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30 Cards in this Set
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Second Punic War. |
218-202 bc Between Rome and Carthage. The military leader Hannibal of Carthage (247-183 BC) took his army through Spain and invaded Italy from the north. He led his army across the alps with elephants (but many of the elephants died :-( ) He wins a succession of battles, including the Battle of Canae in 216 BC. Hannibal stayed in the south of Italy for much of the war, where there were sympathetic Greeks. The Romans became successful in Spain, and the war ends at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC where Hannibal lost |
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Marius |
157-86 BC was a popularis who held the title of consul for five years and acted as a virtual dictator by creating issues that would keep him in office. From 107-100 BC he quelled the rebellion in Numidia, which was a client state of Rome, and fought Germanic peoples that were threatening security at the borders. He got rid of the property requirement to join the army because many men in Rome were landless. |
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Optimates. |
A political party in ancient Rome that opposed reform and wanted to keep the senate in power. They relied on patron-client relationships. |
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Second Triumvirate |
An alliance between Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian after the death of Julius Caesar. Their goals were to defeat the assassins of Julius Caesar and govern Rome. Rome was divided into three parts under them. Lepidus ruled North Africa, Octavian ruled most of Western Europe, and Antony ruled the Eastern part of the empire, including Greece, but spent a lot of time in Egypt. |
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Principate |
The official title of Augustus’ form of government, taken from Princeps Civitatis, meaning first citizen. It was meant to take on the appearance of a republic, but act as a monarchy in practice. |
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Sadducees |
The aristocratic priesthood in Judaism that were in charge of the temple and upheld the Torah and rituals. |
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Zealots |
Group of revolutionary Jews that wanted the expulsion of Romans from Judah and to recreate the kingdom of David. |
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Paul of Tarsus |
c. 5-67 AD A pharisee in the Roman territory of Asia Minor who originally persecuted Christians. When he was on the road to Damascus, he saw a blinding light and an angel spoke to him. He converted to Christianity and began writing letters (known as the Letters of Paul) addressed to the Christian communities about issues. He traveled throughout the Roman empire to spread the word of Christ. He focused on Jesus as a divine figure. He preached to gentiles, said that Christians didn’t have to follow Jewish law, and allowed Christianity to spread and become an independent religion. He died in the first persecution of Christians by emperor Nero. |
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Council of Nicea |
A church council in 325 held in Greece, where Constantine presides over. They met to discuss the nature of Jesus and whether or not he was divine or human. An Egyptian man named Arius said that Jesus was not as divine as God, but that was branded as heresy. The council agreed that God and Jesus were equally divine. |
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Diocletian |
Roman emperor from 284-305 AD. He split the empire into two parts because it had gotten so big for one person to rule. There was an empire in the west, ruled from Rome, and an empire in the east, ruled from Constantinople. In each half there would be one Augusti, the ruler with overall charge, and one caesar, a junior ruler/successor to the Augusti. Since there were four rulers in total between the two halves of the empire, this became a tetrarchy. |
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Justinian |
The emperor of the eastern empire from 527-565 AD. He led a campaign to reclaim the western territory of Rome after it fell to the Germanic tribes. He succeeded in recapturing most of Italy, the Balkans, and North Africa with his general Belisarius, and established a capital in Ravenna. However, it didn’t last and eventually the Eastern empire lost the territory. He was also married to Theodora, a former entertainer, and he completed the great domed church Hagia Sophia in 537. |
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Five Pillars of Islam |
The five basic rules of Islam that allowed Islam to spread because of its simplicity. 1. Allah is the one God, Mohammed was His last prophet. 2. Prayer five times a day in the direction of Mecca. 3. Charity. 4. Fasting on Ramadan. 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca. |
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Wergeld |
Law of Frankish clans that dictated that when one clan injured another, they had to compensate, usually in a monetary fashion. |
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Pippin III |
The first Carolingian king that ruled from 751-768. The pope made him king because the Carolingians helped to defend the Papal states from the Lombards in 751. He was also the father of Charlemagne. |
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Treaty of Verdun |
843 ad Louis the Pious had three sons, Lothair (r. 840-855), Charles the Bald (r. 843-877), and Louis the German (r. 843-876). Louis the Pious had split the kingdom of his father, Charlemagne, into three parts to be divided between his sons due to Salian Law. There was a three way civil war between the sons that ended in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 that divided the Carolingian empire into three parts. |
