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162 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what does the 2nd messenger do
diffuses accross the cytoplasm, increasing the first signal and trigerring cascade of reactions that lead to changes in gene expression and cell behavior
Signal Process of 1st and 2nd messenger
1st messenger attaches to receptor on cell surface, G proteins binds guanine nuclotides and acts on effector proteins, then effector proteins convert ATp to cAMP cuz of the secondary messenger..then active CAMP dependent protein kinase causes protein and aTP to interact casuing Protein PO4 and ADP which leads to cell response
pseudohydropparathyroidsm
deffective receptors, type of dwarfism, caused by nonfunctional parathyroid and growth hormone receptors
defective receptors results in
right hormones are produced but the target cells do not respond cuz they lack normal receptors
hydrophobic signal molecules
small steroid and thyroid hormones bind to reversibly to carrier p roteins in plasma for trasport
what are hydrophobic signals referred to as and what do they do
lipphilic, once carrier lets go, they diffuse through the pl-mem lipid bylayer of target cell and bind to specific intracellular receptors
receptor binding of steroid hormones causes
activated the protein, complex then moves into nucleus and binds with high affinity to areas of DNA seq generally increasing the level of transcription of specific genes
nucleas contains
blueprint for all cell structures and activities encoded in the DNA of chrom
nucleus is the site of
DNA replication and transcription into RNA
nucleus is enclosed by and contains
nucelar envelope, lamina, nucleous, and chromatin
the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with
the endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus functions
cellular regualtions, and production of ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and exports them into the cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
nuclear lamina
litticelike network of proteins that include lamins,
lamins are important cuz
attach chromatins to inner membrane of nuclear envelope and participate in the breakdown and reformation of nuclear envelope during cell cycle
phosphorylation of lamins by, occurs during, and initates what
lamin kinase, prophase, nuclear dissaembly in small vesicles
nuclear lamine functions
shape, spatical organization of pores within nuclear membrane, regualte transcrition, achors interphase hererochromatin, and DNA replication
nucleous respoinsible for, what three morph zones
ribosomal RNA synth and ribosome assembly, GRANDULAR ZONE, FIBRILLAR, ZONE, Fibrillar Center
the grandular zone found and contains
perophery, contains ribosomal precurs particles in various stages of assembly
fibrillar zone found and contains
centrally, ribonuclear protein fibrils
fibrillar center found and contains
found in the center of the fibrillar zone, contains DNA not yet trascribed
chromatin is what and contains what
complex of DNA, histone prot, and nonhistone proteins
DNA three conformations
B DNA, Z and A
Histone Proteins are_____charged, with what 2 residues
positive, lysine, and arginine
histone proteins are important in the formation
of nucleosomes and solenoid fibers
nucelosomes are the basic
repeating units chromatin fibers diameter of 10nm
nonhistone proteins include enzymes involved in, they are either ___or ____proteins
replication, transcription, DNA repair, and regulation of chomratin function, acidic or nuetural proteins
Core of 8 histone molecules are
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
Chromatin has a ___conformation
beads on a string, bead is the histone, string is the DNA, put two together its a nucleosome
6 nucleosomes becomes coiled around an axis to form a
solenoid
Heterochromatin is ____condensed, and transcriptionally______and in euks the percentage of chormatin that is hetero is
highly, inactive, 10%
Euchromatin is____form of DNA, transcriptioally___, percentage is_____of total chromatin, although only ___is being activiely transcribed
more extended form, active, 90%, 10%
ribosomes are composed of____, assembeled in and transported to, through, large ones are made in, whereas small ones are made in
rRNA and protein, nucleus, cytoplasm, nuclear pores, nucleous, nucleus
polysomes formed by, consist of single, and is being what by what at what time
ribosomes, single messenger mRNA, translated by many ribosomes at the same time
ribosomes moe on the mRNA
from 5 to 3 end
two ribosomal subunits associate where with what binding first
on the mRNA, with small subunit binding first
ribosomes exist in two forms which are
free polysomes, and membrane associated polusomes
free polysomes
site for protein synth destined for nucleus, peroxisomes or mitochon
membrane associated polysomes
site of synth of sec proteins, membrane proteins, lysosmal enzymes
ROUGH ER
single lipid bylate continous with nuclear membrane, organized into large flat sacs called cisternae and studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic side
cisternae
flat sac of Rough ER
RE
golgi app, secretion, the PlasmaMem, and lysososmes
RER is very prominent in cells
sepcialized in the synth of proteins destined for secretion like pancreatic acinar cells
SER made up of, continuous with, and lacks
network of mem sacs, vesicles, and tubules continuous with the RER but they do not have ribosomes
SER contains enzymes involved in the synth of
phospholipids, tryglycerides, and sterols
functions of SER is
detox through hydroxylation and conjugation, glycogen degratetion and gluconeogenesis, reactions in lipid metabolism, and sequesteration and release of calcium ions
golgi app is made up of
disk shaped smooth cisternae assembled in stacks called dictysomes and associated with numerous membrane bound vessicles
golgi cis face
forming face, associated with RER
golgi trans face
maturing face, oriented toward the plasma membrane
goli is important in the following processes
glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation
golgi also takes part in the ____of secretory protucts
synth, concentration, and storage
golgi is the site of
post translationsal modification and sorting of new proteins and lipids
modification of carb side of glycoprotins creates
produces complex and hybrid oliosaccharide chains
modification in the golgi determines which proteins
stay in the golgi or leave to become sec proteins, lysosomal prot, or part of plasma membrane
golgi process of modification break down results in diseases
I-cell disease, and hyperproinsulinemia
hyperproinsulinemia
elevated proinsuline in serum from failure of petidase to cleave proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide in the golgi
I-Cell disease
phosphorylation of mannos in the glycoporteins targets proteins to lysosmes, the difieicnecy in the catatlyst (transferase) during phosphorylation results in the I-Cell disease
lysosomes, two forms
intracellular digestion, primary and secondary
primary lysosomes formed by and have not yet
formed by budding on trans side of golgi and have not got material to be digested
secondary lysosomes formed by, and have
formed by fusion of promary lysosomes with substrate to be degraded, contents are in various stages of degegation
lysosomes contain how many enzymes
60 hydrolytic enzymes
all lysosome enzymes are
acid hydrolases with optimal activity at a pH of 5.0
synth of lysomal hydrolasses are in the ....then trasnferred to ______ where they are ______
RER...golgi...modifified and packaged into lysosomes
Gycogen storage disease type 2 (Pompe Disease)
acid alpha-glucosidase a lysosmal hydrolase is deficient which is needed for the degradation of small amount of cellular glycogen
pompe disease energy production is
not imparied, and hypoglycemia does not occur cuz main pathway for glycogen degration is not impaired
pompe disease results in
structually normal glycogen in lysosomes accumulation and in the cytoplasm of patients which can lead to interuption of normal function of other cell organelles and lead to cell inury
accumulation of glycogen leads to
enlargement and dysfction for a entire organ like cardiomyopathy
residual bodeis, what is done with them
indigestible compounds in lysosomes, exocytosed
residual bodes that are not released turn into
lipfuscins or aging pigments
autophagosomes formed by
primary liposomes fuse with membrane bound organelles or portion of cytoplasm
autolysis occurs
when lysosomes rupture and destroy the cell itself
perioxisomes are______, with shape______and a ___membrane
heterogenous group of small sperical organelles with single membrane
perioxosomes functions are
synth and degrad of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of long fatty acid chains (greater than 24 carbons), phospho
perioxosome deficiency
failure to oxidize long fatty acid chains, and accumulate bile acid precursors
common disorders of perioxosome def
zellweger syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal), neonatal adrenalleukodystrphy, infantile refsum disease, hyperlipopecolaternia
mitochondria has___membranes___they synth_____and contain their own____and make some of their own____
two, ATP, DNA, proteins
mitochondria outer mem described as_______, contains__________ which are________ that form ______ so that molecules of __________
smooth , continuous, highly permeable, porins,
Inner membrane is_______to most small Ions Like ________ and small molecules like _______
inpermeable, Na K and H, and ATP adenosine diphosphate and pyruvate
inpermeability of inner membrane is due to high amounts of______
lipid cardiolipin
inner membrane of mitochondria has numberous foldings called
cristae
cristae function to and contain____
increase surface area, enzymes for Electron trans
number of mito arid the number of cristae per microchondrion is proportional to
metabolic activyt in the cells in which they reside
most cells contain mitrochondria with______like cristae
plate like
steroid secreting cells like adrenal and honadal cells have_____cristae
tubular
cristae of the inner membrane has enzymes for
electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
the intermembrane of the mitro has enzymes that
use ATP to phosphorylate other nucrleotides like phosphokinase and adenylate kinase
the matrix of the mito has _____________that oxidize the sustrates in the cell_______that generates ______and ________for use in the ______and _________
dehydrogenases, aa pyruvate and fatty acids, NADH and FADH, electron transport chain and energy generation
matrix contains enzymes for
citric acid cycle for ATP generation and dehydrogenases
mitochon dna is always gotten from______resulting in transmission of diseases of the _______
maternal, energy metabolism
most mitochondrial proteins are made in the
cytoplasm and transferred to the mito
this in the mito contain calcium and magnesium, may be a storage site for calcium
intramitochondrial granule
cytoskeleton
network like structure, provides shape of cell, participates in transportation of large molecules, can even move entire cell
3 categories of cytoskel
microfilaments(actin) , intermediate filaments, microtubules
microtubules are ______with a diameter of ____and wall thickness of _____
small hollow cylindrical unbranched, 25nm, 5
microtubes are made of ______arranged_______around a____
13 tubulin protofilaments, side by side, central core
microtubes function is in_______movement in meosis and mitosis, important in _______formation, microtubes play a more______role in intracellular transport, and movement of _______
chromosomal, spindle, passive, cilia and flagella
microtubuledependent ATPases, kinesin, dynein
generated the force for transport in intracellular vesicle and organelle transport
heterodimer, contains______molecules
subunit of microtub, alpha and beta tubulin
heterodimers organize into______during______containing _____units in one complete turn
spiral during polymerization, 13
microtub formation happens fast at____, which is referred to as the _____making the other end
end of existing microtubes, positive, negative
transportation in microtubes are under control of proteins called______ which are specifically______
motor proteins, dynein and kinesin
kinesine is responsible for the movement of ______ and ______ from cell center
vesicles and organellses, away
dynenines are responsible for the movement ___-the cell center
toward
the formation of microtubes is directed by the ________and is under the control of concentration of ______and _________
microtubule organizing center, Ca2 and microtule associated proteins (MAP)
defect in microtub polymerization______, it is a _____disorder_____characterized by_______which leads to delayed_____with____in_____
chediak-higashi syndrome, autosomal recessive immunodef disorder, abnormal intracellurla protein transport, fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes in leukocytes
functions of centrosomes and centrioloes are
microtub support by organizing them and supporting their growth in nondividing cells, and directs the formation of mitoitc spindle in dividing cells
centrioles are_______with their_______, each is composed of _____sets of _______arranged in the _______
pair of cylindrical structures, long axis perpendicular, 9, triplets, pin wheel
function of centrioles in nondividing cells are
polymerization of long single microtubes that radiate throughout the cytoplasm, maintain cell shape, and transport of substances
centriol function in dividing cells are
mitotic spindle formation
micro(actin)filaments made up of polymers of protein______, which presens in a ___form and a ____form
actin, globular (g-actin) and filamentous (F-actin)
f-actin ____forming____
polymerized, helically entwined actin filaments
actin chains dissociate and reassemble with changes in levels of
Ca and cAMP
microfilaments are referred to as________and they anchor____to the _____of ______
ankyrin, actin filaments to the intrgral proteins of the plasma membrane
movement of microfilaments depends on the interaction of
actin with myosine
actin-myosine interaction in the ____or _____or muscle fibers
contraction or relaxation
dystrophin____functions as
is a microfilament related transmembrane protein that links short actin filaments beneath the plasma membrane and extends across the plasma membrane to bind to extracellular matrix
dystrophin is a ______binding protein....disorders results from____causing
actin, mutation in gene coding for dystrophin, muscular dystrophy
intermediate filament types are
vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acid protein, neurofilaments, keratins
in cells of mesenchymal origin, position nucleus in cell, piolymerizes with other intermediate filaments
vimentin
z-disks of skeletal muscle cells, ensure uniform tension distribution, link actin filaments of adjacenct sarcomeres
desmin
cytoplasm of glial cells (astrocytes)
glial fibrillary acid protein
formed by 3 proteins, in the cytoplasm of neurons
neurofilaments
in cells of skin for resistance to friction and cell to cell adhesion
keratins
epidermolysis bullosa caused by and results in
mutation in gene coding for keratin, increased skin farility and blister formation
apical cell membrane does
regualtion of water and nutrient intake, regualte secretion, transport
lateral cell membrane is made up of
desmosomes or macula adherens that functions in cell contact and adhesion and cell communication
basal cell membrane does
cell substratum contact and generation of ion
tight junction is made up of
membrane protein and plasma membrane
adhering juction is
microfilament structure
gap junction is made up of
pore and connexon
junctional complexes serve to
barrier of fluid flow, maintain apical and basolateral polarity in cells, cell shape, and cell to cell communication
zonula occludens is......presents as........extends around the ........to seal.........from contact with.............and constitutes_____component of many barriers in body
tight junction, sealing strands, apical border of cell, intercellular clefts, outside.....anatomic
zonula adherens is________lies____to zonula occludens______like junction that serves in the attachement of______
adherent junctions, basal, adjacent epithelial cells
macula adherens is_______formed by_____, ________radiate away from plaques
desmosome, juztapositon of two disk shaped plaques, intermediate filaments called tonofilaments
tonofilaments are anchored by_____that also bind to____
desmoplankins, transmembrane linker proteins linking adjacnet cells
_____molecules form actual anchor by attaching to cytoplasmic plaque and extending across membrane and binding to the ______coming through the membrane on the adjacent cell
cadherin
desmosomes are common in lining membranes that are subject to______and considered ______that hold cells together
wear and tear, spot welds
_____area of communication between adjacent cells, that allows passage of _______
gap junction, small particles
_____consists of a hexagonal lattice of tubuluar proteins called_____which form_____connecting cytoplasm across adjacent cells
gap junction, connexons, hydrophilic channcels
connexons functions to allow______to ______
passage of ions and small molecules, to conduct electrical impulse
sheet like strucutre that underlies all epithelia
basement membrane
basement membrane has_____which is composed of ______, _____, and_____ and the other type of lamina_____ which is composed of delicate______fibers
basal lamina, type iv collagen, glycoproteins laminin, and protoglycans heparan sulfate, and reticular lamina, reticular
_____is the point of contact between cell and EC matrix, _____filaments of ____are inserted in to disk shaped_____dense attachment plaque on the _____of cell membrane
hemidesmosome, intermediate, cytoskeleton, electron, inside
apical cell surface evaginations serve to increaser surface area for absorbtion
microvilli
microvilli is covered by____and the core of microbillus contains________
glycocalyx coat, actin microfilaments
microvilli is anchored in the ______cell cytoplasma to the _________which itself is anchroed to _____ of the cell membrane
apical, terminal web, zonula adherens
_______are apical cell surface projections that contain______
cilia, microtubules
cilia is inserted on ______like ____bodies_____present below the membrane surface at the ____pole
centriole, basal, apical
contain two microtubules surrounded by cicrle of nince peripheral microtubule doublets
cilia
pheripheral doublets are fused so they share a common____and form______
tubule wall, and subtub A and B
adjacent doublets of cilia are connected to each other by ______
nexin links
axoneme
outer covering of microtubule arrangement in cilia
in the movement of cilia a pair of _______attached to each_______. then the arms binds to ____rearragent themseves so that the binding site for _______in the tip of the arm is _______
dynenin, A subtub, ATP, B subtube, exposed
__interacts with binding site causing the arm to snap____and movement to occur in___
sub tube A, back, cilia
cilia propel movement in only ____direction
one
cilia function is important in moving mucrous in the ______
resp tract
each cycle of a single___arm slides adjacent _____10nm past each other in cilia
dynenin, doublets,
cells that are dividing all the time, cells in the digestive tract, skin, resp tract, and stem cells in bone marrow creating RBC
labile cells
known as_______have low level of replication, can repidly devide in response to stimuli, make up grandular organs like______
stable or quiescent cells, pacreatic cells
stable cells during periods of high mitoric rate are vulnerable to
mutations and consquenct malingnancies
cells are unable to divide, can increase in size and speed up function, examples are brain and _____, _____
permanent cells, renal corpuscuels and cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle is very
resistant to neoplasia
neoplasia is
formation of new tissue