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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the function of the urinary system?
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to collect metabolic wastes and excrete them from the body through a system of ducts
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Name the major components of the urinary system
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1) kidneys
2) ureters 3) bladder 4) urethra |
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What is the excretory function of the kidney?
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remove metabolic waste and conserve body fluid. Produce urine and regulate fluid pH
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How doe kidneys function as endocrine organs?
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produce erythropoietin, renin and other proteins
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What is the function of the ureters?
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connect the kidney to the urinary bladder
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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distensible reservoir for urine
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What is the function of the urethra?
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to convey urine from the bladder to the external
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Describe the composition of the kidney capsule
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Dense, irregular connective tissue, collagen, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts
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What is the function of the hilum of the kidney?
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vertical, medially located fissure which allows for entry of the vessels
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What urinary system structures do the renal pelvis and calyces resemble? Why?
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resemble the ureters and bladder because they function to move the urine, not filter it.
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What is the epithelium of the renal pelvis and calyces?
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transitional epithelium
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Describe the flow of urine in the kidney
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from collecting ducts to minor calyces to major calyces to renal pelvis
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Name the two major aspects of the kidney
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cortex and medulla
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Compare the color of the cortex and medulla. Why are the colored differently?
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Cortex is dark red, medulla is paler. Cortex received 90-95% of the blood giving it the characteristic red color
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What is the cortical labyrinth?
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the convoluted tubles of the cortex
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What are medullary rays?
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straight tubules and collecting ducts which form radial rays from the cortex
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What are renal columns?
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Projections of the cortex between the pyramids of the medulla
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Describe the contents of the renal medulla
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Composed of collecting ducts and renal tubules
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Describe the organization of the renal tubules in the kidney
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arranged into "pyramids." 8-12 pyramids per kidney
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Describe the orientation of the renal pyramids
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base faces the cortex, the apex faces the hilum
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Name the 2 subdivisions of the pyramid
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inner medulla and the outer medulla
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How can the outer medulla of the kidney be further subdivided?
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inner stripe and outer stripe
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Describe what makes the outer stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
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contains mainly thick tubules and ducts
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Describe what makes the inner stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
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Contains mainly thin limbs of the loop of Henle
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Describe the composition of the inner medulla
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contains mainly thin tubules and collecting ducts
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What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?
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the papilla
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What is the function of the renal papilla?
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Drains the collecting ducts into the minor calyx
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What is the area cribrosa?
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the perforated plate where the collecting ducts enter the minor calyx
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What makes up a uriniferous tubule?
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a nephron, a connecting tubules and a collecting duct
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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the nephron
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What makes up the nephron?
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renal corpuscle and renal tubules
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What is a renal corpuscle?
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a spherical structure whose main function is to filter blood
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Describe the structure of a renal corpuscle
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composed of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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Describe the arrival and departure of blood from the renal corpuscle
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Blood arrives via the afferent arteriole, exits via the efferent arteriole
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Name the two layers of Bowman's capsule
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the parietal and the visceral layer
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What is the parietal layer of Bowman's Capsulse?
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separates the corpuscle from surrounding tissue
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What is the epithelium of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
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simple squamous
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What is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?
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The inner layer that covers the gomerulus
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Describe the epithelium of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
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modified epithelial cells called podocytes
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Describe the structure of podocytes
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consist of a cell body with large primary processes. From these large primary processes, secondary processes emerge called pedicels.
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Describe the interaction of pedicels
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They interdigitate to for envelope the surface of the capillary of the glomerulus.
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What are filtration slits?
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gaps between adjacent secondary processes which allow the filtration of blood into the primary urinary space
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What is the slit diaphragm?
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a negatively-charged barried made from the glycocalyx which is at the base of the filtration slit. This allows molecules about the size of albumin molecules through
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What is the urinary space?
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the area between the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's capsule
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Where does blood that filters into the urinary space go?
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to the proximal convoluted tubule.
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What is the vascular pole of Bowman's capsule?
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the area where blood vessels enter and exit the corpuscle
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What is the urinary pole of Bowman's capsule?
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the area where the proximal convoluted tubule originates from (drains the urinary space)
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What is the glomerulus composed of?
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a cluster of fenestrated capillaries with mesangial cells at the end of the capillary loops
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What supplies the capillaries in the glomerulus?
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the afferent and efferent arterioles
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Characterize the glomerular capillaries
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contain numerous fenestrations which do not have a diaphragm, so any molecule smaller than the opening can pass through
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Describe the basal lamina of the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries
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fused to the basal lamina of the podocytes forming a single basal lamina
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Where are mesangial cells located?
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between the capillaries in the glomerulus
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Name 3 functions of mesangial cells in the glomerulus
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1) regulate blood flow
2) structure support 3) phagocytosis |
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How do mesangial cells regulate blood flow?
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they are contractile so they can induce flow.
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Describe the effect angiotensin II has on mesangial cells
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mesangial cells have angiotensin receptors. Once Ang II binds to these receptors blood flow is reduced
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What do mesangial cells phagocytose?
