History 1001 Test 1

Front 1

Hominids

Back 1

Humans and relatives of humans closer than chimpanzees. The split between humans and living apes used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago. Most found in East Africa. Share number of important traits that help to link humans and apes in evolution.

Front 2

Homo sapiens

Back 2

Human species as we know it. 200,000 years ago. Most early fossils appear in Africa. Important because mankind as we know it would not exist without the arrival of these.

Front 3

Venus figurines*

Back 3

Upper Paleolithic statuette with exaggerated features. Have been found in Europe and Eurasia. 22,000 - 28,000 years ago. Among the oldest ceramics known. Could be depictions of actual women, (2) they might be ideal representations of female beauty, (3) they could represent fertility symbols, (4) they might have religious significance.

Front 4

cave paintings*

Back 4

40,000 years ago. Found in Indonesia, France, Romania. Found on cave walls and ceilings. European Hunter gatherers. May have been a way of communicating with others, while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. Similar around the world, with animals being common subjects . Humans mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils

Front 5

Jericho*

Back 5

City near the Jordan river that runs near Jerusalem. May be the oldest know city. 10,000 BCE. Hunter gatherer groups. Transition from nomadic to hunter gatherer settlements. Leads to codes of acceptable behavior, concept of property, introduced division among people.

Front 6

Catal Huyuk*

Back 6

Neolithic proto city settlement, 7500 BC, largest and best preserved Neolithic site, Anatolia,Turkey. Food is produced by agriculture, with the cultivation of wheat and peas. Led to development of new tools, technologies, techniques.

Front 7

Indo Europeans

Back 7

Many languages, have shared root words and grammatical structures, descend from mother tongue called proto indo European. This language was spoken in Caspian area of Eurasia, In the lands above the black sea. between 4500 and 2200 BCE. Peoples had pastoral economy, began to place themselves under chiefs and ride horses. Later migrated to fertile crescent. Because of wheeled carts/ horses could penetrate and influence developing lands.

Front 8

Mesopotamia*

Back 8

Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Africa. 3100 BC. City states. Uruk, Sumerians, various empires. Emergence of cities - 10,000 - 7,000 BCE. Emergence of first societies as we know them.

Front 9

Sumer*

Back 9

5,500 - 4,000 BCE, settled by non sematic people. Modern day Iraq. South Mesopotamia. At Mercy of Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Began irrigation.

Front 10

cuneiform

Back 10

Wedge shaped characters used in ancient writing of Mesopotamia, Persia. Earliest known writing system. Its origins can be traced back to about 8,000 BC and it developed from the pictographs and other symbols used to represent trade goods and livestock on clay tablets. From entirely oral to partially written.

Front 11

Enkidu*

Back 11

Male character in Epic of Gilgamesh sent from the gods to balance the power of Gilgamesh (counterpart) Made from Clay and saliva. Story written in 2700 BC in Sumerian cuneiform. Modern day Iraq. One of the oldest written stories known.

Front 12

Marduk and Tiamat*

Back 12

Before the world as we know it was created, said the Babylonians, there was only Tiamat, the dragon goddess of salt waters. Marduk would fight Taimat if the rest of the gods would make him the head god forever. 2nd millennium BCE. Marduk had to get approval of council of gods before fighting tiamat. similar to governing used by Babylon

Front 13

polytheism?

Back 13

Belief or worship of more than one god. Most Mesopotamian civilizations were polytheistic. Wanted to know about nature of human existence and gods, where. how humans live, how to appease great forces that animate the world. (an, enlil, enki, ninhursag) create world (sky, air, water, earth) have lesser gods as kids.

Front 14

Akkadians

Back 14

Akkad gradually conquered the area between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers around 2300 BC. The Akkadians spoke a Semitic language. One of first great empires.

Front 15

Sargon*

Back 15

Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great "the Great King." Famous for conquest of Sumerian city-states in the 23rd and 22nd centuries BC. One of first to have multiethnic empire with central gov. Helped to spread Sumerian ideas/ inventions.

