History 102 Quiz 4

Front 1

Adolf Hitler

Back 1

was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party. Was dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He was the centre of Nazi Germany, World War II in Europe, and the Holocaust.

Front 2

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Back 2

was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers and allies of World War I to declare war on each other, starting World War I.

Front 3

Joseph Stalin

Back 3

was the de facto leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920’s until his death in 1953. One of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history and his regime of terror caused the death and suffering of tens of millions, but he also oversaw the war machine that played a key role in the defeat of Nazism.

Front 4

Benito Mussolini

Back 4

was an Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Key figure of Fascism.

Front 5

Tsar Nicholas II

Back 5

ruled from 1 November 1894 until his enforced abdication on 2 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse.

Front 6

Vladimar Lenin

Back 6

was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism–Leninism.

Front 7

Guiseppe Mazzini

Back 7

nicknamed The Beating Heart of Italy, was an Italian politician and activist for the unification of Italy. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy

Front 8

Otto von Bismarck

Back 8

was a conservative German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in 1890 by Emperor Wilhelm II. In 1871, after a series of short victorious wars, he unified most of the German states (excluding Austria) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. He then created a balance of power that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914.

Front 9

Great Depression

Back 9

was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. In most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century.

Front 10

New Economic Policy

Back 10

was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. It was a new, more capitalism oriented economic policy necessary after the Civil War to raise the economy of the country, which was almost ruined.

Front 11

First Five-Year Period

Back 11

was a list of economic goals, created by Joseph Stalin and based off his policy of Socialism in One Country, that was designed to strengthen the country’s economy between 1928 and 1932. Focused on making the nation militarily, industrially, and financially self-sufficient.

Front 12

Fascism

Back 12

is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Fascists seek to unify their nation through a totalitarian state that promotes the mass mobilization of the national community, relying on a vanguard party to initiate a revolution to organize the nation on fascist principles.

Front 13

Black Shirts

Back 13

were fascist paramilitary armed squads in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II.

Front 14

Weimer Republic

Back 14

is the name given by historians to the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place.

Front 15

Nazism

Back 15

is a variety of fascism that incorporates biological racism and anti-Semitism. It was the ideology of the nazi party in Germany and related movements elsewhere.

Front 16

Mein Kampf

Back 16

is a book by the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler’s political ideology. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926.

Front 17

Kristallnacht

Back 17

was a series of coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9-10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary and civilians. At least 91 Jews were killed in the attacks, and 30,000 were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps.

Front 18

Spanish Civil War

Back 18

was fought from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 between the Republicans, who were loyal to the established Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a rebel group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists prevailed, and Franco ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from 1939 until his death in 1975.

Front 19

Triple Alliance

Back 19

was the military alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power.

Front 20

Triple Entente

Back 20

was the name given to the alliance among France, Britain, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente.

Front 21

Total War

Back 21

every aspect of every nation (that was involved) for the war effort. Women replaced men in the factories. Men went to war. Children distributed propaganda.

Front 22

Trench Warfare -

Back 22

is a form of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most prominent case of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a by word for stalemate, attrition and futility in conflict.

Front 23

Schlieffen Plan

Back 23

was the German General Staff’s early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.

Front 24

Lusitania

Back 24

sunk by German U-boats, 1200 died 128 Americans (1915). Pretty much the start of World War 1

Front 25

Bolsheviks

Back 25

were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. Eventually became to communist party of the soviet union.

Front 26

Fourteen Points

Back 26

was a statement by United States President Woodrow Wilson that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.

Front 27

League of Nations

Back 27

was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

Front 28

Treaty of Versailles

Back 28

Germany admits full responsibility for the war; Germany has to pay all the war reparations; Estimated total figured Germany had to pay - $6 Trillion; League of Nations established.

Front 29

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Back 29

was an Italian general

Front 30

Camillo di Cavour

Back 30

was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. He was the founder of the original Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Front 31

Imperialism

Back 31

an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another.

Front 32

Realpolitik

Back 32

refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises.

Front 33

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Back 33

was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire

Front 34

Appeasement

Back 34

in a political context, is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to a dictatorial power in order to avoid a threatened conflict

Front 35

Axis powers

Back 35

was the alignment of nations that fought in the second world war against the allied forces

Front 36

Allied powers

Back 36

were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop wars of aggression being waged by the Western and Eastern powers associated with the Axis.

Front 37

Blitzkrieg

Back 37

is an anglicised term[1][2][Notes 1] describing a method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, and heavily backed up by close air support,[6] forces a breakthrough into the enemy's rear through a series of deep thrusts; and once in the enemy's rear, proceeds to dislocate them by utilizing speed and surprise, and then encircle them

Front 38

Winston Churchhill

Back 38

was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist

Front 39

Franklin Roosevelt

Back 39

also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.

Front 40

Harry Truman

Back 40

was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, the U.S. successfully concluded World War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.

Front 41

D-Day

Back 41

The landings commenced on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 am British Double Summer Time (GMT+2). In planning, as for most Allied operations, the term D-Day was used for the day of the actual landing, which was dependent on final approval.

Front 42

Auschwitz

Back 42

was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II

Front 43

The battle of Britain

Back 43

literally "Air battle for England") is the name given to the Second World War air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940. The objective of the campaign was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF), especially Fighter Command.

Front 44

Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

Back 44

named after the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the Nazi German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, officially the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,[1] and also known as the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact or Nazi–Soviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939.

Front 45

Holocaust

Back 45

was the mass murder or genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout German-occupied territory.

Front 46

Tehran conference

Back 46

was a strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943. It was held in the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran and was the first of the World War II conferences held between all of the "Big Three" Allied leaders (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom).

Front 47

Potsdam conference

Back 47

was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. (In some older documents it is also referred to as the Berlin Conference of the Three Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and UK [2][3]) Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The three powers were represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill,[4] and, later, Clement Attlee,[5] and President Harry S. Truman.

Front 48

Yalta conference

Back 48

held February 4–11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization

Front 49

De-colonization

Back 49

is the undoing of colonialism, the unequal relation of polities whereby one people or nation establishes and maintains dependent Territory (courial governments) over another.

Front 50

The cold war

Back 50

was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact.

Front 51

Warsaw pact

Back 51

more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.

Front 52

Truman doctrine

Back 52

was an international relations policy set forth by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech[1] on March 12, 1947, which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere.[2] Historians often consider it as the start of the Cold War, and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

Front 53

NATO

Back 53

is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

Front 54

Marshall Plan

Back 54

was the American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism

Front 55

Iron curtain

Back 55

symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its dependent and central European allies off from open contact with the west and non-communist areas.

Front 56

Collectivization

Back 56

enforced under stalin in the soviet union between 1928 and 1940. The goal of this policy was to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms.