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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two major forms of epithelium
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Glandular and surface
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covering or lining: forms outer layer of the skin, dips into and lines open cavities, covers the walls and organs of the closed body cavities
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surface epithelium
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secretory cells: endocrine and exocrine. no duct system.
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glandular epithelium
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serves as a protective barrier for the body and as an active interface with the environment
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epithelium
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first line of defense, major barrier against microbes
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epithelium
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the structural and functional integrity of the ----- is vital for the maintenance of health
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epithelium
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5 functions of the epithelium
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protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory receptors
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3 germ layers of development of epithelial tissue
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ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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external body surface
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ectoderm
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lining of vascular system, serous membranes, parts of the urogenital system
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mesoderm
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most of the lining of the digestive and respiratory system
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endoderm
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some are smooth, most have microvilli (extensions of plasma membrane) some have cilia
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apical surface
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all epithelial cells must be attached here
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basal surface
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special characteristics of epithelium
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apical and basal polarity, specialized contacts
supported by connective tissue below basal lamina, avascular but innervated, |
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Epithelial tissue has ---- if nutrients are available
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regeneration
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epithelial cells generally contain cytoplasmic filaments composed of ----
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cytokeratin (a protein)
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these two types of epithelial tissue do not have cytokeratin
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endothelial (line cardo and blood vessels) and mesenchymal cells (or other cells not of epithelial origin
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all epithelial tissue has a ----- ------ that is the dermal-epidermal junction
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basal membrane
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this is between epithelium and underlying membrane; serves as an anchor (blister formation if disrupted); contains collagen, glycoproteins, and a protein-carbohydrate complex
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basal membrane
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3 parts of the basement membrane
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lamina lucida, lamina densa (basalis), and sub-basal lamina
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part of basal membrane- close to epithelial cells, low density
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lamina lucida
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part of basement membrane- proteoglycans, laminin, fibronectin, collagen (IV)
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lamina densa (basalis)
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in most basement membranes (not all), reticular fibers, connection of lamina densa to connective tissues, stretching and recoil of epithelium for distension
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sub-basal lamina
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single layer of cells- simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, ciliated
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simple epithelia
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spherical to oval, bulging nucleus near center of the cell
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simple squamous
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epithelium: serous membrane close to body (mesothelium):pleural , pericardial, and peritoneal cavities; lungs, heart, intestine
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simple squamous
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lining of the heart and blood vessels (endothelium), lymphatic vessels
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simple squamous
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epithelium lining alveoli, anterior chamber of the eye, labryinth of the inner ear, parietal layer of the glomerular (Bowmans) capsule, part of the loop of Henle
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simple squamous
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epithelium: limiting (biological) membrane, gas exchange, nutrient/waste exchange, lining membrane, lubrication
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simple squamous
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Endothelium is ALWAYS
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simple squamous
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square profile, centrally placed around nucelus, ducts of many glands, secretion, ABSORPTION, protection
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simple cuboidal
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epithelium of kidney, choroid plexus (brain), thyroid gland, epithelium of the lens, retinal pigment layers, bronchioles
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simple cuboidal
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ciliated and non ciliated, goblet cells, gall bladder, stomach, intestines, paranasal sinuses, oviducts, uterus, efferent ducts of the testis, transportation, absorption, secretion, protection
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simple columnar
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nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea (ciliary escalator), bronchi, all will touch basal membrane but not all will touch apical membrane
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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respiratory epithelium is this type of epithelium
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pseudostratified
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more than one layer of cells (epithelial)
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stratified epithelia
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stratified squamous is unique why?
