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97 Cards in this Set

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Emancipation Proclamation
Two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply.
Lincoln's Plan
Lincoln's 10% plan would allow Southern states back into the union if 10% of southern men pledged allegiance to the union & it would allow them to recreate state governments. Slavery couldn't be legal as well. 1863
Johnson's Plan
Johnson keeps the 10% Plan the same except for: he picks the governors of the states and promised to remove federal troops once states reestablished themselves. He does nothing to secure black voting rights.
Black Codes
Laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Aimed at undercutting black economic autonomy. (Ex)Blacks could only be farm laborers or house servants in Mississippi and vagrancy laws). 1830s-1860s
1st Reconstruction Act
Aimed too enforce the 14th amendment, divided the south into 5 military districts, with armies to oversee the voting practices & ensure the states ratified the 14th amendment. 1867
14th Amendment
Gave due process, equal protection clause (states must provide equal protection under the law to all citizens), and gave citizenship to all people born in the US (it also denies the rights of states to change this law). 1868
15th Amendment
Prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e., slavery). 1870
Henry Grady
Coined the term, "the new south". He was an Atlanta journalist that wanted an industrialized, modern south. he oversaw the rise of the cotton mills of the south (the irony of them is that they were built with northern capital, railroads, and cheap labor). 1850-1889
Mississippi Plan
Devised by the Democratic Party to overthrow the Republican Party by organized violence, suppression of the black vote and disruption of elections, in order to regain political control of the legislature and governor's office. The Mississippi Plan was also adopted by white Democrats in South Carolina and Mississippi. Fully undercuts black voting in Mississippi. The reason why segregation emerges. 1875
Compromise of 1877
Southern democrats allow the republican (Rutherford B. Hayes) to become president. Hayes and congressional republicans promise to pull all federal troops out of the south, thus putting southern white democrats in full control of the legislatures with a friend in the white house.
W.E.B. DuBois
Argues that there should be continual political resistance to Jim Crow. He helped create the NAACP. A contemporary of Booker T. Washington, he carried on a dialogue with the educator about segregation, political disfranchisement, and ways to improve African American life. He was labeled "The Father of Pan-Africanism." 1868-1963
Sharecropping
Mostly occurred with black or poor white farmers. They paid rent to farm land (rent was paid in crops). It encouraged poverty b/c the scales were favorable to the farm owner & tenants normally built years of debt b/c of this. Occurred mostly in the cotton belt: Alabama, Georgia, & Mississippi.Happened mostly during Reconstruction era (1865-1877)
Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. The Mississippi plan allowed the Jim Crow Laws to happen (southern urbanization worried late 1800s politicians of a new generation of blacks that didn't know their "place" & feared racial dilution. Things such as all white primaries allowed it to stay on the books. late 1800s
Great Black Migration
The Great Migration was the movement of 1-2 million African-Americans out of the Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West. They migrated to escape racism, seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, and to get better education for their children, all of which were widely perceived as leading to a better life. 1910-1950s
Lynching
Common in the US with a purpose to “defend racial lines”.
Happened to about 3000-6000 people, which is about one a week. Victims weren't all African American, but majority were black men. It was a public practice (postcards) and a ritualized ceremony (often a planned event). Victims were not picked at random, they chose those doing acts they frowned upon (ex. black men intermingling/sexual intercourse with white women; worries of racial dilution). They were private enough so people wouldn’t know the truth. Late 19th-early 20th century
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in US, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". Vote of 7 to 1. The outcome allowed backbone for the Jim Crow Laws b/c the federal govt. upheld them. 1896
1st KKK
A grassroots political organization formed by southern democrats that was a response to the 1st Reconstruction Act. They used coercion and intimidation to combat the federal military's supervision on voting. They targeted blacks and republicans. They were declared illegal by the federal court, and by 1871 that are out of the south. 1865-1871
Great American Wilderness
People saw it as a wilderness to move through, not to. Not "untouched", the Native Americans (NA) had contact with other European cultures for many years. It was also not available to settlers (laws in the books preventing migration there, and negotiations & treaties with NAs), thus seen as forbidden. Also, it was not an attractive place to move to or farm: no WATER!