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proteins and residue trapped on the basal lamina
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What is the function of kidney tubules?
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reabsorb material from the ultrafiltrate and secrete material into the urine as well
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Describe the lateral walls of the kidney tubules
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interdigitate (hard to see in light scope)
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Where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?
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at the urinary pole of Bowman's Capsule
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Describe the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule
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simple cuboidal with distinct microvilli brush border
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Describe the communication of cells in the proximal convoluted tubules
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contain tight and adherens junctions at the apical surface, interdigitate at the basolateral surface
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Name a specific organelle feature of the proximal convoluted tubule that is necessary to help it carry out its functions
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numerous mitochondria lined up along basal infoldings. Function to make ATP to run ATPase ion pumps.
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What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
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to reabsorb amino acids, glucose, ions, proteins that filter into the urine from blood from the afferent arterioles
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What does the proximal convoluted tubules get rid of?
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organic solutes, drugs and toxins
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Describe the quality of the urine produced after it leaves the proximal convoluted tubule
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isotonic
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Name the 4 aspects of the loop of Henle
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Thick and thin descending and the thick and thin ascending
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What does the loop of Henle connect?
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the proximal and distal convoluted tubule
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Characterize the epithelium of the thick descending tubules
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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Describe the function and structure of the thick descending tubule
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similar to the proximal convoluted tubules, however it not specialized for absorption
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Characterize the epithelium of the thin descending tubule
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simple squamous epithelium
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Name the 2 subdivisions of the pyramid
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inner medulla and the outer medulla
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How can the outer medulla of the kidney be further subdivided?
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inner stripe and outer stripe
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Describe what makes the outer stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
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contains mainly thick tubules and ducts
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Describe what makes the inner stripe of the outer medulla visually unique from surrounding tissue?
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Contains mainly thin limbs of the loop of Henle
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Describe the composition of the inner medulla
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contains mainly thin tubules and collecting ducts
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What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?
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the papilla
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What is the function of the renal papilla?
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Drains the collecting ducts into the minor calyx
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What is the area cribrosa?
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the perforated plate where the collecting ducts enter the minor calyx
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What makes up a uriniferous tubule?
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a nephron, a connecting tubules and a collecting duct
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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the nephron
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Name the components of the nephron
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the renal corpuscle and the renal tubules
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Describe the shape and function of the renal corpuscle
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spherical structure that filters blood
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Name the structures that compose the renal corpuscle
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bowman's capsule and the glomerulus
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What vessels bring blood to the renal corpuscle and which vessels send blood away from the renal corpuscle?
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the afferent vessels and the efferent vessels
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Name the two layers of Bowman's capsule
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the parietal and visceral layers
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Describe the parietal layer of bowman's capsule
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separates the glomerulus from the surrounding tissue
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What is the epithelium of the parietal layer of bowman's capsule?
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simple squamous
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What is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?
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lines the glomerulus
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Describe the epithelium of the visceral layer of bowman's capsule
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modified epithelia composed of podocytes
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What are podocytes?
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cell bodies that extend processes (primary and secondary) such that they encapsulate the capillaries of the glomerulus
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What are primary processes of the podocyte?
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larger processes which give off the secondary processes
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What are secondary processes of the podocyte?
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branches from the primary podocyte which interdigitate
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What is a pedicel?
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another name for secondary processes of podocytes
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What are filtration slits?
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the space between interdigitating secondary processes through which material can filter through
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What is the slit diaphragm?
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the glycocalyx derived negatively-charged barrier which allows molecules about the size of albumin to enter
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What is the urinary space?
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the space between the parietal and visceral layers of bowman's capsule
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What is the vascular pole of Bowman's capsule?
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the part of the capsule where afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave
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What is the urinary pole of Bowman's capsule
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the part of the capsule where urine exits the urinary space and enters the proximal convoluted tubule
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What are the contents of the glomerulus?
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capillaries which have mesangial cells at the ends
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Characterize the unique features of the glomerular capillaries
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contain many fenestrae which do not have a diaphragm (this means that any molecule that can fit through the holes can travel through without another barrier)
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Characterize the relationship between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podoctyes
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share a common fused basal lamina
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What are the 3 functions are the mesangial cells?
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the regulate blood flow
structural support phagocytosis |
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How do mesangial cells regulate blood flow?
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they are contractile cells which can alter flow
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How does angiotensin regulate blood flow in the kidney?
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mesangial cells have Ang II receptors. When Ang II binds to receptors, it decreases blood flow
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What do mesangial cells function to phagocytose?
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residues of proteins trapped in the basal lamina
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What is the function of the kidney tubules?
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to resorb material from the ultrafiltrate of the urinary space
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Describe the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules
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large cuboidal cells with a microville brush border
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What a principal organelle feature of the proximal convoluted tubule?
