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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what does the 2nd messenger do
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diffuses accross the cytoplasm, increasing the first signal and trigerring cascade of reactions that lead to changes in gene expression and cell behavior
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Signal Process of 1st and 2nd messenger
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1st messenger attaches to receptor on cell surface, G proteins binds guanine nuclotides and acts on effector proteins, then effector proteins convert ATp to cAMP cuz of the secondary messenger..then active CAMP dependent protein kinase causes protein and aTP to interact casuing Protein PO4 and ADP which leads to cell response
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pseudohydropparathyroidsm
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deffective receptors, type of dwarfism, caused by nonfunctional parathyroid and growth hormone receptors
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defective receptors results in
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right hormones are produced but the target cells do not respond cuz they lack normal receptors
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hydrophobic signal molecules
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small steroid and thyroid hormones bind to reversibly to carrier p roteins in plasma for trasport
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what are hydrophobic signals referred to as and what do they do
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lipphilic, once carrier lets go, they diffuse through the pl-mem lipid bylayer of target cell and bind to specific intracellular receptors
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receptor binding of steroid hormones causes
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activated the protein, complex then moves into nucleus and binds with high affinity to areas of DNA seq generally increasing the level of transcription of specific genes
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nucleas contains
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blueprint for all cell structures and activities encoded in the DNA of chrom
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nucleus is the site of
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DNA replication and transcription into RNA
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nucleus is enclosed by and contains
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nucelar envelope, lamina, nucleous, and chromatin
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the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with
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the endoplasmic reticulum
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nucleus functions
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cellular regualtions, and production of ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and exports them into the cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
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nuclear lamina
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litticelike network of proteins that include lamins,
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lamins are important cuz
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attach chromatins to inner membrane of nuclear envelope and participate in the breakdown and reformation of nuclear envelope during cell cycle
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phosphorylation of lamins by, occurs during, and initates what
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lamin kinase, prophase, nuclear dissaembly in small vesicles
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nuclear lamine functions
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shape, spatical organization of pores within nuclear membrane, regualte transcrition, achors interphase hererochromatin, and DNA replication
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nucleous respoinsible for, what three morph zones
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ribosomal RNA synth and ribosome assembly, GRANDULAR ZONE, FIBRILLAR, ZONE, Fibrillar Center
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the grandular zone found and contains
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perophery, contains ribosomal precurs particles in various stages of assembly
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fibrillar zone found and contains
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centrally, ribonuclear protein fibrils
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fibrillar center found and contains
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found in the center of the fibrillar zone, contains DNA not yet trascribed
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chromatin is what and contains what
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complex of DNA, histone prot, and nonhistone proteins
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DNA three conformations
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B DNA, Z and A
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Histone Proteins are_____charged, with what 2 residues
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positive, lysine, and arginine
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histone proteins are important in the formation
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of nucleosomes and solenoid fibers
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nucelosomes are the basic
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repeating units chromatin fibers diameter of 10nm
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nonhistone proteins include enzymes involved in, they are either ___or ____proteins
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replication, transcription, DNA repair, and regulation of chomratin function, acidic or nuetural proteins
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Core of 8 histone molecules are
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H2A, H2B, H3, H4
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Chromatin has a ___conformation
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beads on a string, bead is the histone, string is the DNA, put two together its a nucleosome
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6 nucleosomes becomes coiled around an axis to form a
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solenoid
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Heterochromatin is ____condensed, and transcriptionally______and in euks the percentage of chormatin that is hetero is
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highly, inactive, 10%
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Euchromatin is____form of DNA, transcriptioally___, percentage is_____of total chromatin, although only ___is being activiely transcribed
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more extended form, active, 90%, 10%
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ribosomes are composed of____, assembeled in and transported to, through, large ones are made in, whereas small ones are made in
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rRNA and protein, nucleus, cytoplasm, nuclear pores, nucleous, nucleus
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polysomes formed by, consist of single, and is being what by what at what time
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ribosomes, single messenger mRNA, translated by many ribosomes at the same time
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ribosomes moe on the mRNA
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from 5 to 3 end
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two ribosomal subunits associate where with what binding first
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on the mRNA, with small subunit binding first
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ribosomes exist in two forms which are
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free polysomes, and membrane associated polusomes
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free polysomes
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site for protein synth destined for nucleus, peroxisomes or mitochon
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membrane associated polysomes
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site of synth of sec proteins, membrane proteins, lysosmal enzymes
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ROUGH ER
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single lipid bylate continous with nuclear membrane, organized into large flat sacs called cisternae and studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic side
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cisternae
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flat sac of Rough ER
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RE
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golgi app, secretion, the PlasmaMem, and lysososmes
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RER is very prominent in cells
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sepcialized in the synth of proteins destined for secretion like pancreatic acinar cells
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SER made up of, continuous with, and lacks
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network of mem sacs, vesicles, and tubules continuous with the RER but they do not have ribosomes
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SER contains enzymes involved in the synth of
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phospholipids, tryglycerides, and sterols
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functions of SER is
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detox through hydroxylation and conjugation, glycogen degratetion and gluconeogenesis, reactions in lipid metabolism, and sequesteration and release of calcium ions
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golgi app is made up of
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disk shaped smooth cisternae assembled in stacks called dictysomes and associated with numerous membrane bound vessicles
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golgi cis face
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forming face, associated with RER
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golgi trans face
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maturing face, oriented toward the plasma membrane
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goli is important in the following processes
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glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation
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golgi also takes part in the ____of secretory protucts
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synth, concentration, and storage
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golgi is the site of
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post translationsal modification and sorting of new proteins and lipids
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modification of carb side of glycoprotins creates
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produces complex and hybrid oliosaccharide chains
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modification in the golgi determines which proteins
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stay in the golgi or leave to become sec proteins, lysosomal prot, or part of plasma membrane
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golgi process of modification break down results in diseases
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I-cell disease, and hyperproinsulinemia
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hyperproinsulinemia
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elevated proinsuline in serum from failure of petidase to cleave proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide in the golgi
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I-Cell disease
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phosphorylation of mannos in the glycoporteins targets proteins to lysosmes, the difieicnecy in the catatlyst (transferase) during phosphorylation results in the I-Cell disease
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lysosomes, two forms
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intracellular digestion, primary and secondary
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primary lysosomes formed by and have not yet
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formed by budding on trans side of golgi and have not got material to be digested
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secondary lysosomes formed by, and have
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formed by fusion of promary lysosomes with substrate to be degraded, contents are in various stages of degegation
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lysosomes contain how many enzymes
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60 hydrolytic enzymes
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all lysosome enzymes are
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acid hydrolases with optimal activity at a pH of 5.0
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synth of lysomal hydrolasses are in the ....then trasnferred to ______ where they are ______
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RER...golgi...modifified and packaged into lysosomes
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Gycogen storage disease type 2 (Pompe Disease)
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acid alpha-glucosidase a lysosmal hydrolase is deficient which is needed for the degradation of small amount of cellular glycogen
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pompe disease energy production is
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not imparied, and hypoglycemia does not occur cuz main pathway for glycogen degration is not impaired
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pompe disease results in
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structually normal glycogen in lysosomes accumulation and in the cytoplasm of patients which can lead to interuption of normal function of other cell organelles and lead to cell inury
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accumulation of glycogen leads to
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enlargement and dysfction for a entire organ like cardiomyopathy
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residual bodeis, what is done with them
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indigestible compounds in lysosomes, exocytosed
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residual bodes that are not released turn into
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lipfuscins or aging pigments
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autophagosomes formed by
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primary liposomes fuse with membrane bound organelles or portion of cytoplasm
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autolysis occurs
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when lysosomes rupture and destroy the cell itself
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perioxisomes are______, with shape______and a ___membrane
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heterogenous group of small sperical organelles with single membrane
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perioxosomes functions are
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synth and degrad of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of long fatty acid chains (greater than 24 carbons), phospho
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perioxosome deficiency
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failure to oxidize long fatty acid chains, and accumulate bile acid precursors
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common disorders of perioxosome def
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zellweger syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal), neonatal adrenalleukodystrphy, infantile refsum disease, hyperlipopecolaternia
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mitochondria has___membranes___they synth_____and contain their own____and make some of their own____
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two, ATP, DNA, proteins
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mitochondria outer mem described as_______, contains__________ which are________ that form ______ so that molecules of __________
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smooth , continuous, highly permeable, porins,
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Inner membrane is_______to most small Ions Like ________ and small molecules like _______
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inpermeable, Na K and H, and ATP adenosine diphosphate and pyruvate
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inpermeability of inner membrane is due to high amounts of______
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lipid cardiolipin
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inner membrane of mitochondria has numberous foldings called
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cristae
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cristae function to and contain____
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increase surface area, enzymes for Electron trans
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number of mito arid the number of cristae per microchondrion is proportional to
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metabolic activyt in the cells in which they reside
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most cells contain mitrochondria with______like cristae
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plate like
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steroid secreting cells like adrenal and honadal cells have_____cristae
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tubular
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cristae of the inner membrane has enzymes for
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electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
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the intermembrane of the mitro has enzymes that
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use ATP to phosphorylate other nucrleotides like phosphokinase and adenylate kinase
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the matrix of the mito has _____________that oxidize the sustrates in the cell_______that generates ______and ________for use in the ______and _________
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dehydrogenases, aa pyruvate and fatty acids, NADH and FADH, electron transport chain and energy generation
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matrix contains enzymes for
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citric acid cycle for ATP generation and dehydrogenases
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mitochon dna is always gotten from______resulting in transmission of diseases of the _______
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maternal, energy metabolism
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most mitochondrial proteins are made in the
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cytoplasm and transferred to the mito
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this in the mito contain calcium and magnesium, may be a storage site for calcium
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intramitochondrial granule
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cytoskeleton
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network like structure, provides shape of cell, participates in transportation of large molecules, can even move entire cell
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3 categories of cytoskel
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microfilaments(actin) , intermediate filaments, microtubules
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microtubules are ______with a diameter of ____and wall thickness of _____
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small hollow cylindrical unbranched, 25nm, 5
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microtubes are made of ______arranged_______around a____
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13 tubulin protofilaments, side by side, central core
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microtubes function is in_______movement in meosis and mitosis, important in _______formation, microtubes play a more______role in intracellular transport, and movement of _______
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chromosomal, spindle, passive, cilia and flagella
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microtubuledependent ATPases, kinesin, dynein
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generated the force for transport in intracellular vesicle and organelle transport
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heterodimer, contains______molecules
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subunit of microtub, alpha and beta tubulin
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heterodimers organize into______during______containing _____units in one complete turn
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spiral during polymerization, 13
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microtub formation happens fast at____, which is referred to as the _____making the other end
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end of existing microtubes, positive, negative
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transportation in microtubes are under control of proteins called______ which are specifically______
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motor proteins, dynein and kinesin
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kinesine is responsible for the movement of ______ and ______ from cell center
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vesicles and organellses, away
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dynenines are responsible for the movement ___-the cell center
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toward
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the formation of microtubes is directed by the ________and is under the control of concentration of ______and _________
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microtubule organizing center, Ca2 and microtule associated proteins (MAP)
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defect in microtub polymerization______, it is a _____disorder_____characterized by_______which leads to delayed_____with____in_____
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chediak-higashi syndrome, autosomal recessive immunodef disorder, abnormal intracellurla protein transport, fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes in leukocytes
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functions of centrosomes and centrioloes are
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microtub support by organizing them and supporting their growth in nondividing cells, and directs the formation of mitoitc spindle in dividing cells
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centrioles are_______with their_______, each is composed of _____sets of _______arranged in the _______
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pair of cylindrical structures, long axis perpendicular, 9, triplets, pin wheel
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function of centrioles in nondividing cells are
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polymerization of long single microtubes that radiate throughout the cytoplasm, maintain cell shape, and transport of substances
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centriol function in dividing cells are
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mitotic spindle formation
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micro(actin)filaments made up of polymers of protein______, which presens in a ___form and a ____form
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actin, globular (g-actin) and filamentous (F-actin)
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f-actin ____forming____
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polymerized, helically entwined actin filaments
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actin chains dissociate and reassemble with changes in levels of
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Ca and cAMP
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microfilaments are referred to as________and they anchor____to the _____of ______
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ankyrin, actin filaments to the intrgral proteins of the plasma membrane
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movement of microfilaments depends on the interaction of
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actin with myosine
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actin-myosine interaction in the ____or _____or muscle fibers
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contraction or relaxation
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dystrophin____functions as
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is a microfilament related transmembrane protein that links short actin filaments beneath the plasma membrane and extends across the plasma membrane to bind to extracellular matrix
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dystrophin is a ______binding protein....disorders results from____causing
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actin, mutation in gene coding for dystrophin, muscular dystrophy
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intermediate filament types are
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vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acid protein, neurofilaments, keratins
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in cells of mesenchymal origin, position nucleus in cell, piolymerizes with other intermediate filaments
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vimentin
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z-disks of skeletal muscle cells, ensure uniform tension distribution, link actin filaments of adjacenct sarcomeres
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desmin
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cytoplasm of glial cells (astrocytes)
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glial fibrillary acid protein
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formed by 3 proteins, in the cytoplasm of neurons
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neurofilaments
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in cells of skin for resistance to friction and cell to cell adhesion
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keratins
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epidermolysis bullosa caused by and results in
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mutation in gene coding for keratin, increased skin farility and blister formation
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apical cell membrane does
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regualtion of water and nutrient intake, regualte secretion, transport
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lateral cell membrane is made up of
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desmosomes or macula adherens that functions in cell contact and adhesion and cell communication
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basal cell membrane does
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cell substratum contact and generation of ion
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tight junction is made up of
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membrane protein and plasma membrane
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adhering juction is
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microfilament structure
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gap junction is made up of
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pore and connexon
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junctional complexes serve to
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barrier of fluid flow, maintain apical and basolateral polarity in cells, cell shape, and cell to cell communication
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zonula occludens is......presents as........extends around the ........to seal.........from contact with.............and constitutes_____component of many barriers in body
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tight junction, sealing strands, apical border of cell, intercellular clefts, outside.....anatomic
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zonula adherens is________lies____to zonula occludens______like junction that serves in the attachement of______
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adherent junctions, basal, adjacent epithelial cells
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macula adherens is_______formed by_____, ________radiate away from plaques
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desmosome, juztapositon of two disk shaped plaques, intermediate filaments called tonofilaments
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tonofilaments are anchored by_____that also bind to____
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desmoplankins, transmembrane linker proteins linking adjacnet cells
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_____molecules form actual anchor by attaching to cytoplasmic plaque and extending across membrane and binding to the ______coming through the membrane on the adjacent cell
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cadherin
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desmosomes are common in lining membranes that are subject to______and considered ______that hold cells together
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wear and tear, spot welds
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_____area of communication between adjacent cells, that allows passage of _______
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gap junction, small particles
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_____consists of a hexagonal lattice of tubuluar proteins called_____which form_____connecting cytoplasm across adjacent cells
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gap junction, connexons, hydrophilic channcels
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connexons functions to allow______to ______
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passage of ions and small molecules, to conduct electrical impulse
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sheet like strucutre that underlies all epithelia
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basement membrane
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basement membrane has_____which is composed of ______, _____, and_____ and the other type of lamina_____ which is composed of delicate______fibers
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basal lamina, type iv collagen, glycoproteins laminin, and protoglycans heparan sulfate, and reticular lamina, reticular
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_____is the point of contact between cell and EC matrix, _____filaments of ____are inserted in to disk shaped_____dense attachment plaque on the _____of cell membrane
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hemidesmosome, intermediate, cytoskeleton, electron, inside
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apical cell surface evaginations serve to increaser surface area for absorbtion
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microvilli
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microvilli is covered by____and the core of microbillus contains________
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glycocalyx coat, actin microfilaments
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microvilli is anchored in the ______cell cytoplasma to the _________which itself is anchroed to _____ of the cell membrane
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apical, terminal web, zonula adherens
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_______are apical cell surface projections that contain______
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cilia, microtubules
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cilia is inserted on ______like ____bodies_____present below the membrane surface at the ____pole
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centriole, basal, apical
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contain two microtubules surrounded by cicrle of nince peripheral microtubule doublets
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cilia
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pheripheral doublets are fused so they share a common____and form______
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tubule wall, and subtub A and B
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adjacent doublets of cilia are connected to each other by ______
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nexin links
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axoneme
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outer covering of microtubule arrangement in cilia
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in the movement of cilia a pair of _______attached to each_______. then the arms binds to ____rearragent themseves so that the binding site for _______in the tip of the arm is _______
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dynenin, A subtub, ATP, B subtube, exposed
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__interacts with binding site causing the arm to snap____and movement to occur in___
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sub tube A, back, cilia
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cilia propel movement in only ____direction
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one
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cilia function is important in moving mucrous in the ______
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resp tract
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each cycle of a single___arm slides adjacent _____10nm past each other in cilia
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dynenin, doublets,
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cells that are dividing all the time, cells in the digestive tract, skin, resp tract, and stem cells in bone marrow creating RBC
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labile cells
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known as_______have low level of replication, can repidly devide in response to stimuli, make up grandular organs like______
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stable or quiescent cells, pacreatic cells
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stable cells during periods of high mitoric rate are vulnerable to
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mutations and consquenct malingnancies
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cells are unable to divide, can increase in size and speed up function, examples are brain and _____, _____
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permanent cells, renal corpuscuels and cardiac muscle
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cardiac muscle is very
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resistant to neoplasia
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neoplasia is
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formation of new tissue
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