Front 16

Enheduanna*

Back 16

2285–2250 BCE. Akkadian, translates to high priest or priestess. She was the first known holder of the title, a role of great political importance that was often held by royal daughters. Appointed by father Sargon. Many literary works, hymns.

Front 17

Ur-Nammu*

Back 17

2047-2030 BC. founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia. main achievement was ziggurat building, and Ur-Nammu is chiefly remembered today for his legal code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known surviving example in the world. Punishments in form of payments, not corporal punishment, even if serious.

Front 18

Babylonians

Back 18

Ancient Akkadian-speaking Semitic state and cultural region based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). 18th century BC.

Front 19

Hammurabi*

Back 19

6th Babylonian King, (1790 -1750 BC) Hammurabi's code. Seen as divine. Capital punishment. Guilty sink, innocent can swim to shore. Helps us to see class distinctions.

Front 20

ziggurat*

Back 20

In ancient Mesopotamia - a rectangular stepped tower. Ziggurats appear 2100 BC . One practical function of the ziggurats was a high place on which the priests could escape rising water. Secure, guards could keep spies away from watching priest rituals. Home of gods. Temple complex included many things, around this city was built. Value of religion.

Front 21

Assyrians

Back 21

Citizens of Assyria. A major Mesopotamian East Semitic kingdom, and empire, existing as an independent state for a period of approximately nineteen centuries from c. 2500 BC to 605 BC. Geo-political entity, for the most part ruled by foreign powers. Had iron weapons. Sent conquered people to far corners of land to stop rebellion.

Front 22

Nile

Back 22

River in Africa significant in many early cultures, including ancient Egypt and continues to be important today. Because rainfall is so little, Nile is needed to sustain life.

Front 23

Narmer*

Back 23

Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period. 34th and the 30th centuries BCE. some consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty. Palette of Narmer. Godlike. Palette depicted features of history culture and art that would stay for 3,000 years.

Front 24

nomes*

Back 24

Subnational administrative division of ancient Egypt. Can date back to Predynastic Period (before 3100 BC) These provincial capitals were also religious and economic centers serving the surrounding countryside, where the vast majority of Egyptians lived in small villages. Many had more than local importance, with the state investing in their development, above all by building temples. Some had strategic importance as fortresses defending a frontier or as staging points for invasions of foreign countries.

Front 25

Old Kingdom*

Back 25

(2647 - 2124 BCE) Ancient Egypt. Rulers were extremely powerful, regarded as gods. Construction of pyramids to help to receive body in other world, mummification of royals. Pyramids may have weakened dynasty by empowering nobles. If king couldn't control Nile irrigation and agriculture, famine and revolt would follow.

Front 26

pyramids

Back 26

2700 BC -1700 BC.

Front 27

hieroglyphs*

Back 27

Formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements, mixed pictographs and phonograms. Began in 3100 BC. Used hieroglyphs to write down prayers, magical texts, and texts related to life after death and worshiping the gods. When preparing their tombs, many people had autobiographies and hieroglyphic guides of the afterworld written on the surfaces of tomb walls and on the insides of coffins.

Front 28

Rosetta stone**

Back 28

Written in 196 BC. Discovered in 1700s. Issued on behalf of king of Egypt at the time. Contains an inscription written in three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek) Allowed historians to crack hieroglyphic code. Were able to realize writing in Egypt had been essential tool in preserving and promoting power and tradition in dynastic, religious and economic matters.

Front 29

Osiris and Isis*

Back 29

Elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt. Brother Set murders him. Wife (Isis) restores body, have child name Horus. He returns order. 24th century BCE. Osiris had pure life, now sits on seat of judgment, meets Egyptians in afterlife - belief begins in middle kingdom era.

