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25 Cards in this Set
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Enlightenment |
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith. |
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Reason |
a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event. |
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Salons |
an assembly of guests in such a room, especially an assembly,common during the 17th and 18th centuries, consisting of the leadersin society, art, politics, etc. |
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Philosophers |
a person who offers views or theories on profound questions in ethics,metaphysics, logic, and other related fields. |
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Government |
the political direction and control exercised over the actions of themembers, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, andstates; direction of the affairs of a state, community, etc.; politicaladministration: |
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Individual rights |
The freedom to act, work, think and behave without retribution bestowed upon members of an organization through legal, regulatory and societal standards. |
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John Locke-The Constitutional monarchy |
A Form of government which the monarchs power is limited by a basic set of laws or constituition. |
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John Locke-The Bill of Rights |
A list of basic human rights that a government must protect. |
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John Locke-The Social Contract |
An agreement in which people give up certain powers in return for the benefits of government. |
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John Locke-Natural Rights |
Rights that belong to people ¨by nature,¨ that is simply because they are human beings |
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Baron de Montesquieu- Separation of powers |
The division of powers among separate branches of government |
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Baron de Montesquieu- Despotism |
Rule by a despot, or tyrant |
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Voltaire- Pen name |
A name used in place of writers real name |
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Voltaire-Oppression |
Cruel or unjust treatment |
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Voltaire-Tolerance |
The Acceptance of different beliefs and customs |
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Cesare Beccaria- Criminology |
The scientific Study of crime and punishments |
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Cesare Beccaria-Capital Punishments |
Punishment by death;also called the death penalty. |
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The Roots of the Enlightenment |
Enlightenment Thinkers wanted to examine human life in the light of reason.They felt Rational understanding would lead to great progress in government and society. |
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The Scientific Revolution |
Enlightenment thinking grew out of the Scientific Revolution. In science, observation and reason were revealing laws that applied throughout the physical world. The thinkers of Enlightenment wanted to apply this approach to human life so they asked questions about what people think of the government. |
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The Renaissance and the Reformation |
The humanists of the Renaissance questioned accepted beliefs. During the Reformation, Protestants rebelled against the Catholic Church. They put individual conscience ahead of the authority of the church. |
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Classical and Christian Influence |
Many Enlightenment thinkers were inspired by classical culture. Philosophers who argued for this idea could point to the democracy of ancient Athens or the republic of ancient Rome.Christian ideas colored Enlightenment thinking.They saw the laws of nature as the work of an intelligent Creator. |
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New Ideas Versus Old Beliefs |
The thinkers of Enlightenment prized reason over authority.Christian faith was based largely on trust in the Bible as Gods word.Enlightenment thinkers also criticized accepted ideas about government.The enlightenment helped to shape modern views of human nature, society, and government. |
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Thomas Hobbes Absolute Rule by Kings |
Thomas Hobbes wrote about many subjects, including politics and government. As an adult he traveled to other European countries, where he met many writers, scientists, and philosophers.Hobbes thinking about society was greatly influenced by events in England in the mid 1600's. In Hobbes view, human beings were naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy. Governments were created to protect people from their selfishness as said by Hobbes. Enlightenment thinkers came to quite different conclusions about human nature and the best form of government. |
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John Locke Natural Rights |
John Locke's thinking about government and peoples rights had a major impact on Enlightenment. His ideas reflected a long tradition in England. He denied the divine right of kings to rule, The true basis of government, he wrote, was a social contract, or agreement, among free people. |
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Baron de Montesquieu: Separation of powers |
In 1721 Monstesquieu achieved fame as a writer with a book called Persian Letters |
