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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
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- Overseas exploration and new territories
- Population Growth - Agricultural Revolution • Crop rotation • More land cultivated • Land enclosure - Proto-Industrialization • Cottage Industry: Master makers would get workers and provide the raw materials to make the product |
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Reasons why the British developed the Industrial Revolution before other European countries
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- good combination of natural, economic, and cultural resources
- small and secure island with control over shipping lanes across the ocean - ample supplies of coal, navigable rivers, well-developed network of canals - agriculture was awesome - enclosed lands/ field and pastures |
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Conservatism
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not absolutism
wanted to maintain legit government - monarchy and nobility are allies - strengthen structure of authority - need to strengthen cultural traditions believed that change had to be slow and managed in order to strengthen the structure of authority |
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Liberalism
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rooted in the Enlightenment, especially Locke
- Equality before the law - government based on consent of governed - Laissez-fair economics property and education mid-class ideology protect liberties; commitment to individual liberties or rights |
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Laissez-faire economics
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- Governments role was to preserve order and protect property, but not to interfere with the natural play of economic forces
- Means to leave things on their own - This is what makes liberalism different than what it is today |
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Motivations for Imperialism
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- Scientific Racism
- Rudyard Kiplin's "White Man's Burden" - Religion - National Pride |
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Most important nations in the 2nd Industrial Revolution
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Germany, United States, Britain
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Important factors for the outbreak of WWI
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- Nationalism
- Alliance system - July Crisis of 1914 - Misunderstanding of military situation |
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Bolsheviks
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followers of Lenin
demanded an end to the war and improvement in working/living conditions for workers and redistribution of aristocratic land to the peasants wanted to force/ more straight into communism |
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Mensheviks
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- supported a large working and middle class
- wanted history to play out and people choose communism - not force upon them |
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Totalitarian Government
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A form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of the government
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Fascism
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Philosophy of government that stresses the primacy and glory of the state, unquestioning obedience to its leader, subordination of the individual will to the state’s authority, and harsh suppression of dissent
Extreme Nationalism |
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Territories Hitler invaded before the outbreak of WWII
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Rhineland, Anschluss of Austria, and Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
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Truman Doctrine
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A pledge to support the resistance of “free peoples” to communism
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
An agreement that if an armed attack against any one of the NATO members would be regarded as an attack against all and bring a united military response members: Canada, US, Western Europe, later joined: Greece, Turkey, West Germany |
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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It stated that no socialist state could adopt policies endangering the interest of international socialism and that no the Soviet Union could intervene in the domestic affairs of any Soviet-bloc nation if communist rule was threatened
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Congress of Vienna
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Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the quadruple alliance
Members pledged to meet regularly and to cooperate in the suppression of any disturbances – either attempts to overthrow legitimate governments or to change international boundaries |
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Klemens von Metternich
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Austrian Diplomat that played a dominant role in the Congress of Vienna
Architect of Peace |
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Carl Marx
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Father of modern socialism
wrote the Communist Manifesto |
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Romanticism
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Limited of reason, but stress on emotion, freedom, and imagination
Admiration of nature and past Rousseau, Wordsworth, Blake, Lord Byron, Keats |
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King Louis Philippe
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- The July King
- Constitutional Monarchy - Increased voter base - Ideal liberal constitutional monarchy - Lacked popularity |
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Southern guerilla fighter in the Two Sicilies
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Scientific Racism
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- based on scientific method
- White Europeans were more advanced |
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Herbert Spencer
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- Father of Social Darwinism
- said certain races are superior |
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Margaret Sanger
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- Wanted to purify race
- gave out birth control |
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Eugenics
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superior white race/ The White race is superior/ more advanced in Darwin’s theory
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Battle of Britain
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- Luftwaffe (July 30 to October 31, 1940) bombed industries and then civilians
- Radar allowed the British to begin to detect the Germans |
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Final Solution
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- Carbon monoxide vans
- mass shootings - 1942: Treblinka and other camps turned into death camps, using zyklon B-gas - 12 million total |
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Post-War Settlement
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- Atlantic Charter of 1941
- Tehran Meeting (1943) - Yalta Conference of 1945 - Potsdam Settlement (1945) - United Nations (1945) |
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Iron Curtain
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- Soviets manipulate election in Eastern Europe
- Churchill in Fulton, MO (1946) - The Truman Doctrine (March 1947) - The Marshal Plan (1948) - Creation of East and West Germany - Berlin Airlift (July 1948-May 1949) - 1961: Berlin Wall |
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Marshal Plan
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- provided 13 billion of aid over four years – targeted to industrial redevelopment
- not exactly a relief plan, however, it encouraged the participating states to diagnose their own economic problems and develop their own solutions |
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Warsaw Pact
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- Soviets response to NATO
- It was their own military alliance among Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and East Germany |
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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General Secretary of the Communist Party
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Syllabus of Error
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Issued by Holy See under Pope Pius IX
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Rerum Novarum
