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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Theories of history - cylical |
suggests history repeats itself over time and that there is no real progress |
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Theories of history - linear |
believe in progress and that the world can get better |
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Theories of history - great man/women |
suggest that individuals through the power of their character or intellect determine the course of history |
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Theories of history - everyman |
opposing the great man theory because it is the belief that it is the cumulative efforts of many not the small elite that shape the world |
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Theories of history - great ideas/ philosophic history |
believe history is moved along by changing ideas like that the world is round and not flat |
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Theories of history - geographic/ geopolitical |
the landscape or environment is a chief determinant of history |
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Nationalism |
Pride in your country |
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Imperialism |
Policy of extending a nation authority over territories |
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Causes of WW1 - Alliances |
through the 1800s European nations formed alliances with one another so that the continent became like dominoes; if one fell, many others would be brought into the conflict |
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Causes of ww1 - Militarism |
policy was to have a dominant military force to protect country and empire |
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Causes of ww1 - Concept of war |
war was viewed as a glorious adventure; chance to see the world; exciting |
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Woodrow Wilson's 14 points |
the backbone of peace treaty; set up how countries should work together, league of nations; how to deal with Germany; state Czechoslovakia, Slovakians, Serbians, Croations and Poles should get their own countries, Austria-Hungary should be split up |
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1919 reps from US, Britain, France and Canada meet in Paris to decided |
fate of Germany and Austria-Hungary |
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What was the treaty and where was it signed for the end of ww1? |
Treaty of Versailles signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Place of Versailles |
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Ideas of treaty - Self-Determination |
different ethnic groups should choose own government |
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War-Guilt Clause |
placed all blame on Germany |
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Impacts of treaty on Germany |
forced to sign war-guilt clause, land taken, forced t surrender colonies, army limited, navy restricted, merchant fleets surrendered as pay-back, Rhine River Valley demilitarized, Austria and Germany forbidden to unify, pay heavy reparations |
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Effects of the ww1 internationally |
millions killed or wounded, most of Europe near bankrupt, Austria-Hungary destroyed, new countries, Poland independent, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey become democratic, Russia communist, Germany forced to accept blame |
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The League of Nations comes from |
idea by US President Woodrow Wilson 14 points |
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Three main goals of League of Nations |
International co-operation, arbitration, collective security |
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Membership to League was open to |
any fully self-governing state, dominion or colony |
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How many countries were in League of Nations |
43 to start but at its height 60 |
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What big country never joined League of Nation |
US although the idea came from their president |
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What year does Germany join League of Nations |
1926 |
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What year does Soviet Russia join league |
1934 |
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Why is League of Nations considered a failure |
incomplete membership, lack of power, failure to intervene in crisis (Manchuria, Italy invades Ethiopia, German aggression in Europe) |
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Political Ideologies |
Ideas of how a government should run |
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Political Spectrum - communism |
left wing; idea of Karl Marx, workers would overthrow the rich, kill them and create a new equal country |
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Political spectrum - socialism |
in between left and center; even out wealth through taxes and social programs i.e. healthcare, education, welfare |
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Political ideologies - liberalism |
center; some government intervention in the economy when needed, some social programs but no abuse of them |
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Political ideologies - conservatism |
in between right and center; maintain tradition, nationalism, religion interacts with government, military presence, government backs buisness, i.e USA |
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Political spectrum- fascism |
right wing; totalitarian, usually a dictator, large military, extreme nationalism, secret police, i.e. Hitler |
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Mussolini and Fascism - In 1860's Italian city-states |
unite into a country |
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In 1912 Italian government is a |
democracy |
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Post-war, Italy doesn't get |
the territory they wanted |
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Benito Mussolini early on is a |
socialist |
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In 1919 Mussolini forms a political party called |
Fascisti which began somewhat socialist but became more of a dictatorship |
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Fascisti's wore what to identify themselves |
black shirts so thats what they became known as |
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The government was not doing well so in 1922 Mussolini leads |
"March on Rome" and demands power from the king by threatening civil war |
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In Italy October 29, 1922 Mussolini |
takes control of government initially has coalition but moves to become dictator |
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Bloodless Revolution of 1918 |
the Kaiser flees to Holland and a democracy is established. they meet in Weimar and write a constitution and government known as Weimar Republic is formed |
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Reichstag is elected every |
four years by proportional representation which makes it hard to get a majority (leader is called the Chancellor) ; have minimal power like our senate |
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The executive is |
headed by the President; helps choose the chancellor |
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Weimar republic are seen as |
traitors because they signed the treaty of versailles |
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1923 Beer Hall Putsch |
socialist leaders plan to march on Berlin and demand power; arrested and put in prison; Hitler serves 9 months and writes Mein Kampf |
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To try and deal with the reparation payments the government |
decide to print extra money to pay the debt; this decreases the value and money can become worthless; created hyperinflation; wipes out peoples savings; they have to reprint a new form of money |
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Hitler's early years |
born in Austria but moved to Munich; studied art but not very good at it; fought in WW1, was wounded and left the war; frequently unemployed; connected with National Socialist and begins criticizing Weimar Republic; following Beer Hall Putsch he decides to move into politics and be formally elected |
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Hitlers political beliefs |
against Weimar Republic; anti-democratic; believed Germany needed a supreme ruler; proposed racial superiority; against jews, slavs, africans, gypsies, disabled and homosexuals; "Lebensraum" living space for Germans; ultra nationalistic; anti-treaty of Versailles; opposed to communism |
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1930 election |
Nazi second largest party |
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1932 election |
Nazi largest party in Reichstag but president refuses to make Hitler chancellor and gives power to a coalition of other parties |
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1932 second election |
Nazi largest party, Hitler becomes chancellor but he doesn't have a majority |
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1933 election |
Hitler frustrated with government so he calls for an election; campaigns that by electing him to a majority, Germany supports an end to democracy |
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February 1933 during campaign |
there is a fire in the Reichstag; Hitler blames the communists and bans them from the Reichstag so Nazi have a majority |
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Enabling Act |
Hitler gives himself emergency power |
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June 30, 1934 Night of the Long Knives |
Hitler orers the assassination of about 1000 enemies of the state |
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1934 Hitler is |
"elected" as president |
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S.A members of the Nazi Socialist Party are called |
brown shirts |
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S.S shutzstaffel |
elite protective squadron for Hitler and higher ups |
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Gestapo |
secret police; could not be challenged in court |
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Karl Marx was a |
German economist who wrote "Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital"; feudalism leads to capitalism leads to revolution leads to transition stage leads to communism and country is created classless and stateless |
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Basic idea of communism |
people are by nature good; economic relations determine all human relations; exploitation is an inherent feature of capitalism; private property is evil; only revolution can rid society of capitalism |
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3 major problems Russia faced in early 1900 |
industrialization, labour, and peasants |
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Three major ideas developing in Russia 1900's |
liberals want a constitutional government; bolsheviks led by Lenin wanted a revolution; mensheviks minority of communist believed the masses must be won over |
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Bloody sunday |
Tsarist troops fire on a group of protestors, 130 killed and hundreds wounded |
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Summer 1905 Tsar gives a few |
concessions but not enough to keep people happy |
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In the October manifesto the Tsar promises |
to provide some rights/ freedoms and creates Duma a legislative assembly |
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March 1917 Russia |
first revolution the Tsar abdicates power to Bokheviks and is put on house arrest; provisional government formed decided to stay in war |
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October 1917 Russia |
second revolution Bolsheviks take control of major cities and seize power; Lenin returns to Moscow and forms new government; goals to exit war and peasants take control of land to produce more food |
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
agrees with Germany to leave war march 1918 |
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Two sides of Russian Civil War |
Reds- the Bolsheviks and the Russian army lead by Trotsky have support of skilled labour; whites- bourgeoisie, Tsarist supporters, cossacks the military troops that protected the Tsar, outlawed political groups and they have the support of troops from fourteen different countries |
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Who wins the Russian Civil War |
Reds win due to Trotsky being a military genius, having control of urban centres and industries, and the whites didn't have a clear military leader which lead to in fighting and lack of co-ordination |
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When was the Russian Civil War |
1918-1922 |
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Following the civil war Lenin introduces |
New Economic Policy aimed to begin some private trade, allow peasants to sell extra food, and some private ownership of factories |
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Treaty of Rapallo |
Treaty with Germany so that the USSR receives steel products in exchange for producing illegal weapons for Germany |
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When does Lenin die and what happens because of it |
Lenin dies January 1924 and following his death there is a power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky |
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Who were fighting for power after Lenin's death |
Moderates - wanted to continue Lenin's NEP, Stalin joins this side because he needs their support;Left Opposition wanted complete communism now, led by Trotsky |
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Who takes power after Lenin |
The Moderates and Stalin win and he expels Trotsky from government and then exiles him |
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In 1928 Stalin starts his five year plan to |
collectivize farming, implement a command economy, focus on heavy industry (weapons) |
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Stalin's second five year plan |
too severe and had to be modified; Kirov begins to gain support so Stalin has him shot |
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What was the Purge |
there were a series of 'trials' during which Stalin's enemies were tried for crimes against the Soviet Union |
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Buying on Margin |
buy stocks with borrowed money |
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Laissez-fiare |
"Let do" - government stays out of economy |
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John Maynard Keynes |
propose that government injects money into the economy during recessions / depressions through mega projects |
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The Great Depression was caused by |
overproduction in the 1920's, the stock market crash which resulted in a lot of people owing money from buying on margin, tariffs and trade barriers, international debt from WW1 that countries couldn't pay back |
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What was done about the Great Depression by the government |
at first President Hoover doesn't respond to the crisis so during the 1932 election President Roosevelt is elected on a socialist platform of wanting to use Keynes idea to invest in projects |
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Consequences of the Great Depression |
unemployment, banking failures and people losing savings, idea of American Dream fell apart, change in role of government helping its citizens, tariffs increased |
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Spain had been dominated for centuries by |
the army, landowners, and catholic church |
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1931 the Spanish king |
abdicates his throne due to opposition republic established, government is dominated by socialist and liberals |
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What party takes control of Spain before the civil war |
popular front - a coalition of left wing |
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1936 the Spanish Civil war begins between |
nationalist and republicans (popular front) |
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Who wins Spanish Civil war |
after three years of fighting the Nationalist win and Franco is dictator of Spain until 1975 |
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Foreign involvement in Spanish Civil war |
soviet union send support to Republicans, Germany and Italy support Nationalist, Britain and France an U.S volunteers support Republicans |
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Japanese expansion begins with the military conquest of |
Manchuria |
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By 1937 the Japanese government has almost |
lost complete control to the military as they continue to expand seeking areas that have resources needed by the military |
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July 1940 Japan forms |
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and invites other countries to join which countries said yes to or knew they would be invaded next |
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How does the US respond to Japan |
freeze Japanese assets in America and they cut off their oil supply |
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Hitler controls Germany in1933 and he introduces idea of |
Lebensraum - living space for the German people |
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March 1938 Hitler |
remilitarized the Rhineland |
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1938 the Anschluss of |
Austria |
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1938 Germany takes over |
Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia |
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Summer 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign |
NAZI - Soviet non-aggression pact and agree to split up Eastern Europe |
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September 1, 1939 |
Hitler invades Poland |
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September 3, 1939 |
Britain and France declare war |
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Phony war |
October 1939-March 1940 when there is no fighting |
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Blitzkrieg tactics |
also known as lighting war; synchronized attack by land, air and sea |
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April 1940 Germany |
attacks Denmark and Norway |
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May 1940 Germany attacks |
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France where French troops are pushed back to beach of Dunkirk |
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Operation Sea Lion |
Germany's plan to conquer Britain that begins with a large scale bombing of military targets |
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Soviet Union conquers |
their half of Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia and enters Winter War with Finland |
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June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa |
Germany invades Soviet controlled territory |
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Initially in North Africa Britain |
did not fair well against the German tank divisions until they break the enigma code and turn the war |
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Major battle in North Africa - Battle of el Alamein October 1942 |
Montgomery is able to defeat Rommel and maintain control of Suez Canal and oil and take out large divisions of tanks |
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German U-boats traveled in |
wolf packs so supply ships traveled in convoys |
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1943 a few things changed to help the battle of the Atlantic |
develop radar for ships, larger convoys were used and the development of sonar |
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Hitler's Einsatzgruppen |
special force of SS to deal with the undesirables of occupied countries |
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Countries occupied by Germany had to take on |
Nuremberg laws |
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Final Solution |
Hitler's plan to get rid of undesirables |
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The first eye witness account of a death camp |
24 July 1944 when the Soviets liberated Majdanek |
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Death March of Auschwitz |
the Germans forced most of the remaining prisoners to march to another camp before Auschwitz was liberated |
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Which country refused to give up its Jewish citzens |
Denmark |
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Churchill refers to Italy as |
soft underbelly of Europe |
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July 9, 1943 Allies |
land on Sicily where the Germans put up more of a fight than the Italians |
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June 4, 1944 |
capture Rome but fighting continues until May 2, 1945 |
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Operation Overlord |
June 6; Americans take Utah and Omaha beach, British take Gold and Sword, Canadians take Juno |
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Paris is reclaimed |
August 25, 1944 |
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Operation Market Garden |
allied troops parachute behind German lines in Holland and are easily defeated by Germans |
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Battle of the Bulge |
Germans attack allies in Ardennes forest in France and attempt to push them back to the coast December 1944 |
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April 30, 1945 |
Hitler commits suicide |
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May 2, 1945 |
Berlin taken |
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May 7, 1945 |
Germany surrenders |
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May 8, 1945 |
Victory in Europe |
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December 7, 1941 |
Pearl Harbour |
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December 8, 1941 |
Day of Infamy speech and US declares war on Japan |
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Doolittle raid |
bomber mission over Japan |