Front 30

Book of the dead*

Back 30

Ancient Egyptian funerary text. Used 1550 BCE - 50 BCE. Collection of religious/ magic texts to help progression of afterlife.

Front 31

Ma'at*

Back 31

Ancient Egyptian concept of (justice, truth, widom, harmony) that would insure peace and prosperity. Personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment of creation. 2375 BCE.

Front 32

Middle kingdom*

Back 32

(2040 - 1648 BCE) Period of Egypt. Change of ruling families. Ra, their chief god was now joined by Amon. During this time many came to believe all could pass through to afterlife, not just rulers. Osiris.

Front 33

hyskos*

Back 33

1730 BCE. Semetic people. Possessed superior bows, horses, chariots, invaded Egypt, the weak middle kingdom. Conformed to Egyptian traditions. Helped later leaders develop new technology, armies.

Front 34

Hapshepsut*

Back 34

(1472 -1458 BCE) Ruled in her own name. "King of Egypt and daughter of Ra" Showed acceptance of women. Women had right to property, educated, worked alongside husbands.

Front 35

Akhenaton*

Back 35

Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. 1336 BC. Remembered for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten (god of the sun) which is sometimes described as monotheistic.

Front 36

Minoans*

Back 36

Near Crete. Conducted sea trade, precious jewels. Made art. Developed linear A (not deciphered) Built great palace complexes, center of business and store goods. 2700 to 1450 BC

Front 37

Knossos

Back 37

Major city of Crete. Important to the Minoans. Contained a palace. 1500.

Front 38

Phoenicians**

Back 38

Canaanite people. inhabited Lebanon. Became chief maritime traders on the Mediterranean. Adapted writing system consisting of a semetic alphabet of 22 characters, each represented a consonantal sounds. originally pictographs. 1550 BC to 300 BC.

Front 39

Israel

Back 39

Around time of king David (1000 BCE) Revolted against Soloman's son. Divided Hebrews. Central gov. More prosperous, always under commercial influence of Phoenicians.

Front 40

Judah

Back 40

divided Hebrews. monotheistic. importance of temple.

Front 41

covenant

Back 41

pact with god. Used by Hebrews abandoned polytheism and made this pact. commitment prevent their complete absorption by any empire and loss of identity as a people.

Front 42

Torah

Back 42

Part of Hebrew bible. 5 books (genesis, exodus, Leviticus, numbers, Deuteronomy) Scriptures composed over many centuries. record sacred history of a people. most detailed primary source we have of one peoples experience of ancient near eastern history. influences other religions. helps spread religion and make it last.

Front 43

Genisis

Back 43

mt Sinai 1300 - dates go from there. Book of the Torah. Creation story.

Front 44

Noah

Back 44

flood

Front 45

Abraham

Back 45

God stuck covenant with Abraham and Hebrews, promising them that after four centuries of suffering they would receive the promised land.

Front 46

Moses

Back 46

Leads Hebrews out of Egypt. Receives Gods law on Mt Sinai. Burning bush. Commandments make Hebrew code, legal and moral.

Front 47

passover

Back 47

Commemoration of their liberation over 3,300 years ago by God from slavery in ancient Egypt that was ruled by the Pharaohs, and their freedom as a nation under the leadership of Moses.

Front 48

Exodus

Back 48

Book in Torah where Moses leads Hebrews out of Egypt.

Front 49

judges

Back 49

A ruler or a military leader, as well as someone who presided over legal hearings. Following the conquest of Canaan by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel (ca. 1150–1025 BC. Israelites had no gov. so in times of crisis led by judges.

Front 50

Deborah

Back 50

Prophet of the God of the Israelites. significant because it is one of the oldest passages that portrays fighting women. only female judge mentioned in the Bible, Deborah led a successful counterattack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander.

Front 51

Saul

Back 51

First king of a united Kingdom of Israel and Judah. He was anointed by the prophet Samuel. (1047 - 1007 BCE) Not divine, but had divine approval. Killed himself after a defeat.