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many mitochondria located among the basal infoldings
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What is the function of the mitochondria located at the base of the proximal convoluted tubule cells?
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to provide ATP to run the many ion-pumps
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Describe how adjacent cells of the proximal convoluted tubules interact with one another
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through tight/adherens junctions at the apical surface as well as interdigitation at the basolateral surface
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What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
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to reabsorb amino acids, proteins, ions, and glucose
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What does the proximal convoluted tubule work to pump out?
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waste products, toxins,drugs
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Characterize the urine after it leaves the proximal convoluted tubule
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isotonic
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What are the 4 parts of the Loop of Henle
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thick and thin descending, the thick and thin ascending
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What is the epithelium of the thick descending tubule?
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simple cuboidal
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What is the function and structure of the thick descending tubule
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same as the proximal convoluted tubule, except it doesn't absorb
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What is the epithelium of the thin descending tubule
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simple squamous
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What happens to the urine at the level of the thin descending tubule
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it becomes hyperosmotic because it filters out water and allows urea and NaCl to enter
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What is the epithelium of the thin ascending tubule?
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simple squamous
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Describe the permeability and urine content at the thin ascending limb
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impermeable to water, but highly permeable to Na and Cl. Urine becomes hypoosmotic, interstitial space becomes hyperosmotic
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What is the epithelium of the thick ascending tubule?
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simple cuboidal
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Describe the structure and function of the thick ascending tubule
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similar to the distal convoluted tubule; transports Na and Cl to the interstitium from the lumen
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Characterize the urine at the level of the thick ascending tubule
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even more hypotonic than at the thin ascending tubule
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What is the macula densa?
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the epithelial cells of the thick ascending tubule which make contact with the afferent arteriole of the vascular pole of bowmans capsule
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Describe the structure of the cells of the distal convoluted tubules
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simple cuboidal without the brush border, interdigitations with adjacent cells, numerous basal striations and mitochondria
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What does the distal convoluted tubule connect to?
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between the connecting tubule and the thick ascending tubule
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What is the main funtion of the distal convoluted tubule
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to reabsorb Na, Cl, HCO3
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What is the connecting tubule?
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the intermediate structure located between the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
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What is the epithelium of the collecting tubule?
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simple cuboidal
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Characterize the epithelium of the collecting ducts
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simple cuboidal cells which become taller distally
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Name the 3 ductal subdivisions of the collecting duct
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cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct papillary duct |
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What is the cortical collecting duct?
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the portion of the collecting duct which is located amongst the medullary rays in the cortex of the kidney
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What is the medullary collecting duct?
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the portion of the collecting duct which is located in the medulla of the kidney
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What is a papillary duct?
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the merging of ducts to empty into the minor calyx
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Name the 2 cells of the collecting duct
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Principal cells
Intercalated cells |
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How can the nephron tubules be distinguished from the collecting duct?
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collecting duct cells are not interdigitated so they will be easy to differentiate
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What cells of the kidney does vasopressin act on? What does it do?
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acts on principal cells of the collecting ducts. It opens water channels
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What happens to the urine in the collecting duct at the level of the medulla of the kidney?
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the interstitium has a higher osmolarity, so the water seeps out resulting in a decrease and volume and increase in concentration of the urine within the collecting duct
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Describe the ion exhange of principal cells in the collecting duct
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absorb Na and Cl, secrete K
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Describe the ion exchange of intercalated cells of the collecting duct
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regulate pH by balancing the H and HCO3 levels
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Name the two major types of nephrons. How are they classified?
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juxtamedullary and cotical. Characterized based on the structure of the loop of henle and the location of the corpuscle
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Where is the corpuscle located in juxtamedullary nephron?
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at the inner cortex
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Describe the length of the loop of Henle in the juxtamedullary nephron
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long
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Characterize the loop of henle limb in juxtamedullary nephrons
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contains both thick and thin limbs
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Describe the location of the thin segments of the loop of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons
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in the inner medulla
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Where is the renal corpuscle in cortical nephrons?
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closer to the cortex than juxtamedullary nephrons
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Describe the length of the loop of henle in cortical nephrons
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short
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Describe the components of the loop of henle in the cortical nephrons
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NO THIN ascending limb
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Where does the loop of henle extend to in the cortical nephron?
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into the inner stripe of the outer medulla
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What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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regulate blood pressure through the production of renin
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What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells
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Characterize the epithelium of the macula densa
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modified epithelium from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
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What is the function of the macula densa>?
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to detect chloride levels within the tubule
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Describe the juxtaglomerular cells
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modified smooth muscle cells which exhibit secretory activity
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What do juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
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renin
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How does renin production from the juxtaglomerular cells increase blood pressure?
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juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin which stimulates adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which stimulates the reabsorption of NaCl which will result in an increase in water and fluid volume
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Where are the extraglomerular mesangial cells located?
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in the cleft between the macular densa and the afferent/efferent arterioles
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What is the function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells?
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structural support and to aid in the transmission of signals between the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells
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