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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who used interactionist dualism
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descartes
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Rational decisions can lead to physical actions
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interactionist dualism
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In interactionist dualism ____ & _____ interact thru a single pathway
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mind and body
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In ____ events in the physical world are perceived by the mind
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interactionist dualism
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____ states that the pineal gland controls the nervous system
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interactionist dualism
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who created the idea of psychophysical parralelism
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leibniz
max wundt |
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______ is the dualist solution to the mind-body problem
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psychophysical parralelism
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___ relies on pre-established harmony
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psychophysical parralelism
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In psychophysical parralelism there is a close correlation b/w ___ and ____
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mental and physical events
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In psychophysical parralelism physical events do not interact or interfere with _____ they are fundamentally different
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mental events
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Ex: of psychophysical parralelism
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two clocks in perfect synchrony
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Mind and body relationships state that monads dont mutually influence another but pursue independent / parallel / harmonious courses
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Leibniz psychophysical parralelism
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____ came up with epistemology
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humme
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no innate ideas describes this theory
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epistemology
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all ideas are derived from sensory experience or from inner feelings
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no innate ideas (epistemology)
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___ states that we cannot conceive anything that is different from what we have experienced
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epistemology
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In epistemology no factual statement can ever be proved by reasoning ____
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a priori
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In epistemology the only way to establish the truth of a fact is thru _____
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experience
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who came up with the theory of introspection
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kant
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the mind can only be studied by ____ not direct observation
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introspection
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Who came up with kinesthesis
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weber
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ability of muscle to sense things
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kinesthesis
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who came up with psychophysics
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weber/ fechenr
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Fechner described psychophysics as mapping the relationship b/w ____ & ____ worlds
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physical and mental
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Quantitative measure of mental processes
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fechner and psychophysics
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Elements of Psychophysics
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Weber’s Law
Weber Fraction |
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Just notable differences correspond to constant ratios
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Weber Fraction
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In psychophysics Fechner developed 3 methods for measuring _____
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sensory thresholds
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3 Psychophysical Methods
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1) Method of Limits
2) Method of Constant Stimuli 3) Method of Adjustment |
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Who came up with the paradox of basins
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locke
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_____ asks Does warmth reside in the water basin or in the mind?
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paradox of basins
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_____ states that warmth is a secondary quality
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paradox of basins
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Relationship b/w psychological functions and specific brain/nervous system structures
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localization of function
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_____ asks are areas of the brain specialized for specific functions (localized) or does the brain operate as a whole (holistic)
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localization of function
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The mind could not be localized in the brain b/c its structures were paired: how could consciousness occupy 2 places at the same time
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descartes: localization of function
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bumps on the skull are associated with faculties that are prominent in individuals
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gall: localization of function
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brain lesions suggest that cerebral hemispheres function as a single unit
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flourens: localization of function
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cranial damage and lesions to study localization of cerebral function
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broca: localization of function
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two founders of the principle of association
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hobbes berkely
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Hobbes Principal of Association
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continuity, cohesion, interconnectedness of ideas
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linkage of ideas or memories such that the thought of one tends to automatically bring the other to mind
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linkage of ideas or memories such that the thought of one tends to automatically bring the other to mind
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an object is nothing more than a combination of its perceived qualities
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Berkeley Principle of Association
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Berkeley Principle of Association
APPLE = ____ + _____ + _____ + _____ + _____ |
color, smell, taste, shape, size
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Descartes came up with the Dualist view of mind and body with the _____ as to control center
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pineal gland
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Van Leeuwenhock stated that monads are invisible units that
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make up the universe
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ultimate dynamic units of reality, containing energies and forces that had ability to perceive and register impressions of the rest of the world, arranged hierarchically in terms of quality and function, capable of only minute perceptions
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monad leibniz
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a rational monad is capable of
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apperception
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first and closest to God in hierarchy of finite monads, corresponding to the conscious souls or minds of human beings
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rational monad
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units that make up the "bodies" of all matter, whether organic or inorganic
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simple monad
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units lying beneath rational monads, compromising the souls of living nonhuman organisms
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sentient monad
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In parallelism monads do not _____ but pursue independent but parallel harmonious courses
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mutually influence eachother
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____ came up with the idea of hedonism
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spinoza
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“good” and “evil” are nothing more than the experiences of pleasure and pain
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hedonism
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in political and social writing _____ is the principle of self interest
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hedonism
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____ is the view that some ideas are not invented for discovered, but inherent or innate,
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nativism
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nativism founder
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descartes
