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158 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the function of the urinary system?
to collect metabolic wastes and excrete them from the body through a system of ducts
Name the major components of the urinary system
1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) bladder
4) urethra
What is the excretory function of the kidney?
remove metabolic waste and conserve body fluid. Produce urine and regulate fluid pH
How doe kidneys function as endocrine organs?
produce erythropoietin, renin and other proteins
What is the function of the ureters?
connect the kidney to the urinary bladder
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
distensible reservoir for urine
What is the function of the urethra?
to convey urine from the bladder to the external
Describe the composition of the kidney capsule
Dense, irregular connective tissue, collagen, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts
What is the function of the hilum of the kidney?
vertical, medially located fissure which allows for entry of the vessels
What urinary system structures do the renal pelvis and calyces resemble? Why?
resemble the ureters and bladder because they function to move the urine, not filter it.
What is the epithelium of the renal pelvis and calyces?
transitional epithelium
Describe the flow of urine in the kidney
from collecting ducts to minor calyces to major calyces to renal pelvis
Name the two major aspects of the kidney
cortex and medulla
Compare the color of the cortex and medulla. Why are the colored differently?
Cortex is dark red, medulla is paler. Cortex received 90-95% of the blood giving it the characteristic red color
What is the cortical labyrinth?
the convoluted tubles of the cortex
What are medullary rays?
straight tubules and collecting ducts which form radial rays from the cortex
What are renal columns?
Projections of the cortex between the pyramids of the medulla
Describe the contents of the renal medulla
Composed of collecting ducts and renal tubules
Describe the organization of the renal tubules in the kidney
arranged into "pyramids." 8-12 pyramids per kidney
Describe the orientation of the renal pyramids
base faces the cortex, the apex faces the hilum
Name the 2 subdivisions of the pyramid
inner medulla and the outer medulla
How can the outer medulla of the kidney be further subdivided?
inner stripe and outer stripe
Describe what makes the outer stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
contains mainly thick tubules and ducts
Describe what makes the inner stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
Contains mainly thin limbs of the loop of Henle
Describe the composition of the inner medulla
contains mainly thin tubules and collecting ducts
What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?
the papilla
What is the function of the renal papilla?
Drains the collecting ducts into the minor calyx
What is the area cribrosa?
the perforated plate where the collecting ducts enter the minor calyx
What makes up a uriniferous tubule?
a nephron, a connecting tubules and a collecting duct
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
the nephron
What makes up the nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubules
What is a renal corpuscle?
a spherical structure whose main function is to filter blood
Describe the structure of a renal corpuscle
composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Describe the arrival and departure of blood from the renal corpuscle
Blood arrives via the afferent arteriole, exits via the efferent arteriole
Name the two layers of Bowman's capsule
the parietal and the visceral layer
What is the parietal layer of Bowman's Capsulse?
separates the corpuscle from surrounding tissue
What is the epithelium of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
simple squamous
What is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?
The inner layer that covers the gomerulus
Describe the epithelium of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
modified epithelial cells called podocytes
Describe the structure of podocytes
consist of a cell body with large primary processes. From these large primary processes, secondary processes emerge called pedicels.
Describe the interaction of pedicels
They interdigitate to for envelope the surface of the capillary of the glomerulus.
What are filtration slits?
gaps between adjacent secondary processes which allow the filtration of blood into the primary urinary space
What is the slit diaphragm?
a negatively-charged barried made from the glycocalyx which is at the base of the filtration slit. This allows molecules about the size of albumin molecules through
What is the urinary space?
the area between the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's capsule
Where does blood that filters into the urinary space go?
to the proximal convoluted tubule.
What is the vascular pole of Bowman's capsule?
the area where blood vessels enter and exit the corpuscle
What is the urinary pole of Bowman's capsule?
the area where the proximal convoluted tubule originates from (drains the urinary space)
What is the glomerulus composed of?
a cluster of fenestrated capillaries with mesangial cells at the end of the capillary loops
What supplies the capillaries in the glomerulus?
the afferent and efferent arterioles
Characterize the glomerular capillaries
contain numerous fenestrations which do not have a diaphragm, so any molecule smaller than the opening can pass through
Describe the basal lamina of the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries
fused to the basal lamina of the podocytes forming a single basal lamina
Where are mesangial cells located?
between the capillaries in the glomerulus
Name 3 functions of mesangial cells in the glomerulus
1) regulate blood flow
2) structure support
3) phagocytosis
How do mesangial cells regulate blood flow?
they are contractile so they can induce flow.