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only top layer has squamous shape
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two types of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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keratinized and nonkeratinized
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surface layer has lost their nuclei, filled with keratin (water resistant protein), protective layer- first line of defense
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keratinized stratified squamous
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keratin is present in the epithelial cells, retain their nuclei
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non keratinized stratified squamous
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Layers of stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis)
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stratum basale (highly dividing)
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum (granules- form keratin) stratum lucidum (cells look light) stratum corneum (no cell organelles, most no cell nucleus) |
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--- layers of skin
---- layers of epithelium |
3, 5
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only in excretory ducts of SOME exocrine glands, salivary glands, pancreas
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stratified cuboidal
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basal layers are cuboidal, superficial layers are columnar, conjunctiva, excretory ducts
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stratified columnar
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several basal layers, lining of the distensible walls of the urinary tract, cells flatten when stretched, dome shaped closest to lumen
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transitional epithelium
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contain supportive cells and specialized receptor cells, retina, internal ear, olfactory mucosa, taste buds, mediate sense of smell, taste, hearing, vision and equilibrium
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sensory epithelium
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groups of cells similar in structure and perform a common/related function
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tissue
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4 major tissue types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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covers body surface, lines body cavities, forms boundaries between different environments, protect, secrete, absorb, filter, physical barrier
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epithelial tissue
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Tissue type: supports, binds tissues together, protects
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connective tissue
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blood, cartilage, bone are examples of this
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connective tissue
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contracts to cause movement
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muscle tissue
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3 types of muscle tissue
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cardiac, skeletal, smooth
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Tissue: internal communication, neurons, glial cells
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nervous tissue
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certain cell types are "footloose", blood cells, sperm cells, certain phagocytic cells (may come from circulating monocytes)
many other types knit into tight communications (particularly epithelial cells) |
membrane junctions
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completely impermeable, prevents leakage in and out, series of integral/transmembrane proteins (occludins and claudins) of adjacent plasma membranes fuse
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tight junctions
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junction between epithelial cells in the GI tract and in capillary endothelium in the blood brain barrier
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tight junction
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maculae adherens (binding bodies)
anchoring junctions, cell-to-cell contacts, particularly well developed in the epidermis, prevent cell separation |
desmosome
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cadherins function as junctional proteins
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desmosome
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---- attach to intracellular adaptor protein complexes that connect to intermediate filaments in neighboring cells
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cadherins
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connect cells to the basement membrane via receptor proteins (integrins), attach one cell to the extracellular matrix, plaque inside the cell membrane- intermediate filaments radiate into the cytoplasm, important attachment of epidermis to the basement membrane
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hemidesmosomes
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also referred to as cell adhesions or FAs
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focal adhesions
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connect the underlying matrix via integrins, large dynamic protein complexes (a way for the cytoskeleton to connect with the ECM), intracellular connection via microfilaments,
** implicated in cell motility and signaling** mechanical linkage to the ECM |
focal adhesions
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white blood cells migrate along endothelium following cellular signals and to damaged tissues
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immune system
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communication junction between adjacent cells
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gap junction
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consists of one or more cells, make and secrete a particular product
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glands
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can refer to both the product of the gland and the process of making and releasing the product; an active process, glandular cells generally obtain needed substances from the blood
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secretion
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4 types of glands
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endocrine, exocrine, unicellular, multicellular
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internally secreting gland
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endocrine
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externally secreting gland
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exocrine gland
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one celled gland, scattered within epithelium Ex. goblet cell
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unicellular gland
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many celled gland, mostly form by invaginations from an epithelium, most have a duct system
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multicellular glands
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often referred to as ductless glands, not all are epithelial derivatives, they produce hormones (hormones act on target cells), release product into bloodstream or surrounding area, secretion by exocytosis, most are mutlicellular, others are diffuse (GI tract), secretions vary chemically
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endocrine glands
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may consist of glandular epithelium only, may have a complex duct system, morphological characteristics, nature of secretory products (mucus, serous, etc), mode of release of secretory product
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exocrine glands
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single secretory cell within epithelial lining, most a mucus producing cells (goblet cells), require WATER, and organ system with opening to outside, found in the epithelial lining of tubular organs (GI tract, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
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unicellular glands
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a complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted
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mucin
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once dissolved, mucin produces ----- which protects and lubricates surface
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mucus
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----- accumulate mucin at the top of the cell, ----- do not
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goblet cells, mucous cells
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glands composed of more than one cell
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multicellular glands
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4 types of multicellular glands
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intraepithelial, extraepithelial, exocrine, endocrine
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Gland: few cells within surface epithelium
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intraepithelial gland
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large accumulation into underlying connective tissue (secrete mucus in underlying connective tissue)
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extraepithelial gland
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gland with no duct system
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endocrine gland
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gland with duct system, simple or compound
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exocrine gland
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based on duct structure: simple vs. compound
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multicellular exocrine gland
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consist of one to several secretory units connected to the surface through an unbranched duct
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simple duct
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many secretory units with a highly branched duct system
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compound duct
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3 types of secretory units (glands)
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tubular, alveolar/acinar, tubuloalveolar
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secretory cells (not epithelial cells) form tubes
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tubular
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secretory cells form small, flak-like sacks
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alveolar/acinar
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have both tubular and alveolar/acinar secretory units
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tubuloalveolar
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Example of simple coiled tubular gland
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sweat gland
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Example of compound acinar gland
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mammary gland
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Example of compound tubuloacinar gland
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pancreas
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4 types are: simple straight tubular glands, simple branched tubular glands, simple coiled tubular, simple acinar/alveolar,
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simple glands
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tubular secretory part is straight, attaches to a single unbranched duct: ex glands in large intestine
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simple straight tubular glands
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tubular secretory part is branched, branches fuse into singe duct near opening, both portions have secretory cells, Ex. glands of the stomach
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simple branched tubular glands
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coiled or convoluted terminal portion, Ex. sweat glands
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simple coiled tubular glands
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similar, enlarge spherical secretory unit, connected to the surface by a short duct, lumin of acinus is small and narrow, lumen of alveolus is large and distended
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simple alveolar/acinar
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simple acinar
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some sebaceous glands
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simple alveolar
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respiratory tract of chicken
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more common than compound, two or more units, empty through a common duct
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simple branched acinar/alveolar
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both types of secretory units, minor salivary glands of the oral cavity
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simple tubuloacinar/tubuloalveolar glands
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elaborate duct system that branches
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compound glands
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3 types of compound glands
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compound tubular, compound acinar/alveolar, compound tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar
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secretory units and ducts in compound glands
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parenchyma
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supportive and connective tissue in compound glands
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stroma
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partially complete division of large glands in compound glands
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lobes
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lobes that are further divided, composed of secretory units
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lobules
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duct system of compound glands (4 parts)
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intralobular duct, interlobular duct, lobar duct, main duct
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secretory product of first portion of compound gland, usually in the center of the lobule
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intralobular gland
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emerge from lobule to enter (intralobule goes into here)
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interlobular duct
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interlobular ducts form larger ducts, drain individual lobes
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lobar ducts
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formed by the junction of lobar ducts
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main ducts
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thick viscous secretion (mucin) needs H2O, protective coating, stains light
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mucous
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thin, watery product, secretory granules (zymogen granules)- precursors of enzymes, stain dark
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serous
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mixed serous and mucous within lobule
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seromucous
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entire cell disintegrates (released)- cell is produced then released
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holocrine
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exocytosis- a lot of mitochondria, rough ER, or smooth ER depending on what is being produced
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merocrine (exocrine)
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similar to merocrine, large single granule migrates to the cell apex then pinched off
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apocrine
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products are secreted by exocytosis, pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands
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merocrine
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products are secreted by the rupture of glandular cells sebaceous glands
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holocrine
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2 modes of secretion (exocrine)
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merocrine and holocrine
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distributed thoughout the skin, simple coiled tubular glands, if entering the hypodermis it forms a highly coiled merocrine secretory portion
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eccrine sweat glands (oil glands)
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eccrine sweat glands have ---- to ---- epithelium
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simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium
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eccrine sweat glands have ---- cells which are rich in actin and myosin and aid in ------
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myoepithelial cells, contraction
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sweat gland duct is ---- epithelium
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stratified cuboidal (not very common outside of sweat glands)
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the difference between sweat gland and sebaceous gland is
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the type of epithelium
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distributed thoughout the skin, simple coiled tubular glands, if entering the hypodermis it forms a highly coiled merocrine secretory portion
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eccrine sweat glands (oil glands)
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eccrine sweat glands have ---- to ---- epithelium
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simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium
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eccrine sweat glands have ---- cells which are rich in actin and myosin and aid in ------
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myoepithelial cells, contraction
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sweat gland duct is ---- epithelium
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stratified cuboidal (not very common outside of sweat glands)
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the difference between sweat gland and sebaceous gland is
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the type of epithelium
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similar to but larger that eccrine sweat gland
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apocrine sweat gland
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located in axila, areola of nipple, and circumanal area
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apocrine sweat glands
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in the external ear canal and in the glands of the eyelid
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apocrine sweat glands
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modified sweat glands, combo of apocrine and eccrine
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mammary glands
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sebaceous glands are --- meaning "whole cell goes"
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holocrine
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glands associated with hair follicles, secretion is oily sebum
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sebaceous glands
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peripheral cells are flat, accumulate lipid droplets, displace organelles causing generation, necrosis and transformation into sebum, sebum coats the hair shaft and skin surface
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sebaceous glands
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found everywhere in the body, most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissue types , provides framework and support, reservoir for hormones and other substances, amount in particular organs varies
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connective tissue
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most connective tissue is derived from the
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mesoderm
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epidermis is ------ epithelium
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simple squamous
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activated B lymphocytes
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plasma cells
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every type of connective tissue has---- and most have
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a cellular component, a matrix/ground substance, fibers
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common origin of connective tissue
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mesoderm
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connective tissues vary in degress of
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vascularity
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connective tissue has a cellular component but is mainly composed of
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extracellular matrix
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function of connective tissue (4)
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binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation
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an immature cell for a given tissue but already evolved to form a particular cell type
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stem cell
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connective tissue proper, makes connective tissue
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fibroblast
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chondroblast
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makes cartilage
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osteoblast
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makes bone
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hematocytoblast
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makes blood cells, makes both RBC and WBC then differentiate
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common embryonic stem cells
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mesenchymal cells
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irregular shaped, smaller than fibroblasts, fewer cell organelles, can differentiate into other connective tissue cells as needed,
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mesenchymal cells
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active connective tissue matrix production, may arise from mesenchymal cells, can differentiate into adipose cells
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fibroblasts
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wounds will not heal in the absence of
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fibroblasts
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large flattened ovoid or stellate cells with large branching processes
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connective tissue cells
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many mitochondria, fat droplets, free robosomes, rER, golgi complexes, grow well in tissue cultures
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connective tissue cells
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in the inactive stage they are smaller, more flattened with condensed with nuclei stained deeply
seen in tendons and ligaments sometimes referred to as fibrocytes |
connective tissue cells
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adipose can come from
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mesenchymal or fibroblasts
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abundant in areas of wound healing, function in wound contraction, also found in periodontal ligament (prob assist in eruption of teeth)
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myofibroblasts
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originates from mesenchymal stem cells, located in lacunae cartilage, makes bone cells
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osteoblasts
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osteoblasts become osteocytes when
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they are embedded in matrix
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similar to fibrocytes in appearance, produced reticular fibers, reticular fibers form frames for many organs (trabeculae)
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reticular cells
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fat cells
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adipocytes
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periendothelial cells, adjacent to lining of capilaries and postcapillary venules
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pericytes
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Common in loose connective tissue, typically cluster along blood vessels, granules contain histamine, heparin, proteases (protein degrading enzymes)
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mast cells
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can stimulate IgE, detect microorgs, initiate local inflammatory response, can degranulate due to physical, immunogenic, and neurogenic stimuli (peptides)
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mast cells
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