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an ideas truth is self-evident, not derived from (or proved by) experience
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nativism
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nativism describes the mind like being a block of veined marble
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leibniz
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helmholtz
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place theory of hearing
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the basilar membrane, housed within the cochlea of the inner ear, responds selectively to the different frequency components of sound waves
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place theory of hearing
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place theory of hearing stages
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1) cochlear fibers vary in length
2) fibers are tuned to vibrate at specific frequencies 3) different positions along the cochlea responds selectively to different frequencies to determine what pitch we hear |
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who came up with complimentary colors
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Helmholtz-Young
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Pairs of spectral colors (red-green/blue-Violet) that when mixed together, create a sensation of white light indistinguishable from sunlight
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complimentary colors
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_____ studied complementary colors and subjective after images
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fechner
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came up with the theory of speed of nerve transmission
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helmholtz
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the speed of nerve transmission is not _____ nor even close to the speed of light, it is only around 50 m/s (less than 100 mph)
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instantaneous
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came up with Double Aspect Monosim
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spinoza
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Equivalence of mind and matter
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Double Aspect Monosim
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mind and body are two aspects of the same underlying reality
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Double Aspect Monosim
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came up with categorical imperatives
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kant
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part of kants ethical and moral philosophy
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categorical imperatives
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______ dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity
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categorical imperatives
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basis of morality "act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law”
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categorical imperatives
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____ came up with Just Noticeable Difference
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weber
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Weber found that the smallest perceptible change in a stimulus is a constant fraction of the magnitude of the original stimulus
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JND's
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The JND for detecting change in intensity is proportional to the intensity of the
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standard stimulus
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JND’s correspond to
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constant ratios
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came up with psychic determinism
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spinoza
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psychic determinism was Spinoza’s monoist solution to the ____ problem
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mind body problem
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mental experiences are subject to natural laws and can be studied in the same way as the physical world
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psychic determinism
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foreshadows the possibility of a scientific psychology
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psychic determinism
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view of mankind in the natural state
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Hobbes Leviathan
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laws and rules are the product of fear of the consequences of everyone acting out of self interest
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Hobbes Leviathan
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laws and rules are conventions, not binding in any absolute sense
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Hobbes Leviathan
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rational self-interest leads to support of a strong monarch
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Hobbes Leviathan
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Leviathan means
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great beast
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____ came up with Unconscious Inference
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helmholtz
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___ is a theory of perception
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Unconscious Inference
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perceptual adaptation and other perceptual phenomena might result from a process in which there is an unconscious adoption of certain logical rules
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Unconscious Inference
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_____ & _____ came up with the trichromatic theory
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young & helmholtz
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human color vision involves three color receptors (red, green, blue)
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trichromatic theory
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there are three types of receptor cells in eyes, each one responding to a different spectral hue, making coloration possible
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trichromatic theory
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came up with pitch perception
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helmholtz
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the location (place) of maximum vibration along the basilar membrane determines the pitch we perceive
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pitch perception
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complex sounds of many components; the activation produced by the lowest one (fundamental frequency) determines pitch
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pitch perception
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___ came up with the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
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muller
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sensory nerves can be stimulated in different ways to produce the same characteristic energy, resulting in the same sensation
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Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
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this doctrine rejected the theory of animal spirits; hypothesized that nerve impulses were electrical; hence, too rapid to be measurable
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Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
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___ came up with tabula rasa
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locke
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the mind at birth is a blank slate
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tabula rasa
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_____ came up with physical realism
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locke
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physical objects stimulate the sense organs and cause the mind to form an accurate representation of external reality
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physical realism
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process that occurs when ideas are registered in consciousness, accompanied by self-awareness, and also become subject to focused attention and rational analysis in terms of underlying principles and laws
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leibinz apperception
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____ is an acute, voluntary process that involves sustained attention to an aspect of the perceptual field
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apperception wundt
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______ is a component of mental activity that involves the acute participation of the will
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apperception wundt
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came up with choice reaction time
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donders
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step 1 of choice reaction time
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several different stimuli are presented, and the response to each one is different
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step 2 of choice reaction time
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the time required to make a choice is determined by subtracting both simple and discrimination reaction times from the choice reaction time
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studied the relationship between physical and perceived intensity
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webers law
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S= k log p
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webers law
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S= k log p
S= K= P= |
S is the perceived intensity,
K is the constant P is the physical stimulus |
