1st Crusade, & captured this county. The Europeans responded with the 2nd Crusade to recapture lost lands, but it was a total failure.
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Edessa
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These separate Russia & Ukraine from southeastern Europe
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Carpathian Mountains
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These separate Italy from central Europe
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The Alps
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These separate Spain and Portugal from France.
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The Pyrenees
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