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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Assyrian Kings
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Shalmanezer; Senacherib
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Babylonian King
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Persian Kings
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Darius, Cyrus
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"Two Stars of Judah"
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Hezekiah and Josiah
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1051
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Saul Becomes King of all Israel and the nation moves from a Theocracy to a Monarchy
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931
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Solomon Dies and the Kingdom splits into the Northern and Southern Kingdoms
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722
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Assyrians Conquer Israel under Sargon II, leaving Judah as the only remaining Kingdom
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587
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Babylonians (Nebuchadnezzar) conquer Judah, Judah is exiled
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539
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Edict of Cyrus allowing Jews to return back to Israel
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517
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Second Jerusalem Temple is constructed
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First King of Israel, evil
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Jereboam I
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Wealthy King and Famous in ANE writings; even after his death Israel was till mentioned as his house; first king of the second longest dynasty in Israel; 44 years over 4 kings; evil
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Omri
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Most evil King in the Northern Kingdom; Jezebel was his wife
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Ahab
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Founder of the longest dynasty in Israel; 88 years over 5 kings; evil
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Jehu
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Reigned for 41 years in Israel, longest in Israel; evil
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Jereboam II
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Only reigned in Israel for 7 days; Shortest of all kings; evil
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Zimri
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One of two kings of ISrael that do not have regnal formula; rival king to Zimri; evil
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Tibni
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Good king; Kings states that there was no king lime him before or after
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Hezekiah
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Most evil king in Judah,
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Manasseh
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Solomon's son who did no listen to his father's advisers and is a major reason the kingdom split
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Rehoboam
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Good king, Grandson of Rheoboam, great-grandson of Solomon, committed to worship of God, rooted out idolatry
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Asa
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One of two kings without regnal formula, only woman ruler
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Athaliah
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Joash
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Good King
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Ruled for 52 years
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Azariah/Uzziah
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Reigned for 16 years; evil; Followed kings of Israel; sacrificed son, Aram and Israel coalition again him (cf. sign of virgin born child);
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Ahaz
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Evil, reigned 11 years; Reigned when Jerusalem was besieged; sons killed before his eyes; eyes gouged out
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Zedekiah
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Capital northern Kingdom, Kings reigned over Israel from here
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Tirzah
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Capital of Israel
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Shechem
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Mt. Gilboa
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Saul Dies Here
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5 Phases of Divided Kingdom
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Crucial Beginning
Prophetic Confrontation Changing Fortunes Assyrian Domination Babylonian Domination |
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His Name is God, "asked of God"
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Samuel
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Title of Samuel
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LXX, Bastelion A: Kingdom I; 2 books due to vowels; English; hybrid; Hebrew names with Greek division
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Title of Kings
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Hebrew: Melakim, LXX: "Third and Fourth Reigns"; Vulgate: "Third and Fourth Kings
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Authorship of Samuel
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Anonymous
Talmud: Samuel(last judge; 1 and 16th chapter); attributes Judges and Ruth Prophets: in former prophets: 1 Chronicles 29:29-30 |
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History of Composition in Samuel
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Source Criticism: 2 parallel sources
Sources based on Contradictions: two Saul meetings with David; two Goliaths killed; two views of Monarchy; two reason for rejection of Saul; Early Pro-Monarchy source |
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Composition II in Samuel
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Tradition History: collected oral/written sources based on theme; Boyhood of Samuel (1-3); ark narrative (4-6); S&S at Mizpah & Ramah (7-8,10,12,15); S&S at Gilgal (9-10; 13-14) court history or succession narrative (2 Sam. 9-20); appendix (2 Sam. 21-24)
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Composition III in Samuel
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Redaction Criticism: how sources edited toward a theological purpose; Noth: DtH; single, exilic author showing why Israel is in exile; no hope, kingdom bad; Cross: two editors; Josianic, with hope in monarchy; exilic, negative on kingdomProblem: how can sources be consistent in thought, but not the editor himself
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Theme in Samuel
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The kingdom (LXX):
1 Samuel: the need for, establishment of, and loss of the kingdom of Saul 2 Samuel: the consolidation, permanence, and troubles of the kingdom of David; Relation to Mosaic covenant? Covenant expansion, not abrogation; 2 Sam. 7 and the Davidic covenant |
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Title in Kings
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Hebrew: melakim
LXX: “Third & Fourth Reigns” Vulgate: “Third & Fourth Kings” Author and Date Baba Bathra 15a, “Jeremiah”; cf. 2 Kings 24:18—25:30 Deuteronomic Historian; 561 B.C. |
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Regnal Formula
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#Accession:
Synchronism Length of reign Capital city Queen mother of J. Theological verdict #Death: |
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Implications of RF
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History, not fiction
Theological, not political history History of nation History of one people, not two |
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Purpose and Theme of RF
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Purpose:
Noth: to explain the disaster of the exile (“you broke the covenant”) Van Seters: secular history writing Howard: to encourage people in exile to repent |
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Theme of Kings
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1 Kings: division of the kingdom
2 Kings: destruction of the kingdoms The prophetic voice |
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Name of Chronicles
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· One book in Tanakh; divided in LXX
· Hebrew: Dibre Hayyamim, “events of the days,” “annals” (33x in Kings) · LXX, Paraleipomena : “things passed over”; supplement of Samuel & Kings · Vulgate: Chronikon of the whole sacred history (St. Jerome) o It is the chronicle of all time. |
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Canonicity of Chronicles
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· Josephus, LXX, Vulgate, English: after Kings and before Ezra & Neh. (correct chronology)
· Tanakh: part of the Writings; last book of the Old Testament (out of sequence chronologically; comes after E & N) cf. Jesus’ statement in Matt 23:35, “… Able to Zechariah, son of berekiah” (2 chron 24:20-22) · Why? · 1) E & N were accepted in canon earlier; · 2) To end the OT on a positive event (the edict); · 3) C. placed as a recapitulation or summary of the whole biblical story |
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Sources and Authorship of Chronicles
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· Sources, 32: royal annals, genealogies, & prophetic texts
· Anonymous · Ezra (Baba Bathra 15a) · A Levite (temple emphasis) · Common author: (1 Esdras combines 2 Chr. 35-36 with Ezra, plus Neh. 7-8) · The Chronicler; he wrote Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah; see ending of Chron. and start of Ezra |
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Date of Chronicles
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· General: 515-400 BC
· After 539 BC for sure (edit of Cyrus) · 1 Chron. 3:17-24 suggests 2 generations after Zerubbabel (450 or later) unless added later |
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Major Omissions from S&K
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· 99% of Saul’s life
· David running from Saul · David’s struggle to the throne · David’s sins of murder & adultery · David’s judgments · Solomon’s idolatry · All the kings of the Northern Kingdom |
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Themes in Chronicles
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· Unity of God’s people: “all Israel” (34x alone or 50x with a particle in Chron. vs.105x in the Tanakh)
· Davidic covenant & kingship · Temple and worship · “Immediate” Retribution theology: reward for obedience & punishment for sin · Attitudes of the heart: humility, joy, with all the heart · Prayer |
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Purpose for Post-Exilic Israel
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· To establish the exclusive legitimacy of Jerusalem cult and Judah; polemic against Samaritans (Torrey, Noth, Rudolph)
· To legitimize house of David to rule and its authority over the Temple cult in time of Zerubbabel (Freedman) · Justice (God); worship (people); Israel (all); kingship (social); to express “the jperpetual need to renew and revitalize the religion of Israel” (Sarah Japhet, OTL) |
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Theme and Purpose of Ezra/Nehemiah
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Purpose:
· Based on God’s grace, the post-exilic community maintains their unity & purity in rebuilding their lives spiritually, the temple, and Jerusalem. Themes: · Unity of God’s people · Purity of God’s people · Temple worship · Role of Scripture · Prayer · God’s grace o “God’s hand was upon him” |
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Title of Esther
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Named for principal character
Persian word for “star” (cf. Ishtar) Hebrew name is Hadassah (2:7) |
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Value of Esther
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No reference to God or prayer; secular history
Never cited in OT Never cited in NT Only OT book not found among DSS Earliest Christian commentary, AD 831 Luther, “I am so hostile to the book [2 Maccabees] and to Esther that I wish they simply did not exist, for they Judaize too much and reveal much bad pagan behavior” Mishnah: 1 tractate focuses on reading Esther at the feast of Purim; BT, Megillah 7b, “a man is obligated to drink until he is unable to distinguish between ‘Blessed is Mordecai’ and ‘cursed is Haman’” |
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Text or Canon of Esther
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LXX has 107 extra verses; 6 lengthy passages
Omitted; incorporated in some EB; placed separately as apocryphal Esther is more Jewish and more religious (God, > 50x, prayers) Canonicity questioned at Jamnia Last book in Megilloth, part of Writings; read at feast of Purim |
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Authorship of Esther
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Author: anonymous
Talmud: “Men of the Great Synagogue” (in Ezra’s day) Josephus: Mordecai |
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Date of Esther
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486-465 BC, reign of Ahasuerus
2 Macc. 15:36, Purim as “day of Mordecai” Thus, 486-100 BC Persian words but no Greek words (333 BC) Loyalty of Maccabean period (Jewish queen?) Thus, closer to 486 than to 100 BC |
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Genre of Esther
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History or novel?
Age of Mordecai (2:5-6) Jews killed 75,000 Persians (9:16) Contradictions with Heroditus: P queen from 1 of 7 noble families; wife of A was Amestris; “20 satrapies” vs. 127 provinces (1:1) M-R-D-K is common 5th century name |
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Literary Style in Esther
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Peripeteia/Irony: death, family, gallows of Haman; M rewarded, not Haman
Satire of Persians: power of men (1:12,21-22); entire bureaucracy about choice of royal mate Recurring motifs: banqueting, apparel, legality, conflicts |
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Purpose and Theme of Esther
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Purpose: to explain the origin of Purim in the deliverance of Jews from a potential holocaust in Persia by God through Esther
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Theme's in Esther
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God’s providence (4:14; 9:1)
God’s hiddenness: Why? Secular; avoid profaning name; displeasure; human action stressed; God’s work is imperceptible Cooperation with foreign powers; can live rich lives in a Gentile world Festival of Purim & deliverance (4:14) |
