History 100

Front 1

Romulus/Remus

Back 1

According the Roman legend, Rome was founded by these twin brothers in 753 b.c. It is a Roman invented story to provide a noble ancestry for their city. Archaeologists have found, however, that by the 8th century there was a settlement consisting of huts on the tops of Rome's hills. They spoke Latin, and were under the rule of "The 7 Kings", atleast 3 in which who were Etruscans. Rome fell under the influence of the Etruscans for about 100 years during the period of the Kings.

Front 2

Tarquins/Fasces

Back 2

Tarquins refers to the 5th of the 7 Kings of early Rome, who also became the last of the 7 Kings, outliving them. Fasces is an ax surrounded by a bundle of rods tied with a red thong, an insignia borrowed from the Etruscan kings. The fasces was a symbol of the power to rule.

Front 3

Horatius

Back 3

A guard on a bridge to Rome. As many Romans fleed to Rome from the sudden attack of the Etruscans, Horatius stayed and defended Rome. He told the other Romans to destroy the bridge, when they did, Horatius dove in the water, fully armed and swam to safety.

Front 4

Lucretia

Back 4

A noblewoman of great virtue who chose to commit suicide and avoid being an example of unchastity to other wives, after being raped by the son of a King.

Front 5

Imperium

Back 5

"The right to command". While political institutions changed, the concept of imperium did not, and it is the one factor that gives Roman constitutional history continuity and unity.

Front 6

Dictator/Consul/Praeta

Back 6

Dictators have unlimited power and are chosen when consuls - chief executive officers possessing imperium, chosen annually - resign. The Praetor, who also possessed imperium, could govern Rome when the consuls were away from the city and could also lead armies. Their primary function is to execute justice.

Front 7

Lucius Sulla

Back 7

Lucius Sulla was a Roman general and statesman. Held office of a consul twice, and also became a dictator.

Front 8

Etruscans

Back 8

The initial development of Rome was influenced most by a people known as the Etruscans, who settled North of Rome in Etruria. They were a city-dwelling people who established their towns in commanding positions and fortified them with walls.

Front 9

Cincinnatus/Virtue

Back 9

Virtue is moral excellence. It is the foundation of a good moral being. Cincinnatus was once a Consul and Dictator of Rome. He was considered a model of Roman virtue because he was forced to live in humble circumstances, working on his own small farm, until an invasion caused him to serve Rome as a dictator. He resigned as soon as the crisis was over, and this was seen as the ultimate act of modesty and outstanding leadership. That is why he is the model of Roman Virtue.

Front 10

1st Triumvirate

Back 10

Was the political alliance of Caesar, Crassus, and Magnus. Lasted until Crassus's death in 53 B.C.

Front 11

What brings on the terrible 3rd century?

Back 11

Bad rulers, disease, and famine.

Front 12

The Visigoths were displaced by whom?

Back 12

The Huns.

Front 13

The title Vigors of Christ went to whom?

Back 13

The Bishops of Rome.

Front 14

The Prophet of Islam was?

Back 14

Muhammad.

Front 15

In 711, the Visigoth armies were destroyed by who?

Back 15

Islamic Armies from North Africa.

Front 16

Farmers had a hard time with the soil because what?

Back 16

Were heavily forested, and tools were crude.

Front 17

The Great Frankish family was called what?

Back 17

The Merovingians.

Front 18

The conqueror of Italy between 535-552 was?

Back 18

Justinian

Front 19

Monk comes from what Roman term?

Back 19

Monaukus.

Front 20

The Great saver of Ireland was who?

Back 20

Saint Patrick.

Front 21

Tenements/Insulae

Back 21

Are like apartments.

Front 22

Octavian

Back 22

Was the name Augustus went by before he changed it.

Front 23

2nd Triumvirate

Back 23

The politcal alliance of Octavius(Augustus), Lepidus, and Antony. Enacted Lex Titia, the adoption of which marked the end of the Roman Empire. The Triumvirate existed for 2, 5-Year terms. Unlike the first, the 2nd Triumvirate was official.

Front 24

Battle of Actium

Back 24

In 31 B.C, it was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic. It was fought between the forces of Octavian and both Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps ("first citizen") and as a result of the victory was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

Front 25

Plebian/Patrician

Back 25

The most noticeable element in the social organization of early Rome, it was the division between two groups. The Patrician class in Rome consisted of families descended from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings. The Plebians constituted the considerably larger group of "independant, unpriveledged, poorer and vulnerable men" as well as nonpatrician large landowners, less wealthy landholders, artisans, merchants, and small farmers. They did not possess the same rights as the patricians, and began to rectify that situation in the fifth century B.C.

Front 26

Punic Wars

Back 26

A series of 3 wars in which Rome acquires Pergamum, and incorporates Macedonia as a Roman Province. Had a total of seven events.

Front 27

Hamilcar Barca/Hannibal

Back 27

Hamilcar Barca was a general who, although had breif success in Sicily in the First Punic war, extended Cathage's domains in Spain to compensate for the territory lost to Rome, and eventually made an unexpected recovery for Carthage. Hannibal, his son, took over the direction of Cartheginian policy. Hannibal battled against the Romans and were very back and forth in battle.

Front 28

Scipio Africanus Fabius

Back 28

Was a brilliant general who commanded the Romans in Spain. Led a Roman army from Sicily into North Africa and forced the Cartheginians to recall Hannibal from Italy. Scipio Africanus the Younger led Roman forces into Carthage, and won. That territory was then called Africa.

Front 29

Cato

Back 29

A conservative politician, who also advocated the complete destruction of Carthage, ending every speech with, "And I think Carthage must be destroyed."

Front 30

Tib and Gaius Gracchus

Back 30

Tiberius and his brother Gaius Gracchus were to be two men who should become famous, if not infamous, for their struggle for the lower classes of Rome. Their father was a consul and military commander and their mother was from the distinguished patrician familiy of the Scipios.

Front 31

Twelve Tables

Back 31

The earliest attempt of the Romans to create a code of law, which is also the earliest surviving piece of literature coming from the Romans.

Front 32

Struggle of Orders

Back 32

During the fifth and fourth centuries of the Roman Republic, Rome faced internal class conflict. Patricians, the noble class, held claim to certain social and political rights and privileges that plebeians, a group which consisted of the largest portion of Roman citizens, wanted extended to their class, as well.

Front 33

Nobiles

Back 33

was a descriptive term of social rank, usually indicating that a member of the family had achieved the consulship. Nobiles is plural for Noble.

Front 34

Diocletian

Back 34

Born to an Illyrian family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was proclaimed emperor.

Front 35

Constantine

Back 35

Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire.

Front 36

Edict of Milan

Back 36

The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense) was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in AD 313, shortly after the conclusion of the Diocletianic Persecution.

Front 37

Valens

Back 37

Valens, a Eastern Roman Emperor sometimes known as the Last True Roman, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Adrianople, which marked the beginning of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Front 38

Adrianople

Back 38

The Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern.

Front 39

Alaric

Back 39

King of the Visigoths from 395–410, Alaric was the first Germanic leader to take the city of Rome. Having originally desired to settle his people in the Roman Empire, he finally sacked the city, marking the decline of imperial power in the west.

Front 40

Theodorio

Back 40

King of the Ostrogoths, who attacked Constantinople. To divert them, Emperor Zeno had invited Theodoric to act as his deputy to defeat Odoacer and bring Italy back into the empire. Theodoric killed Odoacer, but established himself as ruler of Italy, contrary to Zeno's wishes.

Front 41

Justinian

Back 41

Commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.

Front 42

Ostrogoths

Back 42

an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in political events of the last decades of the Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths established the Kingdom of Italy, a relatively short-lived successor state of the Western Roman Empire.

Front 43

Visigoths

Back 43

were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the Germanic peoples who spread through the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. The Romanized Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the 4th century, initially in the Balkans, where they participated in several wars with Rome.

Front 44

Franks

Back 44

Were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul.

Front 45

Angles/Saxons

Back 45

The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the ancestral cultural region of Angeln, a district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England".The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson) were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally considered ethnic Germans, Dutch, or English.

Front 46

Byzantine Empire

Back 46

During its existence, the Empire remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, despite setbacks and territorial losses, especially during the Roman–Persian and Byzantine–Arab Wars. Ruled by Charlemaigne.

Front 47

Islam

Back 47

Islam is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God (Arabic: الله‎, Allah), and the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, often considered by the adherents of Islam as the last Prophet of God.

Front 48

Nero/Caligula

Back 48

Nero was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68. He was the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor. He succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death. Caligula, also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 to 41. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty.