History 101-Western Civilization-Midterm

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Neolithic

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Pertaining to the last phase of the stone age, marked by the domestication of animals, development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles.

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Levantine Corridor/Fertile Crescent

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Place where food production and settled communities first appeared in southeast Asia (the middle east). Was an ark of land, that stretched from the Jordan River to the Euphrates River.

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Akkad

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One of the ancient kingdoms of Mesopotamia, the northern division of Babylonia.

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Battle-Ax Culture / Corded Culture

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A late Neolithic to Copper Age culture of northern Europe, their pottery bearing the imprint of cord. Battle Axes = Burial accouterments.

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Battle Of Kadesh

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The battle between Egyptian and Hittite armies in Syria in 1274 B.C.E that set territory limits of each culture.

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Cuneiform

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A type of writing where wedge shaped symbols are pressed into clay tablets to indicate words, originated in ancient Sumer.

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Hammurabi

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18th century b.c. or earlier, king of Babylonia.

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Old Kingdom(s)

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The period in history in of ancient Egypt, 2780-2280 B.C., 3rd to 6th dynasties, characterized by predominance of Memphis.

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Middle Kingdom

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Ancient Egypt from 2000-1785 B.C., 11th-14th dynasties, it was called the Chinese Empire.

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New Kingdom

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Ancient Egypt, 1580-1085 B.C., predominance of Thebes.

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Minoan Crete

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Bronze Age people living in Crete. Created the first known civilization in Europe.

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Persia

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Persian Empire, ancient empire located in west and southwest Asia. Height of empire extended from Egypt to India, conquered by Alexander The Great.

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Polis

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An ancient Greek city-state

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Helots

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A member of the lowest class in ancient Loconia, were bound to the land and owned by the state.

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Cleisthenes

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Athenian statesman, reformed the constitution of Athens and set it to a democratic footing.

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Salamis

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An island off the southeast coast of Geece, west of Athens. In the Gulf Of Aegira. Greeks defeated Persians in a naval battle near here.

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Cyrus The Great

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The king of Persia, founder of the Persian empire. "Respected the customs and religious of the lands he conquered."

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Babylonian Exile / Captivity

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The period of the exile of the Jews (Hebrews) in Babylonia. Occurred in 597-538 B.C.

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Mystery Cults

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Religious cults of the Greco-Roman wrold.

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Socrates

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Athenian philosopher, student of Plato. "The unexamined life is not worth living"

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Paleolithic Age

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Old Stone Age, prehistoric era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools.

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Sargon

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An Akkadian Emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city states in the 24th and 23rd centuries B.C.

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Osiris

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One of the oldest gods for whom records have been found, worshiped by Egyptians.

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Canaan

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-Biblical name of Palestine-Son of Noah

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Phoenicians

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The first state-level society to make extensive use of the alphabet, ancestor to all modern alphabets.

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Babylonia

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A civilization in lower Mesopotamia, located in what is now central and southern Iraq.

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Pharaoh

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The title of an Egyptian king.

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Hittites

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An ancient Anatolian people, used cuneiform letters.

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Homer

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9th-century B.C., Greek epic poet: author of the Illiad and Oyssey.

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Hesiod

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8th century B.C., Greek poet: Wrote the poem "Works And Days" and "The Ogony"

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Sparta

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A city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the river Eurotas. Famous for strict discipline and training of soldiers.

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Solon

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An Athenian statesman, lawmaker and poet. Remembered for efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaid Athens.

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Marathon

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A plain in southeast Greece, in Attica: the Athenians defeated the Persians here 490 B.C.

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Pericles

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An Athenian statesman, promoted arts and literature. Turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire.

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Hebrew Prophets

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Prophets that were central to the Hebrew religion: Isaiah andJeremiah

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Anaximander

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Greek astronomer and philosopher, and early proponent of science. Interest in the origins if nature, claiming that nature is ruled by laws just like human society.