Front 52

David

Back 52

King (1000 - 970 BCE) committed adultery with bathseba and secured the death of her husband. however did capture Jerusalem and make it the capital. regained ark of covenant and put it in capital. expanded territy but pressed Hebrews for taxes and building

Front 53

Soloman

Back 53

David's son. King (968 BCE) could be brutal but bible shows him as wise man and building. temple. made 12 administrative units within Israel. heavy taxes, military service.

Front 54

temple

Back 54

First Temple was built in 957 BCE[1] by King Solomon

Front 55

Chaldeans*

Back 55

After the fall of Assyrian power in Mesopotamia, the last great group of Semitic peoples dominated the area. Conquest of southern Kingdom ca. 586 BCE. Destroyed Soloman's temple "New Babylonians," or Chaldeans forced a large part of the Jewish population to relocate.

Front 56

endogamy

Back 56

Custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe. Important is Israelite society.

Front 57

prophets

Back 57

ca. 750. Warn Hebrew people of deviation from covenant. Warn of divine punishment.

Front 58

Babylonian captivity

Back 58

Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar (605 BCE) crushed Assyrians. Hebrews saw opportunity to revolt. king violated temple, stripped it of religious artifacts. transported high status Hebrews back to Babylon to be captives. happened again. Prophet told Hebrews to wait for messiah.

Front 59

Assyrians (again)*

Back 59

semitic speaking Mesopotamian peole who devoted themselves to war. gods Ishtar and assur. introduced standing armies, improved weapons made of iron, mounted soldiers. 8th century BCE conquered, and began to harass Hebrew kingdoms. killed them or drove them to exile.

Front 60

Second temple

Back 60

Second Temple was an important Jewish Holy Temple. Stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. It replaced the First Temple which was destroyed in 586 BCE, when the Jews of the Kingdom of Judah went to exile

Front 61

Esther*

Back 61

Book of Esther. Written in 470 B.C. in Persia King Ahasuerus (Xerxes)(Persian) Looks for new queen, chooses Esther (Jewish) Mordecai (Esther’s guardian) refused to bow down and pay homage to Haman a high official of the king. Haman becomes infuriated and plots to destroy all the Jews in the kingdom because of his pride. Mordecai hears of the plot and reports it to his Esther. Esther outwits Haman and takes her petition to the king and pleas for the protection of her Jewish people from Haman. Saves people.

Front 62

Homer*

Back 62

Uncertain as to who he actually was. Attributed for writing the Iliad. 762 BC. Tells of various events regarding the Trojan war. Also wrote Odyssey.

Front 63

Iliad*

Back 63

Tells of various events regarding Trojan war. 762 BC. Established literary standards and conventions. Archetype. Provides vast amount of info regarding Greek values and culture during a "dark age" in Greece.

Front 64

Trojan war

Back 64

1200 BC. Troy (city) situated on Aegean sea. attacked many times by Mycenaean Greeks . eventually the Greeks destroyed their city. The Mycenaean's had sophisticated war tactics, in terms of strategy and armor. However legend says Trojans prevailed because of deceit of Trojan horse. Glorified by Homer.

Front 65

arête

Back 65

Greek word for individual excellence. brought on by Olympic games, 776 BCE. Concept underlined commitment to aristocratic honor of brave heroes who were expected to demonstrate excellence in all aspects of their lives: in battle, facing gods, in treatment of family, etc.

Front 66

Achilles

Back 66

Achilles is the main character in the Iliad and his withdrawal from the fighting, is crucial to the plot. King Agemenon takes his war prize, so he stops fighting. but still doesn't fight even when king offers her back. Excessive pride as character flaw.

Front 67

Hesoid

Back 67

Lived in late 8th century BCE. wrote theogony - account of origins of world of greek gods, works and days (concerns farming, lavor, seasons) is also a moral poem, pleads for justice in a wicked time. helps us to understand inequalities/ injustices that had been building. social tensions.

