Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
transhumans?
|
being a nomad
|
|
|
agricultural revolution?
|
around 12000 bce, people planted the first seeds and harvested crops; domesticated animals too.
|
|
|
fertile cresent?
|
mesopotamia
|
|
|
hegemony?
|
indirect domination
|
|
|
hieroglyphics?
|
writing that came from cuneiform
|
|
|
narmer palette?
|
found buried in a temple in southern egypt, portrays the conquest of lower and upper egypt (3200-3000 bce)
|
|
|
pharoah-divine kingship?
|
a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient egyptians (rulers) of all periods.
|
|
|
ma'at?
|
"truth," order," "justice," cosmic force dealt with harmony
|
|
|
old kingdom egypt?
|
(2685-2180bce) marked a period of prosperity and political stability
|
|
|
nomes/nomarchs?
|
subnational administrative division of ancient egypt/semi-feudal rulers of ancient egyptian provinces; district
|
|
|
sumerians?
|
first settled in mesopotamia around 5000bce
|
|
|
akkadians?
|
ruled the world's first empire, defined as a large territory with subject peoples of different languages and different religious traditions, hegemony empire, Semitic not Sumerian, Akkad (Agade), semantic language (modern Arabic and Hebrew).
|
|
|
babylonians?
|
1800bce babylon rises to dominate everything.
|
|
|
hammurabi?
|
king of babylon-hammurabi; hammurabi code (babylonian code).
|
|
|
cuneiform?
|
(meopotamian writing) means "wedge-shaped," mad to press into clay to form implements of writing.
|
|
|
lugal?
|
big man, in charge of protecting the city; chief or king.
|
|
|
standard of ur?
|
"Battle Standard of Ur," or the "Royal Standard of Ur," is a Sumerian artifact excavated from what had been the Royal Cemetery in the ancient city of Ur.
|
|
|
sargon of akkad?
|
ruler (king), sargon
|
|
|
middle kingdom egypt?
|
(2050-1800bce) egypts trade with other regions increased dramatically and conquered more territories.
|
|
|
hyksos?
|
"chieftains of foreign lands," horse-drawn chariots with spiked wheels, strong bows, formed an alliance with the nubians and rules egypt.
|
|
|
new kigdom egypt?
|
(1570-1150bce) marked the peak of its power.
|
|
|
hatsheput?
|
pharaoh/woman, mother of thutmose 3, built a mortuary temple, established a trade network with india.
|
|
|
thutmose III?
|
established a permanent standing army, expanded egypt.
|
|
|
akhenaton?
|
not liked, egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, lived (1353-36bce).
|
|
|
amarna?
|
dies, the capital city abandoned contracted no marriage licenses, didn't expand, amarna revolution.
|
|
|
hittites?
|
indo-european, speaking people adapted a cuneiform script, capital erased from history in 1200bce.
|
|
|
minoan crete?
|
(2000-1400bce) bronze age civilization that arose on the isnald of crete and flourished.
|
|
|
linear a?
|
one of two scripts used in ancient Crete before Mycenaean Greek Linear B, official script for the palaces and cults and Cretan hieroglyphs were mainly used on seals.
|
|
|
mycenaeans?
|
(1600-1100bce) early Greek people, lived in an area of Mycenae, broken up into many tiny cities.
|
|
|
homer (iliad & odyssey)?
|
hymns and other works, ancient greek epic poet.
|
|
|
mycenae?
|
major centres of greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern greece.
|
|
|
redistributive economy?
|
a combination of a command economy and a subsistence economy.
|
|
|
linear b?
|
syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, and early form of Greek, Greek alphabet.
|
|
|
bronze age internationalism?
|
ulu burun shipwreck; diplomacy.
|
|
|
ulu burun shipwreck?
|
cargo ship that sank 3000 years ago, oil, bronze, pottery, tin, grain, leather, goods, musical instruments, and amber, found off the coast of turkey.
|
|
|
bronze age collapse?
|
violent, sudden, and culturally disruptive.
|
|
|
sea-peoples?
|
(1150) infiltrated Egypt, reasons why it collapsed: natural disaster, disease, famine, and invasion.
|
|
|
assyrians?
|
followed the akkadians, (950-800bce) moved from ashur to numrud.
|
|
|
tiglath-pileser III?
|
(746-727bce) prominent king of assyria, widely regarded as the founder of the neo-assyrian empire.
|
|
|
assur?
|
"supreme god", assyrian god, the assynians practiced monolatry-> monotheism; believe in more than one god.
|
|
|
mass-deportations?
|
taking a large group of people and forcibly relocating them.
|
|
|
assyrian siege warfare?
|
military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault.
|
|
|
assyrian art?
|
polychrome carved stone relief that decorated imperial monuments.
|
|
|
neo-babylonian empire?
|
(626-539bce) temporrary successive state.
|
|
|
hebrews?
|
spoke hebrew (seminomadic).
|
|
|
the hebrew bible?
|
written around 700 BCE, 5 Pentateuch-laws, torah; prophets, and scriptures-psalms and proverbs.
|
|
|
old testament?
|
collection of books that forms the first of the two-part christen biblical canon, contents vary from church to church.
|
|
|
the torah?
|
written on parchment in a formal, traditional manner by a specially trained scribe under strict requirements.
|
|
|
pentateuch?
|
refers to the five books of moses.
|
|
|
hapiru/habiru?
|
engaged in building projects, or forcibly.
|
|
|
genesis?
|
first book, means "birth,origin."
|
|
|
moses and the laws?
|
religious leader, lawgiver and prophet/no other god but me.
|
|
|
ten commandments?
|
a list of religious and moral imperatives that were given by god to the people of Israel.
|
|
|
exodus?
|
second book, means "departure, expedition, procession."
|
|
|
monolatry?
|
single, worship, recognition of the existence of many gods, but with the consistent worship of only one deity.
|
|
|
israelites?
|
Hebrew-speaking people of the ancient near east who inhabited the land of Israel during the monarchic period.
|
|
|
canaan?
|
levant, roughly corresponding to the region encompassing modern-day Israel, Palestinian territories, Lebanon, and the western parts of syria.
|
|
|
jerusalem?
|
"abode of peace" holy city to judaism, christianity, and islam.
|
|
|
judaism?
|
religion philosophy, and the way of the life of the jewish people.
|
|
|
yahweh?
|
personal name of god in the bible and in ancient Semitic religion, one true god who delivered Israel from Egypt and gave the Ten Commandments.
|
|
|
archamenid persian empire?
|
(559-330bce) successor state of the median empire, expanding to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the indus valley in the east, to the northeastern border of Greece.
|
|
|
cyrus the great?
|
(559-529bce) son of archaemenid.
|
|
|
darius I?
|
(522-486bce) third king of kings, held the empire at its peak, the decay and downfall of the empire commenced with his death.
|
|
|
bisutun inscription?
|
"the gods place or land."
|
|
|
"great king" or "king of kings"?
|
title that has been used by several monarchies and empires throughout history.
|
|
|
satrap/satrapy?
|
each one was administered a satrap.
|
|
|
persepolis?
|
ceremonial capital of the achaemenid empire.
|
|
|
royal roads?
|
ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king darius the great of the Achaemenid Empire.
|
|
|
coinage?
|
money.
|
|
|
zoroastrianism?
|
religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Prophet Zoroaster and was formerly among the world’s largest religions.
|
|
|
ahuramazda & ahriman?
|
force of good, reason, light, true, HEAVEN; demons, beast, evil creatures, treachery, chaos, wickedness, HELL.
|
|
|
dark age greece?
|
(1100-700bce) old major settlements were abandoned (with the notable exception of Athens), and the population dropped dramatically in numbers. Within these three hundred years, the people of Greece lived in small groups that moved constantly in accordance with their new pastoral lifestyle and livestock needs, while they left no written record behind leading to the conclusion that they were illiterate.
|
|
|
homeric society?
|
(archaic greece (700-480bce)) styles mainly of surface decoration and sculpture, falling in time between geometric art and the art of classical Greece.
|
|
|
polis?
|
community, city-state.
|
|
|
demos?
|
people.
|
|
|
oikos?
|
household.
|
|
|
kleros/akleros?
|
allotment (of land).
|
|
|
arete?
|
excellent; manliness (andreia), patriotism (patria), honor, shame, and arisots-"best"
|
|
|
greek religion?
|
Greek orthodox recognized as the “prevailing” religion of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.
|
|
|
greek colonization?
|
city-states founded from a mother-city, not from a territory-at-large. Sovereign and self-governing from their inception.
|
|
|
greek alphabet?
|
a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It is still in use today. It is the first and oldest alphabet in the narrow sense that it notes each vowel and consonant with a separate symbol.
|
|
|
synocism?
|
the amalgamation of villages and small towns in ancient Hellas into larger political units such as a single city, democracy originated and developed, “dwelling together” or “to unite together under one capital city.”
|
|
|
insonomia?
|
equality before the law.
|
|
|
politai?
|
citizenship.
|
|
|
aristocracy?
|
power to the best.
|
|
|
oligarchy?
|
rule of few.
|
|
|
tyranny?
|
dictatorship.
|
|
|
hoplites?
|
armed infantry; did not fight alone.
|
|
|
phalanx?
|
8 rows deep; method.
|
|
|
spartan oligarchy?
|
totalitarian.
|
|
|
spartiates?
|
8000 individuals, top class of spartan citizens, owned all of the land.
|
|
|
perioikoi?
|
households around sparta, weren't really considered sparta citizens, light arm soldiers.
|
|
|
helots?
|
bottom of spartan society, not spartans; serf or slave.
|
|
|
ephors?
|
overseer, there are five of them. One year term, and only serve it once. Maintained a secret police force, of younger men under 20; and inspected newborns.
|
|
|
spartan education?
|
starting at a young age; boys were taught how to fend for themselves, and girls were taught how to take care of their bodies to bring strong Spartan babies into the world.
|
|
|
athenian democracy?
|
power to the people.