Oregon Treaty
Dealt with the Oregon territory, and was signed after a series of border disputes b/w Great Britain and US. in order to prevent another war b/w GB and US. They were both in a conciliatory position. GB granted area north of compromise line, and US south of compromise line. Resulted in opening up Northwest. 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
the peace treaty, b/w the US & Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles of territory, not including Texas to the United States in exchange for US$15 million and the ensured safety of pre-existing property rights of Mexican citizens in the transferred territories. It further advanced the possibility of westward expansion. 1848
Fort Laramie Treaty
An agreement between the US and the Plains Indians in which the PI promised to stay in designated areas (dividing up into smaller reservations). They agreed to this to reduce conflict b/w rival Indian tribes & it was an opportunity for sustained peace. They also would allow eastern settlers and immigrants onto their lands, unmolested, the Army was allowed to build roads and set up forts without Indians resistance. 1851
The Indian Wars
After the Fort Laramie Treaty, the Americans started moving onto native land, local militias would start up and fight the tribes, the govt. would send in troops, & usually side with the settlers, then a new treaty would be made. Results ended in killing whole tribe, NA winning, or settlers winning. Set up protocol how US govt. would treat Natives and how Natives would treat new govt. power of US. Battles such as Sand Creek Massacre, Puget Sound War, and Red Cloud War. fights last from 1850s-1890s
Sand Creek Massacre
A local raised militia attacked Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians who had been guaranteed safety by the US. They decided to ride through the village & kill 150 men, women, and children. Media found out, made American want reform, but reform didn't happen. Example of tribe being killed. 1864
Puget Sound War
Resulted from a treaty that had been signed b/w Nisqually (Chief Leschi) & the US allowing fishing rights to the N. The US left in a loophole that took away the N's prime hunting grounds, Leschi got mad and revolted (killed 2 white men), and then the US army came in and captured him (he was hung). The tribe was forced to step down off hunting ground. Example of settlers winning. 1855-1856
Red Cloud War
The US's longest war. The US army was constructing forts along a trail in Minnesota. Red Cloud (a member of the Lakota Sioux) saw this as the beginnings of future white settlement, and got a group of followers to fight against US govt. encroachment onto treaty lands. The war started because he lured a US captain deep into wilderness, ambushed him, and killed all the soldiers in his brigade = “Fetterman Massacre”. B/c of this, Red Cloud became a nationally known person. The US army pursued him for 10 yrs. The US entered another treaty with the Sioux to end the war in the Sioux's favor. Example of NA winning. 1866-1877
Kill the Indian, Save the Man
Strip NAs of cultural trappings, but maintain the man and turn them into a true American. Assimilation ideas coming from urban reformers (progressives such as Henry Dawes). If you shed your culture, you will become a good American b/c it leads to better social order & progress. This was applied mostly to NA, but to immigrants as well. Ex. Dawes Severalty Act, Mormon conversions, & Ghost Dance. late 1800s
Dawes Severalty Act
Brought on by Henry Dawes. Each NA family got 160 acres (adults 80 acres) in order to farm. The US distributed 47 million acres. It was the most humane way to create Americans out of NAs. Problems were that NAs were nomadic, they were attached to a collective identity (not an individual one), & they had a deep cultural heritage. US also gave them American clothing and the children were schooled in the "American" way. 1887
Wounded Knee Massacre
White officials became alarmed at the ghost dance (a folk political movement, where participants thought that the white would vanish from their lands) & other activism & in December 1890 banned the dance on Lakota reservations.When the rites continued, officials called in troops led by veteran General Nelson Miles, & geared itself for another campaign. The soldiers demanded all NA firearms be relinquished, but unfortunately, a medicine man (Yellow Bird) advocated resistance, claiming the Ghost Shirts would protect them. One of the soldiers tried to disarm a deaf Sioux (Black Coyote), which didn't hear him. A scuffle ensued and the firearm discharged. The struggle was fought at close quarters, but when the NA ran to take cover, the Hotchkiss artillery (machine gun) opened up on them, cutting down men, women, children alike, the sick Big Foot among them. In the end of the violence, at least 150 Indians had been killed and 50 wounded. Army casualties were 25 killed and 39 wounded. 1890
Brigham Young
An American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement & a settler of the western United States. He was the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death & was the founder of Salt Lake City & the first governor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor. The Biblical figure, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, in an exodus through a desert, to what they saw as a promised land. He brought Mormons to the west. He was also a follower and protege of Joseph Smith. 1801-1877
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints
Mormons; A religion founded in NY by Joseph Smith, who had a revelation about Jesus's visit to NA many yrs. b/f ordering Christians to restore a new holy church in America (US= new Zion). Mormons held the NA in high esteem b/c they thought that Jesus gave them the revelation 1st. They established statehood in Utah when the NA policies opened up the west. 1830
Raw Capitalism
Beliefs were that enterprises run best via "free markets", enterprises should always be in search on more markets, enterprises need a steady, cheap supply of labor, they should aim for more market and less competition, they should ensure monopolies, and they alone have the right to distribute wealth for humanitarian purposes. The growth of raw capitalism was encouraged by population growth, urbanization, railroad development (most important), technological changes, connection of west to east (farmers, miners, herders), and the creation of the corporation (these are all both causes & effects of RC). (ex. Vanderbuilt, Carnagie...etc.). 1870s-1910s.
Corporate Personhood
“Corporate personhood” rights granted by Supreme Court. Gave potential for fuller privatization. Corporations are defined as “artificial persons” w/ rights granted to persons under 14th amendment. They may own property, acquire assets, be sued and sue for privileges, employ other personnel, may “marry” other corporations and create joint assets (AKA “merger”) or “adopt” other corporations like children, & oversee assets (AKA trust) They are compelled to pay taxes & may be restricted by civil and criminal law. Aimed to specialize labor/laborers = make production more efficient.
1870s-1910s
Horizontal Integration
A monopoly where you buy up competitors & make them a part of your company (John D. Rockefeller famous for this).
Vertical Integration
A monopoly where you buy up all suppliers (buy supply chain) in order to create control of every part of making the product (Andrew Carnegie famous for this...steel).
Internal Migration
The movement of folks in and around a nation. (Ex: movement of farmers to cities, Great Black Migration of 1910s – 1950s, Great White Migration of 1930s – 1940s) *know the push and pull factors relating to this in the New North*
External Migration
The movement of folks from one nation to another. (Ex: “Third Great Migration”) *know the push and pull factors relating to this in the New North*
Englewood, Kansas
Evidence that Americans were moving away from a farming society, and in to more urban areas. In this particular situation, there was a drought with cause a huge drop in population. 1890s
"The Lure of the City"
During the external migration period of the US, people were drawn to cities b/c that was where modern living was (Ferris wheels, sky scrapers). The cities also offered industrial work (jobs with a more steady pay than farming). late 1800s
3rd Great Migration
A period when many immigrants from Ireland, Eastern and South Europe came to the US. Made WASPs no longer the majority of society (more Catholics or Jews), and revolutionized US cities (ex. Italians & Irish in NY). Melting pot myth was NOT true, these immigrants took as many precautions as the WASPs did not to intermingle, b/c they wanted to maintain their cultural identity. 1870s-1920s
Nativism
A distinct anti-immigration movement that started up in CA. High pt. of anti-immigration sentiment. These groups wanted a national anti-immigrant law banning all immigrant groups from US & a national boundary around US.
This was aimed particularly at Chinese individuals but moved on to full immigrant exclusion.
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned all future Chinese immigration. 1913 California Alien Land Law prohibited immigrants (mostly Chinese) from owning land. Immigration Act of 1917 prohibited “idiots, feeble-minded persons, criminals, epileptics, alcoholics, professional beggars, and illiterates.” Also barred all “Asiatic” people. 1924 Johnson-Reed Act set quotas for all future immigration to 2% per year per 1890 census stats.
Conspicuous Consumption
A middle class activity of buying goods to show status in order to imitate the conspicuous consumption of many elites. It fueled the rise of department stores. The vacation was also a form of this. 1920s
Recreation Culture
Two types: co-ed & male. Co-ed recreational culture. Co-ed were wife & family events such as professional sports, *baseball, public parks, theme parks (Coney Island). Male was Vice districts that had prostitution, sex, drinking, smoking, boxing, bowling, cockfighting...etc. Referred to as “Slumming” (ex. Chicago = 4th Avenue &NYC = Bowery District). This is where men went to reaffirm their manliness.To show they still have power. 1920s
The Bowery District
In NY & had a reputation for offering men whatever they wanted to do. Sex, prostitution, sex with men too (men and men) were common. Bath houses are where men who wanted to sleep with other men went. Reaffirming manhood because “dominating other men.” This was for middle class men = conspicuous consumption.
The Homosexual “Closet” was created in the 1920s. Male “fairies” = cross-dressing. Manly men who would sleep with other men = “butch.” 1920s
Ethnic Communities
Had perils such as disease and sanitation issues caused by high population density in little space. Bad sanitation (trash everywhere, primitive sewage, standing water) resulted in high infant mortality rates. Also faced low paying dangerous jobs (no worker's comp.). High rent prices & slumlord "blacklisting" if you argued with prices. They also had a lot of crime. recourses were religious institutions (orphanages and welcome centers), practices (the festa). Recourses could also be political or recreational culture.
The Festa
A southern Italian Catholic annual public religious ritual of a "parade" where people carry the Madonna down the street. It showed strong sense of cultural identity and resiliency during hard times.
Coney Island
Part of co-ed recreational culture, it was a theme park that was a "cheap amusement".
Machine Politics
A way of creating political networks. People would use Political “Machines” (networks) to get certain amenities for themselves. Political “game” fueled by bribery, blacklisting, violence, etc. – Political Mafia.
Slum to Sub Boss to Big Boss to City Hall Politician. Promise of votes. Networks created through patronage in order for citizens to get basic amenities such as: food, jobs, rent reduction, money, union membership, bail, favors (patronage), or public amenities such as educations facilities, orphanages, sewer lines, building permits, or work contracts. Brought forms of highly centralized, bureaucratic, regulatory federal govt. 20th century.
Homestead Act of 1862
Encouraged settlers to move out west to start farming. Granted 160 acres to any white farmer willing to pay $10 registration fee. Just had to swear to homestead there for minimum of 5 years (stay there for 5 years). Transformed the west from Indian country into the breadbasket of the united states. (high levels of agricultural production in the west). Farming for a national market.
Great Railroad Strike
One of the 1st ex. of coordinated labor protest in the US. B&O Railroad cut wages to railroad workers by 30% in the midst of a deep depression. “Panic” economic bubble (huge high boom, huge low pop). B&O RR cut wages to make shareholders happy. Workers decided to protest this by going on strike, & seized a local RR depot in West Virginia & blocked the line (kept railroad cars from leaving). President Hayes deems this to be an insurrection. Sent in federal troops to shut down this. Protest starts snowballing eventually 2/3 of RR tracks are shut down from due to the strikes. Strike leaders are arrested and strike ends w/ 100 people dead & $10 million worth wasted. Important because even though event was a defeat, workers realized if they come together, can have an effect on broader political culture. After this, labor strikes became more popular. 1877
Knights of Labor
Worker's union that was particularly aggressive with their methods. Terrence Powderly founded it, & started collecting massive members by mid 1880s. Saw striking as the 1st thing you did.
Wanted 8 hour day/ 40 hour work week (predictability in their work), more negotiation with management about wages (wanted wages to be “respectable” and set/stable. = stability), unemployment regulation (wanted laws to provide a safety net), regulations of Monopolies (Trusts) (wanted monopolies broken up to encourage a more competitive market), & an end to child labor (b/c they encouraged depressed wages b/c they could hire kids for less money). They allowed in skilled and unskilled workers into Knights. Some were ardent Nativists (excluded immigrants from membership) & some wanted a Socialist revolution. Founded in 1869 and went through 1880s.
American Federation of Labor
Picks up banner of workers union & led by Samuel Gompers who was a Socialist. Had to be a skilled laborer to join b/c they wanted to prove they were respectable. Barred all sorts of other laborers in order to present themselves as respectable: no women, African Americans, new immigrants, socialists, unskilled laborers.
Founded in 1886-1955.