Front 68

Theogony

Back 68

8th century. Hesiod's story of creation of the world of the gods. Greeks were interested in understanding their existence. They attempt to make sense of all the disorder around them, to put order where there was none, and by doing so, justified the way the gods treated them

Front 69

Pandora*

Back 69

8th century BCE. Theogany - Zeus punishing mankind by inflicting woman. Prometheus tricked Zeus, Zeus took away fire, P took it back. To punish them, crafted woman. Zeus gave Pandora's box to P's brother, who wasn't supposed to accept it but did, opened it.

Front 70

Oracle at Delphi*

Back 70

8th century BCE. Mount Parnassus. Greeks believed Apollo communicated through priestesses there. Offered divine approval for decisions already reached. Physical and spiritual place.

Front 71

Polis

Back 71

Polis = city state (plural of polis) = poleis. Archaic period (800 - 480 BCE) Greece. Mountains, cant control all of territory. Urban center, dominates rural areas.

Front 72

Tyranny*

Back 72

Rose in 7th and 6th century BCE. Radical/ successful repair. Not necessarily bad, just autocrats who seized power by force. thought of selves as kings. Appeared when competition between aristocratic families occurred. Offered things. Maintained support by distributing wealth, sponsoring religious festivals, promoting commerce. Didn't engage in foreign wars. Actually helped social reform.

Front 73

Sparta

Back 73

5th century BCE. City state of Greece. Enslaved Helots when it conquered messina. Militarized society.

Front 74

Lycurgus

Back 74

5th century BCE. Emerged after conquering Messina. Constitution of Sparta. set of working principles. this code of life militarized Spartan society.

Front 75

Helots

Back 75

Enslaved people from Messina. Serfs > between slave and citizen. Outnumbered Spartans, revolted often.

Front 76

Athens

Back 76

5th century BCE. city state in Greece. After fall of tyrant Peisistratus two families were locked in struggle for dominance. Cleisthenes proposed that the polis should have council of 500 representatives divided into ten tribes, fifty representatives from each. each would be made of different demes. after this citizens voted, limited checks and balences. emocracy kinda.

Front 77

Solon

Back 77

594 BCE. became archon. attempted to deal with mass of indebted people and failing polis. relieved debts of the poor. debt relief lessened some of the social tensions building in Attica. Broadened participation of Athenian orders in political system so that others obtained stronger voice in politics.

Front 78

Peisistratus

Back 78

545 to 510 BCE. Tyrant ruled Athens. bought their support with games and grain. manipulated gov. at the time. tried to curtail the aristocracy's claim to rule Athens.

Front 79

Cliesthenes

Back 79

Athens. After fall of tyrant 510 BCE. Cleisthenes proposed that the polis should have council of 500 representatives divided into ten tribes, fifty representatives from each. each would be made of different demes. after this citizens voted, limited checks and balances. democracy kind of.

Front 80

Council of 500

Back 80

council of 500 representatives divided into ten tribes, fifty representatives from each. each would be made of different demes.

Front 81

Persia

Back 81

Indo - European people. Originally under Assyrian empire.

Dalian (island delos/ Athens) league wanted to liberate Ionia from Persian control. Persian empire forced to free Ionian Greeks from its control in 448 BCE. Persia is modern day Iran.

Front 82

Achamnids - empire

Back 82

558 – 330 BCE. founded by Cyrus the Great. Capitalized on weakening Assyrian and Babylonian empires. Peaked under Darius.

Front 83

Cyrus

Back 83

550 BCE King Cyrus of Persia defeated the Assyrians. Conquered and incorporated Mesopotamians, Babylonians. Tolerant, allowed Hebrew captives to return home.

Front 84

satraps

Back 84

500 BCE. Governed the satrapies or conquered parts of Persian empire. Direct subject to the great king. Different from anything Greeks had ever known.