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encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII about the conditions of the working class
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Alliance System
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triple Entente or Allied Powers
- Britain, France, and Russia Central Powers - Germnay, Austro-Hungary Empire, and Italy (changed sides) |
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Triple Alliance or Triple Entente
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Britain, France, and Russia
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Axis Powers
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Japan, Germany, and Italy
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany military strategy
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Total War
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- Intense moablization of all society
- Civilians bought war bonds, ect. - Women entered workforce - Industrial might feed the war - 15 million entered the war, 9 million dead |
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Treaty of Versailles
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- Germany must pay reparations
- League of Nations does not work - US congress refused to ratify treaty |
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Nationalism
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- Sense of belonging to a community that shares historical, geographic, cultural, and political tradition
- Nationalism in no way completely “triumphed” over local identities |
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League of Nations
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Founded as a result of the treaty of Versailles
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Joseph Stalin
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- Conflicts with Trotsky
- Seized control in 1924 - Purged communist Party - suppressed Lenin's Political Testament |
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Five-Year Plan
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- Forced collectivization of Agriculture
- Deported 2 million Kulaks; 100s to 1000s were killed |
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Results of the Five-Year Plan
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- Enlarged industrial class
- actually reduced productivity - 3-6 million peasants died in famine - heavy industrialization |
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Benito Mussolini
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- Formed Fascist Party in 1914; it went national in 1919
- black-shirt rampaging countryside - Victor Emanuel III asks Mussolini to be premier - church turned against him in 1930s |
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February Revolution
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- Women go on strike
- Munition workers followed/supported the women and went on strike - Soldiers were instructed to shoot at a crowed of women, children, and men but the soldiers refused and joined the side of the workers - Nicholas II abdicates (resigns) |
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October Revolution
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- Lenin returns and cracks down on the Bolsheviks
- 12,000 Red Guards launch insurrection (revolt) - Provisional Government collapses - All-Russian Congress of Soviets |
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2nd Industrial Revolution Important Factors
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- Steal
- Electricity - Chemical Industry - Internal Combustion Engine |
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2nd Industrial Revolution Characteristics
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- global
- larger incomes - expanded infrastructure - population growth - education - consumer culture |
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Nuremberg Law of 1935
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antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nurember Rally of the Nazi Party. After the takeover of power in 1933 by Hitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporating scientific racism and antisemitism. There was a rapid growth in German legislation directed at Jews.
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Operation Barbarossa
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The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR
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Potsdam Settlement
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- Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States
- Gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender |
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Iron Curtain
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coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to refer to the division of Western Europe, under American influence, from Eastern Europe, under the domination of the Soviet Union.
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Berlin Wall
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Built in 1961 by East German communists to prevent citizens from East Germany from fleeing to West Germany
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Berlin Airlift
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The supply of vital necessities to West Berlin by air transport
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COMECON
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- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
- an economic organization comprising the countries that are communist |
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Boris Yeltsin
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the first President of the Russian Federation
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Battle of Stalingrad
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major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in southwestern Russia
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Appeasement
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- attempted to accommodate and negotiate peace with the aggressive nations
- based on the belief that another global war like WWI was unimaginable - belief that Germany and it allies had been mistreated by the terms of the of the Treaty of Versailles |
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John Kay
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Flying shuttle
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Hagreaves
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Spinning Jenny
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Arkwright
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Water frame
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Compton
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Spinning Mule
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Eli Whitney
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Cotton Gin
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Coal
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- Substituted for wood
- could heat metal and produce quality iron |
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Thomas Newcome
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Steam Engine
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James Watt
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Modified Engine
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Chartism
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Document that contained 6 demands
-Universal white male suffrage -Institution of the secret ballot -Abolition of property qualifications for membership in the House of Commons -Annual parliamentary elections -Payment of salaries to member of the House of Commons -Equal electoral districts |
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Otto von Bismarck
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Minister-president of Prussia
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Franco-Prussian War
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• Prussia VS France
• No European powers came to Frances side • South Germany came to Prussia’s side • France lost and captured Napoleon III |
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Cavour
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- Victor Emanuel II, the king, brought Cavour into his government
- Became prime minister - Italian Unification |
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Trotsky
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- Dictator of Soviet Union
- Wanted communism to develop - Revolution must not be stopped |
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Stalin
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- did not want to promote the revolution
- wanted to force communism |
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Boris Yeltsin
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First President of the Russian Federation
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