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Vassals |
A warrior who swore loyalty and military service to a noble in exchange for land known as a fief in the feudal system. |
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Manorialism |
A system where the owner of a fief, known as the Lord of the Manor, would offer people, known as serfs, protection in exchange that the serfs work the land. The serfs were not property, but were bound to the land. Serfs also had to pay 10% of whatever they produced to their lord, and another 10% to the church, and also had to work the Lord’s Demesne, a strip of land where everything produced on it goes to the Lord. |
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Lay investiture |
Lay person has authority who is giving symbol of authority to churchmen. Before receiving religious consecration and being invested with the staff and ring symbolic of their offices, bishops and abbots had to perform feudal homage for the lands that accompanied the church in office. |
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Urban II |
Pope from 1088-1099, gave a speech at Clermont in 1095 to encourage people to go on the crusades in a great holy war against the infidels. He offered indulgences (grants that lessened earthly penance and postmortem purgatory) to those who would fight for and regain the holy city of Jerusalem. |
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Third Crusade |
1189-1192. At the battle of Hattin, Saladin took Jerusalem. Three kings of western Europe go on crusade to reclaim the city. Richard the I of England (r. 1189-1199), Philip II Augustus of France (r. 1180-1223), and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany (r. 1152-1190). Frederick Barbarossa drowns and dies before they even reach the holy lands. Philip II gets sick and goes home. Richard I and Saladin eventually reach a settlement. Jerusalem will remain under the control of the Muslims, but Christian pilgrims will have full access to the city, and Tripoli and Antioch remain Christian kingdoms. |
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Latin Empire of Constantinople |
1204-1261. Crusaders captured Constantinople and set up the empire, ruled by Latin Christians. It is later recaptured by Byzantine. |
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William of Normandy |
Also known as William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, he ruled from 1066 to 1087 AD. He was a claimant to the English throne through blood heritage to Emma of Normandy, former queen consort of England and mother of Edward the Confessor. In the 1050’s, Harold Godwinson, another claimant of the English throne, was held captive in France and was rescued by William. According to the Normans, Harold swore allegiance to William. At the end of 1066, William I was crowned king of England. In 1087, he took a major survey of the kingdom divided by shires, known as the Domesday Book. |
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Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy |
From 1305 to 1377, the pope resided in Avignon in France because Rome was unsafe, starting with Pope Clement V. A papal palace was built. This brought the pope under the influence of the French. |
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Great Schism of the Papacy |
Rival claims to the office of Pope in the late 1300s and early 1400s. Pope Urban VI (r. 1378-1389), who resided in Rome, was very unpopular, so people made Clement VII the new pope (r. 1378-1394) and he resided in Avignon. This meant that there were two popes. At the council of Pisa in 1409, both the popes of Rome and Avignon were told to resign and a new pope would be decided, but they refused. Eventually, the popes resign and Martin V (r. 1417-1431) was declared the only pope. |
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Edward III of England |
r. 1327-1377. King of England, but tried to claim the throne of France through his mother, Isabella. This begins the 100 years war as England tries to claim the French throne. |
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Lorenzo Valla |
1407-1437. Main focus was philology (study of languages like Latin, Italian, and Greek). He studied the Donation of Constantine, which was territory donated by Constantine to the pope. He discovered that the legal document justifying papal rule over property was fake. |
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Christian humanism |
Ideology of Northern Europe that criticized the extravagance of the church and wanted to reform it. |
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Sola scriptura |
Scripture alone. Only scripture as an authority instead of tradition or what the pope says. Idea of Martin Luther. |
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John Calvin |
1509-1564. Magisterial reformer that used logic to write the Institutes of the Christian Reformation (1536). He supported the idea of predestination, that it has already been decided if one will be one of the few the Elect (go to heaven) or of the many Damned (go to hell). His ideas gave rise to the Presbyterians, Huguenots, and Puritans. |
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Consubstantiation |
Idea of Martin Luther that believed that in the Eucharist, the bread and wine is both actually bread and wine and also the body and blood of Christ at the same time, through faith. Is opposed to the Catholic doctrine that during Eucharist, the bread and wine becomes the body and blood of Christ after being blessed by the priest (known as transubstantiation). |