The Populist Party
Founded in Omaha, NE to restore govt. of republic in the hands of the plain people. Wanted to dismantle RR co's & put all assets into public ownership (Govt. ownership of RRs), to end land monopolies (break up of large land holders land holdings), graduated income tax (more made, more paid), wanted public funds to be put to things such as sub treasuries, free coinage of silver (got most attention b/c it affected everyone). Expansion of gold standard (wanted it to be a gold and silver standard) b/c lesser debt if gold and silver standard. Lose situation if you’re a creditor. Sets up a situation of farmers squaring off of gold supporters.
The Grange
An early expression of farmers’ collective response to the farm problem, debt, & a shift from rural America to urban America. They wanted to build political power. Every farmer competing against every other farmer was not in their best interest. Collectively respond by means of this Farmer’s Union. Buy in bulk and share. They arranged complicated borrowing practices where anyone who was a member could use a tractor or plow whenever as long as they got approval in order to spread the cost. They tried to get politically involved (Ex: supreme court decision: Munn v. Illinois). Farmers got together and played Machine Politics system in order to influence supreme court. Granted Government right to regulate private entities (businesses) particularly the railroad. They wanted to impact railroad b/c it particularly affected farmers. Railroad rebates would offer a lesser cost if you provided more for them to ship. Privileged big time farmers (more farm good = lower RR rate). Imbalanced system. 1860s – 1870s
Collective Response
Gathering together for one cause. Made a huge political impact amongst the farmers & industry laborers when they realized that when they joined forces for a common goal, they could succeed. (ex. worker's unions such as the Knights of Labor, The Grange, Farmer's Alliance)
Munn Vs. Illinois
Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. The judges upheld legislation proposed by the National Grange to regulate grain elevator rates, declaring that business interests (private property) used for public good be regulated by government. This decision also affected similar laws governing railroad rates; as they were also deemed private utilities serving the public interest, the laws governing their rates were constitutional as well. See The Grange. 1876
The Farmer's Alliance
Argued there should be govt. sanctioned subtreasuries, "Subtreasury Plan". Chicago Board of Trade made decisions of farm market prices. (Supply increases during Harvest season). Subtreasuries are huge silos. Gov’t should subsidize building of silos (farmers should be allowed to put in some of their crops into silos for storage & could sell goods all year round even after harvest time). Would result in steady prices, predictability. Highlights distinct dynamics of farmer’s politics. The farmers saw themselves as people and saw others as elites. People against the Elites = Populism (originated at this time). 1870s – 1880s
Sub-treasury Plan
Chicago Board of Trade made decisions of farm market prices. (Supply increases during Harvest season). Subtreasuries are huge silos. Gov’t should subsidize building of silos (farmers should be allowed to put in some of their crops into silos for storage & could sell goods all year round even after harvest time). Would result in steady prices, predictability. Highlights distinct dynamics of farmer’s politics. The farmers saw themselves as people and saw others as elites. People against the Elites = Populism (originated at this time).
Populism
People vs. elites sentiment.
Free Coinage of Silver
Supported by the populist farmers. Expansion of gold standard (wanted it to be a gold and silver standard) b/c lesser debt if gold and silver standard. Lose situation if you’re a creditor. Sets up a situation of farmers squaring off of gold. supporters.
Graduated Income Tax
The more you make, the more you're taxed. The populist farmers promoted this b/c they wanted public funds to be put towards sub-treasuries. Wilson established the 16th amendment that uphold it in 1913.
1896 Presidential Election
The populist party strikes deal with democratic party. William Jennings Bryan strongly supported farmers issues & he was an ardent evangelical, while William McKinley defeated Bryan. Republicans believed in gold only, thus the upper class and middle class supported them (b/c what farmers were paying back wouldn't be equal to the amt. they originally borrowed). Working class Americans also supported McKinley. Thought silver issue would bring about ruin of industrialization. Win of urban America over farming America.
William Jennings Bryan
the Democratic Party nominee for President of the US in 1896 election. He was a devout Presbyterian, a supporter of popular democracy, a critic of banks and railroads, a leader of the silverite movement in the 1890s, a leading figure in the Democratic Party, a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, an opponent of Darwinism, and one of the most prominent leaders of populism in the late 19th - and early 20th century. Supported the farmer's movement. 1860-1925
William McKinley
Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. His campaign, designed by Mark Hanna, introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices and beat back the crusading of his arch-rival, William Jennings Bryan. The 1896 election is often considered a realigning election that marked the beginning of the Progressive Era. Supported by the urbanites, middle, and upper classes. 1843-1901
Progressivism
Progressives were urban, middle class men and women. Women were often front and center. These people lived in the city very near industrial sites & were democrats and republicans (more a political ideology as opposed to a political party). Ideas about what the state’s job is in reforming raw capitalism. Came along b/c of reasons such as the end of the frontier (The frontier out west was closed, there was nothing left that was untouched; America was becoming a pressure cooker in which pressure was building…events like Haymarket Square reinforced this fear; Fear of radicalism and social disorder). These elements could be found in other countries like Britain, Germany, even the US already. Also b/c of urban problems/the American city itself: pollution,
mistreatment of workers, bad environment in factories, government corruption. Another reason was new intellectual currents: Freud, engineering, science/medicine, Darwinism, autopsies, diagnoses & the birth of the modern university! The idea of training expert
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
President Theodore Roosevelt used the Act extensively in his antitrust campaign, including to divide the Northern Securities Company. President William Howard Taft used the Act to split the American Tobacco Company. Requires the Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first United States Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the federal government. 1890
Direct Election
A system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons or political party that they desire to see elected. Progressives it, particularly of senators. Before 1890s, the election of senators was done by state legislature. Wanted to replace that system by the vote. If you’re going to be voting, then it should be a private election.
Private Election
Concerned about the system of corruption and patronage that sustained urban machine politics, Progressives tried to bring such scene to an end via the “private election” and numerous other voting reforms. This would create a moral, clean government = a “good” government.
Square Deal
It was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon four basic ideas of Conservation, Regulating Business Monopolies, Enforcing the Anti-Trust act, and supporting Progressive ideas. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking the plutocracy and trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor. To do this, Roosevelt argued and supported higher wages and shorter hours (federal support for this). For management, the federal government would not allow workers the right to unionize.
Pure Food & Drug Administration Act of 1906
a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines. The Act arose due to public education and exposés from Muckrakers such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt (progressive).
Woodrow Wilson
New Freedom= the role for the state is to ensure fair competition & workers should receive fair compensation; the state should only be involved when violations take place. When election over Roosevelt. A democratic president. He changes US to a nationlist state, and implements the 16th amendment (graduated income tax), the 1913 federal reserve act, the federal trade commission act of 1914, & the clayton antitrust act. Made Wilson a celebrity.He tried to stop worker's protest (like the Ludlow Strike) by implementing the Adamson Act of 1916 & the Keating Act of 1916. Changes capitalism from raw to mixed. Wilson had a second term centered on World War I. He promised to maintain U.S. neutrality, but when the German Empire began unrestricted submarine warfare, he wrote several admonishing notes to Germany, and in April 1917 asked Congress to declare war on the Central Powers. 1856-1924
William H. Taft
Roosevelt basically stepped aside and put Taft (republican) in office. He oversaw much greater regulation in big business & alienated himself from his own party. He was in office from 1909-1913, and failed to secure a 2nd term, losing to Woodrow Wilson.
Eugene V. Debs
An American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as candidate for President of the United States as a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a member of the Socialist Party of America. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs would eventually become one of the best-known Socialists in the United States. 1855-1926
1912 Presidential Election
3 viable candidates: Taft (current republican pres.), Woodrow Wilson (democrat), & Teddy Roosevelt (Progressive party). Eugene Debs is also in the mix with the socialist party. Wilson wins b/c Teddy's image is tainted after putting Taft in.
New Nationalism Vs. New Freedom
New Nationalism was Roosevelt's campaign in the 1912 election. It stood for a very powerful centralized federal government to regulate the economy (strong state). Wilson, his opponent in the election, pushed the New Freedom campaign which stood to ensure fair competition, fair compensation, & state interaction in the economy only in the event of a violation (otherwise freedom in the market).
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, which was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. The plan called for the creation of a System that contained both private and public entities. There were to be at least eight, & no more than 12, private regional Federal reserve banks (12 were established) each with its own branches, board of directors and district boundaries & the System was to be headed by a seven member Federal Reserve Board made up of public officials appointed by the President. Also created as part of the Federal Reserve System was a 12 member Federal Advisory Committee & a single new United States currency, the Federal Reserve Note.
16th Amendment
Allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results. This amendment overruled Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), which greatly limited the Congress' authority to levy an graduated income tax. 1913
Federal Trade Commission Act
Established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a bipartisan body of five members appointed by the President of the United States for seven year terms. This Commission was authorized to issue Cease and Desist orders to large corporations to curb unfair trade practices. This Act also gave more flexibility to the US congress for judicial matters. The agency was created during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson and was part of the Progressive Era reforms. FTC is empowered, among other things, to (a) prevent unfair methods of competition, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce; (b) seek monetary redress and other relief for conduct injurious to consumers; (c) prescribe trade regulation rules defining with specificity acts or practices that are unfair or deceptive, and establishing requirements designed to prevent such acts or practices; (d) conduct investigations relating to the organization, business, practices, and management of entities engaged in commerce; and (e) make reports and l
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Was enacted in the US to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies and cartels). The Clayton act specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme,the exemptions, and the remedial measures. It was passed under the Wilson administration. 1914
Ludlow Massacre
Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. went on strike, govt. sent troops in, killed workers and children. This was the bloodiest event in the 14-month 1913-1914 southern Colorado Coal Strike. The strike was organized by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) against coal mining companies in Colorado. The three biggest mining companies were the Rockefeller family-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company (CF&I), the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company (RMF), and the Victor-American Fuel Company (VAF). Resulted in Wilson passing the Adamson Act and Keating Act. 1914
Adamson Act
Established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers. Congress passed the Act in order to avoid a nationwide strike. 1916
Keating Act
Also known as Wick's Bill, was a statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson (who had lobbied heavily for its passage) . 1916
Mixed Capitalism
A social & economic arrangement in which the federal govt. is in a relationship with capitalism. Debates wage on how much govt. control, in what ways should they act on certain issues such as (health care, economic rights, crime, education, poverty, national security, environmental use...etc. brought on by the Wilson administration. 1913-present.
Imperialism
The policy of extending the political, economic, & cultural power in cone country over another, in the aim of creating colonies that have very little political power, and enforce these goals by military power. When US went from being a minor power in the world to a medium one, they became an imperialist nation. Happened b/c the were "keeping up w/ other countries" & businesses argued for a larger market & cleaner access to more materials. The Africa explorations (see PP). The military was greatly expanded b/c of this (it was previously patchy). Also, the "white man's burden", uplifting non-whites out of "savagery" & converting them to Christians (progressive: uplifting immigrants and civilizing them). Happened in 2 ways: Cuba & Philippines. 1890s
Spanish-American War
The Spanish–American War was an armed military conflict b/w Spain & the United States that took place between April and August 1898, over the issues of the liberation of Cuba. The war began after American demands for the resolution of the Cuban fight for independence were rejected by Spain. Strong expansionist sentiment in the US motivated the government to develop a plan for taking Spain's remaining overseas territories including the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. US wanted Cuba b/c they saw it as the jewel of the Caribbean" (mining & sugar). McKinley is the president that used this as his platform, but wouldn't deliver until the US Maine warship gets blown up. Enters the "splended little war" US has success and establishes Cuban independence, Platt Amendment (clause that allowed the US to intervene whenever there was presumed threat to US interest). US presence remains there for 50 yrs.
Philippine-American War
Local P militia leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, lead a revolution against Spain. Spain pulled out b/c of him and the debt from the Cuba war. Afterwards, US sends 11,000 troops there (to help the "little brown men", white man's burden), but really Mark Hannah wanted to get closer to Asia for trade ("open door to China". Out troops found that Aguinaldo's troops were strong (this war was a precursor to the horrible conditions of Vietnam). There were war crimes back home, caused by huge anti-imperialist talk by people such as Mark Twain. Aguinaldo was captured, & US got stronghold & in 1902 the US declared an end to the war (win). They then set up navy bases & open up "door".
Emilio Aguinaldo
A Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role in Philippine independence during the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation. He eventually pledged his allegiance to the US government.