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Subjectivism

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The doctrine that all knowledge is limited to experiences by the self, transient knowledge is impossible.

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Hippocrates

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Outstanding figure in the field medicine, revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece.

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Peloponnesian War

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A war between Athens and Sparta, 431 - 404 B.C., that resulted in the transfer of leadership in Greece from Athens to Sparta.

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Protagoras

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Greek sophists / philosopher, involved with the question to whether virtue could be taught.

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Issus

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An ancient town in Asia Minor, in Cilicia: Victory of Alexander The Great over Darius in the 3rd B.C.

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Maccabees

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A Jewish rebel army who liberated Judea from the rule of the Seleucid empire. The founded the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled from 164 BCE to 63 BCE.

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher: pupil of Plato; tutor of Alexander The Great. His views of the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship.

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Macedon

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Ancient kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, in South Europe: now a region in North Greece, Southwest Bukgaria, and the Rupublic Of Maccedonia.

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Ptolemaic Kingdom

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In and around Egypt, formed following (after) Alexander The Great's conquest in 332 B.C. and ended with the death of Cleopatra 7.Pertaining to the dynastic house of the Ptolemies or the period of their rule in Egypt.

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Stoicism

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A systematic philosophy, dating from around 300 B.C., that held the principles of logical thought to reflect a cosmic reason in instantiated in nature.

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First Triumvirate

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The political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.

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Plebeians

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The common people in ancient Roman society.

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Carthage

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An ancient city in north Africa, founded by the phoenicians in the middle of the 9th century b.c.

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Scipio The Elder

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A roman general who defeated Hannibal.

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Cicero

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Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.

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Catullus (Gaius Valerius Catullus)

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Was a Roman poet of the 1st century B.C. He invented the "angry love poem."

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Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla)

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A Roman general and politician, during 138 B.C. - 78 B.C., was a gifted and effective general.

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Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar)

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Was a Roman military and political leader, was from Jult 13th, 100 B.C. -to- March 15, 44 B.C.

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Sumel

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Was a civilization and historical region in southern Iraq/ Mesopotamia. It is the earliest known civilization in the world and is known as the Cradle Of Civilization

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Gilgamesh

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Was the son of Lugalbanda. Became the central character in the "Epic Of Gilgamesh". The protagonist Gilgamesh is described in the beginning of the poem as two parts god and one part man.

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Ra

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Is the ancient Egyptian Sun god. By the fifth dynasty he became a major deity in the ancient Egyptian religion.

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Hyllsos

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Were an asiatie people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta. In the 12th dynasty of Egypt initiating the Second intermediate period of ancient Egypt.

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Troy

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Name of the archiological site, durllish. Hub of trade and culture during ancient times.

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Assyria

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A civilization centered on the upper tigris river, in mesopotamia, that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history. It was named for its original capital assur.

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Hieroglyphs

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Was a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that contained a number of logo-graphic and alphabetic elements

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Hebrews

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Are an ancient people defined as descendants of the prophet Eber, son of Shalah. Patriarch named Abraham. Ancestors of the Israelites who used the Hebrew language.

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MyCenaen

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Is a cultural period of ancient Greece, taking it's name from the archaeological site of mycenae. It is the historical setting of much ancient Greek literature and myth.

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Zoroastriansim

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Is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to an individual named Zoraster. States that "The creator" Ahura Mazda is all good and no evil (in the world) originates from him.

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Hoplite

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Was a citizen-soldier of the ancient Greek City-States. Primarily armed as spear-men and fought in a rectangular formation.

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Athens

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Was a powerful city state. A center for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's academy and Aristotle's Lyceum.

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Rationalism

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Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. Socrates firmly believed in rational thought.

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Xerxes

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Was a Zoroastrician Persian Emperor of the Achaemenid Empire. Son Of Darius The Great. Darius left his son the task of punishing the Athenians.

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Darius The Great

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Was a Zoroastrician Persian king. Reigned from Sept 522 to Oct 486. Managed not only to hold the empire together, but also extended the empire founded by Cyrus The Great.

