Historical Figures In Psychiatry

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Sandor Ferenczi

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Hungarian Psychoanalyst.
Close associate of Sigmund Freud.
"Confusion of Tongues" theory of trauma.

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Eric Fromm

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Archetypal neo-Freudian.
Personality Theory.
- 4 basic needs must be met to become themselves within an imperfect culture:
1) relatedness - the need to feel connected to other humans.
2) transcendence - rising above basic instincts.
3) Identity - the need to feel accepted yet unique.
4) Frame of Orientation - Understanding the world and our place in it. (Emphasis on the need for a frame of orientation led Fromm late in his career to an exploration of the constructive and destructive roles that religion may play in individual lives.)

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Melanie Klein

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Austrian born, British Psycho-Analyst.
Co-Founder of Object Relations Theory.
Observation of children at play, rather than adult free-association.
First proposed projective identification.

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Otto Rank

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Austrian Psychologist and protege of Sigmund Freud.
Broke with Freud in 1924 publication The Trauma of the Birth - developed new theory, Birth Trauma.
Birth Trauma = anxiety correlated with separation from the mother.
Personality divided into impulses, emotions and will. As impulses are mastered, will develops. If will is carried too far, pathological traits develop (e.g. stubbornness, disobedience, inhibitions).

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Mary Ainsworth

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Attachment Theory.
Wrote "The Strange Situation" (19870's).

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Karen Horney

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German Psychoanalyst.
Often classified as neo-Freudian.
Holistic Psychology.
Believed person's current personality attributes result from the interaction between the person and the environment and are not solely based on infantile libidinal stirvings carried over from childhood.

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Sigmund Freud

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Founder of classic psychoanalysis.
Austrian neurologist.
Postulated existence of libido - that the libido developed by changing it's object (sublimation). Oral, anal, phallic.
Developed therapeutic techniques such as free association.
Discovered transference.
The unconscious - central to his account of the mind. First introduced in the theory of repression.
Dreams - function to preserve sleep.
Psychosexual development - Oedipus complex. Psychoneuroses consequence of early childhood sexual abuse.
Later work - Human psyche in three parts - Id, ego & super ego.

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Wilhelm Reich

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Austrian psychoanalyst.
Major contribution in area of character formation and character types.
Character armour = personaity defences that serve as resistance to self-understanding and change.
4 major character types.
Hysterical character - sexually seduction., anxious and fixated at phallic phase of libido.
Compulsive character - controlled, distrustful, indecisive & fixated at anal phase.
Narcissistic character - fixated at phallic state, and if male has contempt of women.
Masochostic character - long suffering, complainign and self-deprecatory, with an excessive demand for love.
Therapeutic process called 'will therapy' - goal is to help patient accept their separateness. A definite termination date used to prevent dependence.

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Margaret Mahler

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separation-individuation theory of child development.
Takes place in phases:
1) Normal autism (birth-2 months)
2) Symbiosis (2-5 months)
3) differentiation (5-10 months)
4) Practicising (10-18 months)
5) Rapprochement (18-24 months)
5) Object constancy (2-5 years)

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Alfred Adler

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One of the original four members of Freud's circle.
Never accepted primacy of the libido theroy, the sexual origin of neurosis or the importance of infantile wishes.
Thought that aggression was far more important - specifically in its manifestation as a striving for power.
"masculine protest' - the tendency to move from a passive, feminene role to a masculine, active role.
Theories collectively known as "individual psychology".
"inferiority complex" - refers to a sense of inadequacy and weakness that is universal and inborn.
First to recongise the importance of children's birth order in their families of origin - first born reacts with anger to birth of siblings, second born constantly competes with first born. Thought that sibling position results in lifelong influences on character and lifestyle.

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Anna Freud

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Daughter of Sigmund Freud.
Greatly elaborated on individual defence mechanisms - reaction formation, regression, undoing, introjection, identification, projection, turning against the self, reversal, sublimation.
Key figure in development of modern ego psychology - importance of ego and its ability to be trained socially.
May be considered founder of psychoanalytic child psychology with Klein.

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Ernest Jones

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Sigmund Freud's official biographer - first English speaking proponent of psychoanalysis.

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Carl Jung

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Swiss psychiatrist.
'analytic psychology' - includes basic ideas related to, but going beyond, Freud's theories.
Initially Freud's disciple but broke away over Freud's emphasis on infantile sexuality.
'collective unconscious' - expanded on Freud's concept of the unconscious by describing it as consisting of all humankind's common, shared mythological and symbolic past.
This includes 'archetypes' - representational images and configurations with universal sympbolic meanings - for mother, father, child, hero amonth others.
Archetypes contribute to 'complexes' - feeling-toned ideas that develop as a result of personal experience intereacting with archetypal imagery.
Two types of personality organizations - introversion and extroversion.

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Erik Erikson

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Most famous for 'identity crisis'.
Postulated 8 stages of development (compared to Freud's 5 psychosexual stages).

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Michael Balint

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Independent or middle group of object relations theorists in UK.
Believed that urge for the primary love object underlies virtualy all psychological phenomena.
Infants wish to be loved totally and unconditionally, and when a mother is not fothcoming with appropriate nnurturance, a child devotes his or her life to a serach for the love missed in childhood.
The 'basic fault' is the feeling of many patients that something is missing.
He viewed all psychological motivations as stemming from the failure to receive adequate maternal love.

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Donald Winnicott

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One of the central figures in British school of object relations theory.
His theory of 'multiple self-organizations' included a 'true self', which develops in context of a responsive 'holding environment' provided by a 'good-enough mother'.
When infants experience a traumatic disruption of their developing sense of self, however, a false self emerges and monitors and adapts to the conscious and unconscious needs of the mother; it thus provides a protected exterior behind which the true self is afforded a privacy that it requires to maintain its integrity.
He also developed notion of 'transitional objects'. A pacifier or blanket etc serves as a substitue for the mother during infants' efforts to separate and become independent - providing soothing security in the absence of the mother.

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Carl Rogers

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'Person-centred theory' of personality and psychotherapy - the main concepts are self-actualization and self-direction.
Persons are born with a capacity to direct themselves in the healthiest way toward a level of completeness called self-actualization.
He viewed personality not as a static entity composed of traits and patterns but as a dynamic phenomenon involving ever-changing communications, relationships, and self-concepts.

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Heinz Kohut

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Best known for writings on narcissism and development of 'self-psychology'.
Viewed the development and maintenance of self-esteem and self cohesion as more important than sexuality or aggression.

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Nancy Chodorow

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Leading psychoanalyst feminist theorist.
Sees gender differences as compromise formations of the oedipal complex.

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Harry Guntrip

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Known for his major contributions to object relations theory.
Synthesised work of Klein, Fairbairn & Winnicott.
Worked extensively with schizoid patients.