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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic Information required in citations
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Who wrote, edited or translated the text
What data identifies the text, includes title, subtitle, title of journal, collection or series it appears in, as well as the volume number, edition number or other identifying information, and page numbers, URLs Who published and when, name of publisher, place and date of publication. |
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Use of superscript numbers
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Used to signal that you use a source by placing a superscript number at the end of a sentence, and used to cite source of a quote in corresponding footnote or endnote.
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Citing Online Sources
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-Less stable than printed sources, can be revised easily without indication. Many have no identifiable author, publisher or sponsor. Online content can be simultaneously available from more than one site, some more reliable than others. Most have URLs, but they come and go,
When info is available from more than one site, consult most stable Two categories: Some like print sources, others are unique to online medium, and informally published lack facts of publication URLs should be included although unreliable. Should also include date accessed |
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How to properly construct a footnote/endnote
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Signal you've used a source by placing a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you refer to that source. Then cite the source of the quotation in a corresponding numbered note that provides information about the source (author, title, and facts of publication) and relevant page numbers. Notes are printed at the end of the page as footnotes, or in a list collected at the end of your paper as end notes. Also list sources in bibliography
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Punctuation in notes
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Separate most elements in commas, in bibliography, separate them with periods.
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Capitalization in notes
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Capitalize most titles headline style, foreign language titles sentence style. Capitalize proper nouns.
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Italicization
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Titles of larger entries are printed in italics
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Numbers in notes
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In titles, numbers should be spelled out or given in numerals exactly as they are in the original. All other numbers are numerals
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Proper style for bibliographic entries
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Bibliography should include every work you cite in the text, and can include works referenced.
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Selected bibliographies
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do not include all works cited in notes, to save space or to omit minor references.
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Single-Author bibliography
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List works by person seperately
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Annotated bibliography
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Annotate the bibliography entries with a brief description of the work's contents or relevance to research.
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Arrangements of entries
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Alphabetical by author, same author arrange alphabetically by title, replace name with 3-em dash.
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Shortened Notes for subsequent references
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First reference: Include full information.
Subsequent: Include just Last name of Author, Title of Work, Page Number or just Last Name of Author, Page Number. |
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Ibid
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If the source is referenced immediately after the first entry, you can use Ibid
example: Buchan, title, page number. Ibid. Ibid, new page number |
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Book with one author
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Note: Author First Name and Last Name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page number.
Bibliography: Author Last name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. |
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Book with multiple Authors
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N: Author 1 Name and Author 2 Name (in alphabetic order), Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page number.
B: Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 first Name, and Author 2 First and Last Name. Title. Place: Publisher, Date. |
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Book with editor or translator in addition to author
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N: Author First and Last Name, Title, ed. Editor Name (Place: Publisher, Date), page number. (or trans instead of ed if translator).
B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title. Edited by Editor. Place: Publisher, Date. |
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Editor or Translator in place of Author
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Note: Editor or Translator Name, trans./ed., Title (Place: Publisher, Date), page number
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Chapters in a book
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B: Author Last, First Name. "Chapter Title" In book title, edited by Editor, page number of chapter. Place: Publisher, Date.
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Journal Articles
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N: Author Name, "Journal Article Title," Journal Name Volume (Date M/Y): Page Number.
B: Author Last Name, First Name. "Journal Article Title." Journal Title Volume Number (Date): Page Numbers of Article. URL if Online |
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Magazine Articles
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N: Author Name, "Article Title," Magazine Title in Italics, Date of Issue, Issue.
B: Author Last, First Name. "Article Title." Magazine Title in Italics, Date of Issue. |
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Newspaper Articles
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N: Author, "Headline," Newspaper Title, Date.
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Theses and Dissertations
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N: Author Name, "Work Title" (Type of Thesis/Disseration, Institution name, Year), page number.
B: Last Name, First Name. "Work Title." Type of diss/thesis., Institution, Year. |
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Lectures/Papers
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N: Name, "Title" (lecture/paper, Sponsorship, Place, Date).
B: Last Name, First. "Title." Sponsorship, Place, Date. |
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Interviews and Personal Communications
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N:Name of person Interviewed, interviewer, Place, Date.
Name, type of communication, Date. JUST IN NOTES. |
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Manuscript Collections
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N: Author to Recipient, Date, type of papers, name of collection, name of depository, place.
B: Author Last Name, First Name. Specific Document, Collection of Papers, Sponsor, Institution, Place. |
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Video Recordings
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N: Author/Creator Name, Title, type of medium, Director (Place: Publisher, Date).
B: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title." Series. Medium. Director. Place: Publisher, Date. |
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Congressional Publications
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N: Designation (Congress or House), Number of Congress, session, Date of Publication, number, description of document
E.) Cong. Rec, 71st Cong., 2d sess., 1930, 72, -t.10: page numbers B: U.S. Congress, Congressional Record. 71st Cong., 2d sess.,1930. Vol 72, pt, 10. |
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Presidential Publications
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N: President, Proclamation, "Title," Federal Register, volume, no. (Date), page number.
B: U.S. President. Proclamation. "Title." Federal Register volume, no.(Date): page number. |
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One Source Quoted in Another
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N: Source Quoted Author, "Source Quoted Title," Source volume number: page number. Quoted in Author 2, title (Place, Publisher Date), page number.
B: Author 1 Last Name, First. "Title of Quotation." Source vol number (Date): page number. Quoted in Author 2, title, Place: Publisher, Date. |
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Plural vs. Possessives
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For most common nouns, form the plural by adding s or es for some words. For compound words consisting of two nouns, add s or es, as well as prepositional phrases. Abbreviations can be plural by added s alone, as well as letters and numbers
Possessives: Use apostrophe s. |
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Compounds used as adjectives
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Hyphenate compounds when it precedes the noun it modifies, otherwise leave it open. If it would normally be hyphenated and is preceded by an adverb, omit hyphen. Hyphenate compounds that begin with all or cross, except for a few exceptions. Ends in ly, should not be hyphenated
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Commas
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Use comma if there is a sentence containing two or more independent joined by a coordinating conjunction, put a comma before conjunction. In a sentence containing three or more short and simple independent clauses with no internal punctuation, separate them with commas and add conjunction before last one.
Do not put comma before conjunction joining two subjects. In a series without conjunctions, use commons, except if listing places where there is already a comma, use semicolon. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive clauses, introductory words and phrases, two or more adjectives preceding a noun, clarifying comments (namely, that is, and for example), using appositives, place names , interjections, contrasted elements, parenthetical elements, repeated words. |
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Semicolon
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Marks greater break in continuity of a sentence than a comma does. Use it to separate independent clauses in a compound sentences not connected by conjunction. Use if clauses are long and have commas or other punctuation within them. Before the words then, however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides and therefore when used transitionally between two independent clauses. When items have internal punctuation, use semicolon.
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Colon
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introduces a clause, phrase or series of elements that expands, clarifies or exemplifies the meaning of what precedes it. Stronger than a semicolon. Use it to introduce illustrative material or a list. Do not place after a verb, instead, use introductory element. First word following a colon is not capitalized unless a proper noun.
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Parentheses and Brackets
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Parentheses
-Set off an explanatory or interrupting elements of a sentence Brackets -Most often used in quotations to indicate changes made to a quoted passage |
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Capitalization of people, places and organizations
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Capitalize the first letter in each element of the names of specific people, places and organizations.
A professional title that immediately precedes a personal name is treated as part of the name and should be capitalized Names of ethnic and national groups are capitalized, terms denoting socio-economic level are not Capitalize adjectives derived from names |
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When to capitalize historical events, cultural terms, and designations of time
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Names of historical periods and events usually are traditionally capitalized. Most generic terms are not unless they include names.
Nouns and adjectives designating cultural styles, movements and schools are generally capitalized only when derived from names or when they need to be distinguished from generic terms Names of the days of the week, month and holidays are capitalized; seasons are not. |
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How to capitalize titles of various works
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Headline Style capitalization: Distinguishing titles clearly from surrounding text. Capitalize first letter of the first and last words of the title and subtitle.
Sentence-Style: Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns and proper adjectives thereafter. |
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When to use italics and when to use quotation marks in titles
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Italicize books, plays and very long poems, journals, magazines, newspapers and other periodicals, long musical compositions, paintings, sculptures, other works o fart, movies, television, and radio shows
Quotation Mark: chapters, other titled parts of books, short stories, short poems, and essays, articles in journals, magazines, and other periodicals, individual episodes of television programs, short musical compositions, photographs, theses and dissertations, lectures presented at meetings, titled documents in manuscript collection |
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General rule for knowing when to spell out numbers vs. when to use numerals
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In humanities and social sciences, if you use only a few numerical data, spell out numbers from one to one hundred. If the number has two words, use a hyphen. Also, spell out round numbers followed by hundred, thousand, hundred thousand, million and so on.
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Using a Number at the beginning of a sentence
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Never begin a sentence with a numeral
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Spell vs, Numerals: Percent, times, money and dates
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Percents: Use numerals and decimals, spell out percent
Money: If you refer occasionally to US, follow the general rule and spell out dollars. If often, then use numerals along with $ or the cents sign. Omit decimal point if dealing with whole dollar amounts Time: Spell out increments of an hour, half hour or quarter hour. When emphasizing specific times, use numerals and a.m. and p.m. Use words noon and midnight to express these specific times of day |
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The Difference between an acronym and an initialism
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When a term is shortened to only the first letters of each word and pronounced as a single word it is an acronym. If the letters are pronounced as a series of letters it is called an initialism.
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When to use all capitals, all lowercase letters or a combination
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Abbreviations are given in all capital letters, all lowercase letters or a combination. All capital letters do not include periods, while those in lowercase or a combination of capital lowercase letters have a period after each abbreviated element. .
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How to punctuate a name with Sr., Jr., or a Roman numeral such as IV.
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Write abbreviations such as Sr., Jr., and III and IV without commas before them. Use them only after a full name, not with a surname alone, although royal and religious figures may be known only by a first name. Do not spell out the term when it is part of a name.
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Professional Titles
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Many names are abbreviated rather than spelled out in text when they precede or are treated as part of a personal name. Since they are shortened forms of official titles, only the first letter is capitalized and it is followed by periods.
For subsequent references, give spelled out title. |
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Proper abbreviations for days and months
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In text, spell out and capitalize the names of days of the week, and months of the year. In tables, abbreviate. Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fr. Sat. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
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ca.
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circa: about, approximately
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ed.
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editor, edition, edited by
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e.g.
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exempli gratia, for example
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et al. et alii or et atlia
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and others
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ex.
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example
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fig.
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figure
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ff.
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and following
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i.e.
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id est, that is
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n.d.
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no date
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n.p.
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no place, no publisher, no page
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trans.
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translated by, translator
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vol.
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volume
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vs. or v
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versus (in legal contexts, use v.)
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When to use quotes as part of a sentence and when to put them into block quotation
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If a quotation is four lines or fewer, run it into your text and enclose it in quotation marks. If it is five lines or more, set it off as a block quotation without quotation marks.
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How to use quotations when you have a quote within a quote.
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For a quotation within a quotation, use single quotation marks for the inner set of quoted words.
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How to properly indent and punctuate block quotations
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Single-space a block quotation and leave a blank line before and after it. Do not add a quotation marks at the beginning or the end, but preserve any quotation marks in the original. Indent the entire quotation as far as you indent the first line of a paragraph.
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Modifying Quotations
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If the original source contains an obvious typographic error, correct it without comment. Change the initial letter of a quoted passage from capital to lowercase and vice versa.
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Brackets
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Indicate any change in capitalization by putting the altered letter on brackets. If you need to insert a word or more of explanation, clarification or correction into a quotation, enclose it in Brackets.
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Ellipses
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If you omit words within a sentence, use three ellipses...If you omit material between sentences and the material preceding the omission is a grammatically complete sentence, use a terminal punctuation mark immediately following the that sentence. Leave a space between that punctuation mark and the first ellipsis dot.
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No ellipses
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Before or after a quoted phrase, incomplete sentence or other fragment from the original that is clearly not a complete sentence.
At the beginning of a quotation, even if the beginning of the sentence from the original has been omitted. At the end of a quotation, even if the end of the sentence has been omitted. |