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Thales Of Miletus

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Was a pre-socratic greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor. Regarded as the first philospher in the greek tradition.

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Sophists

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In ancient Greece these people were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric.

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Thucydides

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Was a greek historian and author of the "history of the Peloponnesian war" which recounts the 5th century war between Sparta and Athens.

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Aeschylus

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Was an ancient Greek playwright, often recognized as the "Father Of Tradgedy" and is the earliest of the three Greek tragedians whos plays have survived, the others being Sophocles and Euripicles

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Heradotus

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Was a greek historian who lived in the 5th century B.C. and is regarded as the "Father Of History" in Western culture.

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King Philip Of Macedon

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Was an Ancient greek king of Mecedon from 359B.C. until his assasination in 336B.C. He was the Father Of Alexander The Great and Phillip The 3rd.

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Celts

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European people who spoke a Celtic language. A diverse group of tribal societies in Iron-Age Europe.

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Plato

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Was a classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, and writer. founder of the academy in Athens. The first institution for higher learning in the western world.

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Dualism

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denotes a state of two parts. Most religious systems have some form of moral dualism, a conflict between good and bad.

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Seleucid Kingdom

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Was a Hellenistic empire, a successor state of Alexander the Greats empire. from 312 to 631 B.C.

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Epicureanism

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A system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus. Epicurus was a atomic materialist.

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Patricians

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Originally refers to a group of elite citizens in ancient Rome, including both their natural and adopted members.

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Rome

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Spans over 2.5 thousand years, one of the most powerful cities of western civilization.

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Hannibal

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Was a Carthaginian military commander and tactician who is popularly credited as one of the most talented commanders in history.

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Macedonian Wars

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Were a series of conflicts fought by Rome during the Second Punic War. They resulted in Roman control or influence over entire meditarian basin.

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Titus Lucretius Carus

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Was a roman poet and philosopher. Only known work is titled Epicureanism.

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Tiberius Gracchi and Gaius Gracchi

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These brothers attempted to pass land reform legislation in ancient Rome that would distribute major patrician landholdings among the plebeians (commoners)

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Marcus Licinus Crassus

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A roman general and politician, who commanded victories at Colline gate. Was in a secret pact with Magnus and Caesar.

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Hellenistic Age

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decribes the era which followed the conquests of Alexander The Great. During this time greek culture and power was at its peak in Asia and Europe.

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Parthenan

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Is a temple of the greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector.

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Battle Of Gaugamela

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The battle between Alexander the great of Macedonia and Darius the 3rd of Persia. resulted in a massive victory for Macedonians and led to the fall of the Persian Empire.

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Etruscans

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Those people who inhabited ancient Italy and Corsica before the Romans.

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Metaphysics

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Investigates principals of reality transcending those of any particular science. Cosmology and Ontology are traditional branches of this.

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Alexander The Great

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Anceint greek of Macedon who dominated the known world and created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Walked until his soldiers said they wanted to go home.

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Antigonid Kingdom

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Was a dynasty of hellenistic kings descended from Alexander The Greats general named Antigonus Monophthalmus.

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Euclid

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Was a greek mathematician and is often referred to as the "Father Of geometry" Lived around 300 B.C.

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Consuls

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Highest civil and milotary magistrates, serving as the heads of government for the Republic. Elected every year, there were two.

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Punic Wars

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Were a series of three (3) wars fought betwenn rome and Carthage. Largest wars yet of the ancient world, Rome navy was victorious.

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Battle Of Zarma

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Marked the final and decisive end of the second punic war. The Carthaginian forces sued for peace.

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Latifundia

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Are pieces of property covering tremendous areas. In Ancient Rome. They were great landed estates specializing in agriculture.

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Pompey (Person, not place)

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Was a military leader of the late roman republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background.

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Brutus

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Best known for taking a leading role in the assassination conspiracy against Julius Caesar. Politician and friend of Caesar.