|
|
|
athenian assembly?
|
made all of the important and powerful decisions.
|
|
|
strategos (pl. strategoi)?
|
[general(10)] chosen by election in the assembly, no limit to how many terms you can serve (Pericles served for 14 years).
|
|
|
ostracism?
|
being exiled from Athens by vote, the way they did it was by writing a name on pottery and whoever was written the most was supposed to leave Athens for a period of time (10 years at most).
|
|
|
trireme?
|
huge boats, 200 feet long, rowers, navy, not cheap, flimsy, serves in the Greek navy at the moment.
|
|
|
persian wars?
|
(490-480(79))A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and city-states of the Hellenic world that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. Struggling to rule the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed tyrants to rule each of them.
|
|
|
ionian revolt?
|
(449-493bce) first phase of the persian wars.
|
|
|
marathon?
|
(490bce) second phase of the persian wars.
|
|
|
themistocles?
|
Athenian politician and a general, fought in the battle of marathon.
|
|
|
thermopylae?
|
(480bce) fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae ('The Hot Gates'). The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece, which had been ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon.
|
|
|
salamis?
|
(480bce) largest greek island in the saronic gulf.
|
|
|
delian league?
|
association of Greek city-states, members’ numbering between 150-173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars. Official meeting place, the island of Delos, where congresses were held in the temple.
|
|
|
athenian empire?
|
[delian league], Athens's empire was not very stable, and only 27 years of war with the Spartans, aided by the Persians and internal strife, were able to defeat it. However, it did not remain defeated long. The Second Athenian Empire, a maritime self-defense league, was founded in 377 BC and was led by Athens; but Athens would never recover the full extent of her power, and her enemies were now far stronger and more varied.
|
|
|
pericles?
|
“surrounded by glory,” prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city’s Golden Age-time between Persian and Peloponnesian wars.
|
|
|
greek philosophy?
|
arose in the 6th century BCE and continued through the Hellenistic period, at which point Ancient Greece was incorporated in the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics.
|
|
|
socrates?
|
classical Greek Athenian philosopher, wanted every Athenian to examine themselves and find a rational explanation for it.
|
|
|
herodotus?
|
ancient Greek historian, “Father of History” since he was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.
|
|
|
thucydides?
|
Greek historian from Alimos and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work. He has also been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the relations between nations as based on might rather than right. His classical text is still studied at advanced military colleges worldwide, and the Melian dialogue remains a seminal work of international relations theory.
|
|
|
peloponnesian war?
|
(432-404bce) an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases; Archidamian War, Peace of Nicias (treaty)-which lead to a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily, and Decelean War.
|
|
|
macedonia?
|
enormous territory in Greece, organized as a kingdom, hereditary monarchy-argeads.
|
|
|
phillip II?
|
(359-336bce) Greek king of Macedon, king of alexander the great and Phillip III.
|
|
|
phillips reforms?
|
polygamy; many wives.
|
|
|
battle of chaeronea?
|
(338bce) Macedon versus Athens and Thebes and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians.
|
|
|
league of corinth?
|
[Hellenic league] created by Phillip II during the winter of 338 BC/337 BC after the battle of Chaeronea, to facilitate his use of military forces in his war against Persia. League was governed by the hegemon (military strategy), synedrion (council), and dikastai (judges).
|
|
|
alexander the great?
|
(336-323bce) son of Phillip II and Olympias, became Macedonian king at the age of 18, became pharaoh of Egypt.
|
|
|
olympias?
|
married phillip II.
|
|
|
battle of issus?
|
(333bce)led by young alexander defeated the army personally led by Darius III of archaemenid Persia in the second great battle for primacy in Asia.
|
|
|
darius III?
|
originally named Codomannus was the last king of the Archaemenid Empire of Persia from 336BC to 330BC.
|
|
|
oracle of ammon?
|
Greeks thought of this as Zeus, alexander would go to the oracle to ask questions, oracle said he was the son of Zeus which changes alexander’s behavior.
|
|
|
battle of gaugamela?
|
(331bce) [Battle of Arbela] resulted in a massive victory for the ancient Macedonians and led to the fall of the archaemenid empire.
|
|
|
hellenistic age?
|
(338-31bce) Greek cultural influence and power was at its zenith in Europe and Asia, the family of alexander all died unnatural deaths. “Greek Life”.
|
|
|
seleucid empire?
|
(312-60bce) was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's dominion, which at its height included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir, and the Indus valley. Seleucus I was a general under Alexander.
|
|
|
ptolemaic egypt?
|
Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade.
|
|
|
kleitus?
|
saved alexander’s life during a war, was killed by alexander.
|
|
|
greco-macedonian diaspora?
|
"the movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland" or "a people dispersed by whatever cause to more than one location";
Originally the word referred exclusively to the Jewish diaspora after the Babylonian exile. |
|
|
stoicism?
|
philosophical movement founded from zeno, where people were called stoa.
|
|
|
epicureanism?
|
founded by a philosopher named Epicurus; he thought that the universe and everything else was all made up of atoms (atoma).
|