Open-Door Policy
As a specific policy with regard to China, it was first advanced by the United States in the Open Door Notes of September-November 1899. In 1898, the United States had become an East Asian power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China threatened. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China. The open door policy stated that all European nations, and the United States, could trade with China.
Panama Canal
Another imperialist move by the US. Panama went under control of Columbia, Roosevelt found collaborators in Panama to form a revolution against Columbia that we would fund, they were successful & declared Panama independent. Panama signs a treaty w/ the US for a 10 mile strip on the isthmus, and the US builds a canal. Allows us to send ships to Asia & helps firm up US influence. 1914
Roosevelt Corollary
An addendum to the Monroe Doctrine that argued that it was the US's right to extend and defend influence in Latin America & the Caribbean. Result of this and the P Canal was the US becoming a police country. 1904
WWI
1914, war breaks out in Europe, Wilson declares neutrality (he knew it was going to be bad conflict & costly & he was a progressive thus peacemaker). His ideals were challenged by events in 1915 (sinking of Lusintania, torpedoed by German sub, seen as a direct assault on the US). The torpedoed French Steamer Sussex, happened (same sentiments, German town here torched). Wilson issues Sussex Pledge (if Germans don't stop sinking ship we will fight). 1916 elections, Wilson's platform was peace w/ honor (Americans are confused on entering war: do but don't). Then Zimmerman Telegram occurs: British intelligence intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico saying to for them to fight the US and G would back them). Hitler's vision is to preoccupy the US. Wilson then publishes it goes to congress for support. US enters war in 1917
Material Mobilization
Getting the US ready for a long war by getting and supplying the materials for that war. In order to do this the US govt. promotes any industries that can do this. Vast govt. bureaucracies that oversee these things get done (War Garden Commission, Food Administration); about encouraging industries to produce materials for the war effort. Wilson finished Roosevelt’s Square deal systemà offered business (cost-plus system)to produce for the war effort and incentives for labor (promises offered).
Cost-Plus
An ensurance to companies that they would not lose money during the war if they were producing stuff for the war effort (thus the govt. would compensate for money lost). Wilson administration assured laborers promises in order to prevent strikes (it worked, there weren‘t anymore during WWI): Fair wages, Crack down on businesses trying to break up unions, Hours regulation (steady work day)
Ideological Mobilization
Convincing Americans that this was a war worth their efforts
Wilson had to convince US that the war was a good, noble cause
Committee of Public Information (CPI)- secretaries of navy, war, and state made up the committee and headed by George Creel.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Wilson had to convince US that the war was a good, noble cause
Committee of Public Information (CPI)- secretaries of navy, war, and state made up the committee and headed by George Creel. CPI was a propaganda machine, and showed progressive view points (they scientifically figured out ways to motivate people, ways you should go about solving problems, progressive trappings of natavism (anti-immigration), studied how to put fear in Americans such as us verses them, or prove your americaness, “uncle Sam wants you“ was a product of the CPI)
Put out over 75 million pieces of literature (at govt. expense) encouraging people to get in the war effort. CPI set up the War American Specialization Program (taught immigrants English)
CPI set up Loyalty Leaguesà got signatures from people swearing allegiance to USA. 1917
Espionage Act of 1917
Made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies or to onvey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies and whoever when the United States is at war, to cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or to willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States. It gave the postmaster general the authority to open your mail, barred any type of anti war materials, German materials, or radical material from being sent or received
Sedition Act of 1918
Prohibited anything offensive to the US (it you speak negatively in US, you can be fined or jailed). Only about a thousand people were jailed b/c of these acts, also came down hard on socialists and b/c of these acts socialism declines completely in the USA (Socialist leader ran for president in Atlanta jail). This all builds mass support for the war in WWI.
League of Nations
It was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920. It's goals included upholding the new found Rights of Man such as right of non whites, rights of women, rights of soldiers, disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global quality of life. Imperialists joined with Wilson and agreed that the US should be internationally engaged, but after WWI republican members of congress argued that the US should be less international (these guys turn into the “old conservatives”). In 1918 & 1919 these republicans had gained power and rejected Wilson’s plea to be active in the League of Nations (Wilson’s idea got shot down in Congress).