Describe the effect angiotensin II has on mesangial cells
mesangial cells have angiotensin receptors. Once Ang II binds to these receptors blood flow is reduced
What do mesangial cells phagocytose?
proteins and residue trapped on the basal lamina
What is the function of kidney tubules?
reabsorb material from the ultrafiltrate and secrete material into the urine as well
Describe the lateral walls of the kidney tubules
interdigitate (hard to see in light scope)
Where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?
at the urinary pole of Bowman's Capsule
Describe the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal with distinct microvilli brush border
Describe the communication of cells in the proximal convoluted tubules
contain tight and adherens junctions at the apical surface, interdigitate at the basolateral surface
Name a specific organelle feature of the proximal convoluted tubule that is necessary to help it carry out its functions
numerous mitochondria lined up along basal infoldings. Function to make ATP to run ATPase ion pumps.
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
to reabsorb amino acids, glucose, ions, proteins that filter into the urine from blood from the afferent arterioles
What does the proximal convoluted tubules get rid of?
organic solutes, drugs and toxins
Describe the quality of the urine produced after it leaves the proximal convoluted tubule
isotonic
Name the 4 aspects of the loop of Henle
Thick and thin descending and the thick and thin ascending
What does the loop of Henle connect?
the proximal and distal convoluted tubule
Characterize the epithelium of the thick descending tubules
simple cuboidal epithelium
Describe the function and structure of the thick descending tubule
similar to the proximal convoluted tubules, however it not specialized for absorption
Characterize the epithelium of the thin descending tubule
simple squamous epithelium
Name the 2 subdivisions of the pyramid
inner medulla and the outer medulla
How can the outer medulla of the kidney be further subdivided?
inner stripe and outer stripe
Describe what makes the outer stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
contains mainly thick tubules and ducts
Describe what makes the inner stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
Contains mainly thin limbs of the loop of Henle
Describe the composition of the inner medulla
contains mainly thin tubules and collecting ducts
What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?
the papilla
What is the function of the renal papilla?
Drains the collecting ducts into the minor calyx
What is the area cribrosa?
the perforated plate where the collecting ducts enter the minor calyx
What makes up a uriniferous tubule?
a nephron, a connecting tubules and a collecting duct
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
the nephron
Name the components of the nephron
the renal corpuscle and the renal tubules
Describe the shape and function of the renal corpuscle
spherical structure that filters blood
Name the structures that compose the renal corpuscle
bowman's capsule and the glomerulus
What vessels bring blood to the renal corpuscle and which vessels send blood away from the renal corpuscle?
the afferent vessels and the efferent vessels
Name the two layers of Bowman's capsule
the parietal and visceral layers
Describe the parietal layer of bowman's capsule
separates the glomerulus from the surrounding tissue
What is the epithelium of the parietal layer of bowman's capsule?
simple squamous
What is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?
lines the glomerulus
Describe the epithelium of the visceral layer of bowman's capsule
modified epithelia composed of podocytes
What are podocytes?
cell bodies that extend processes (primary and secondary) such that they encapsulate the capillaries of the glomerulus
What are primary processes of the podocyte?
larger processes which give off the secondary processes
What are secondary processes of the podocyte?
branches from the primary podocyte which interdigitate
What is a pedicel?
another name for secondary processes of podocytes
What are filtration slits?
the space between interdigitating secondary processes through which material can filter through
What is the slit diaphragm?
the glycocalyx derived negatively-charged barrier which allows molecules about the size of albumin to enter
What is the urinary space?
the space between the parietal and visceral layers of bowman's capsule
What is the vascular pole of Bowman's capsule?
the part of the capsule where afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave
What is the urinary pole of Bowman's capsule
the part of the capsule where urine exits the urinary space and enters the proximal convoluted tubule
What are the contents of the glomerulus?
capillaries which have mesangial cells at the ends
Characterize the unique features of the glomerular capillaries
contain many fenestrae which do not have a diaphragm (this means that any molecule that can fit through the holes can travel through without another barrier)
Characterize the relationship between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podoctyes
share a common fused basal lamina
What are the 3 functions are the mesangial cells?
the regulate blood flow
structural support
phagocytosis
How do mesangial cells regulate blood flow?
they are contractile cells which can alter flow
How does angiotensin regulate blood flow in the kidney?
mesangial cells have Ang II receptors. When Ang II binds to receptors, it decreases blood flow
What do mesangial cells function to phagocytose?
residues of proteins trapped in the basal lamina
What is the function of the kidney tubules?
to resorb material from the ultrafiltrate of the urinary space
Describe the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules
large cuboidal cells with a microville brush border
What a principal organelle feature of the proximal convoluted tubule?
many mitochondria located among the basal infoldings
What is the function of the mitochondria located at the base of the proximal convoluted tubule cells?
to provide ATP to run the many ion-pumps
Describe how adjacent cells of the proximal convoluted tubules interact with one another
through tight/adherens junctions at the apical surface as well as interdigitation at the basolateral surface
What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
to reabsorb amino acids, proteins, ions, and glucose
What does the proximal convoluted tubule work to pump out?
waste products, toxins,drugs
Characterize the urine after it leaves the proximal convoluted tubule
isotonic
What are the 4 parts of the Loop of Henle
thick and thin descending, the thick and thin ascending
What is the epithelium of the thick descending tubule?
simple cuboidal
What is the function and structure of the thick descending tubule
same as the proximal convoluted tubule, except it doesn't absorb
What is the epithelium of the thin descending tubule
simple squamous
What happens to the urine at the level of the thin descending tubule
it becomes hyperosmotic because it filters out water and allows urea and NaCl to enter
What is the epithelium of the thin ascending tubule?
simple squamous
Describe the permeability and urine content at the thin ascending limb
impermeable to water, but highly permeable to Na and Cl. Urine becomes hypoosmotic, interstitial space becomes hyperosmotic
What is the epithelium of the thick ascending tubule?
simple cuboidal
Describe the structure and function of the thick ascending tubule
similar to the distal convoluted tubule; transports Na and Cl to the interstitium from the lumen
Characterize the urine at the level of the thick ascending tubule
even more hypotonic than at the thin ascending tubule
What is the macula densa?
the epithelial cells of the thick ascending tubule which make contact with the afferent arteriole of the vascular pole of bowmans capsule
Describe the structure of the cells of the distal convoluted tubules
simple cuboidal without the brush border, interdigitations with adjacent cells, numerous basal striations and mitochondria
What does the distal convoluted tubule connect to?
between the connecting tubule and the thick ascending tubule
What is the main funtion of the distal convoluted tubule
to reabsorb Na, Cl, HCO3
What is the connecting tubule?
the intermediate structure located between the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
What is the epithelium of the collecting tubule?
simple cuboidal
Characterize the epithelium of the collecting ducts
simple cuboidal cells which become taller distally
Name the 3 ductal subdivisions of the collecting duct
cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct
papillary duct
What is the cortical collecting duct?
the portion of the collecting duct which is located amongst the medullary rays in the cortex of the kidney
What is the medullary collecting duct?
the portion of the collecting duct which is located in the medulla of the kidney
What is a papillary duct?
the merging of ducts to empty into the minor calyx
Name the 2 cells of the collecting duct
Principal cells
Intercalated cells
How can the nephron tubules be distinguished from the collecting duct?
collecting duct cells are not interdigitated so they will be easy to differentiate
What cells of the kidney does vasopressin act on? What does it do?
acts on principal cells of the collecting ducts. It opens water channels
What happens to the urine in the collecting duct at the level of the medulla of the kidney?
the interstitium has a higher osmolarity, so the water seeps out resulting in a decrease and volume and increase in concentration of the urine within the collecting duct
Describe the ion exhange of principal cells in the collecting duct
absorb Na and Cl, secrete K
Describe the ion exchange of intercalated cells of the collecting duct
regulate pH by balancing the H and HCO3 levels
Name the two major types of nephrons. How are they classified?
juxtamedullary and cotical. Characterized based on the structure of the loop of henle and the location of the corpuscle
Where is the corpuscle located in juxtamedullary nephron?
at the inner cortex
Describe the length of the loop of Henle in the juxtamedullary nephron
long
Characterize the loop of henle limb in juxtamedullary nephrons
contains both thick and thin limbs
Describe the location of the thin segments of the loop of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons
in the inner medulla
Where is the renal corpuscle in cortical nephrons?
closer to the cortex than juxtamedullary nephrons
Describe the length of the loop of henle in cortical nephrons
short
Describe the components of the loop of henle in the cortical nephrons
NO THIN ascending limb
Where does the loop of henle extend to in the cortical nephron?
into the inner stripe of the outer medulla
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
regulate blood pressure through the production of renin
What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells
Characterize the epithelium of the macula densa
modified epithelium from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
What is the function of the macula densa>?
to detect chloride levels within the tubule
Describe the juxtaglomerular cells
modified smooth muscle cells which exhibit secretory activity
What do juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
renin
How does renin production from the juxtaglomerular cells increase blood pressure?
juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin which stimulates adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which stimulates the reabsorption of NaCl which will result in an increase in water and fluid volume
Where are the extraglomerular mesangial cells located?
in the cleft between the macular densa and the afferent/efferent arterioles
What is the function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells?
structural support and to aid in the transmission of signals between the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells