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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of the Respiratory system:
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provide oxygen to the tissues of the body in exchange for carbon dioxide
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2 major divisions of the respiratory system:
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1. Conducting portion: airways that deliver air to the lungs
2. Respiratory portion: structures within the lung where gaseous exchange occurs |
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Conducting Portion of respiratory system:
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- DELIVERs air to the respiratory tissue
- warm, moisten and filter the air before it reaches the respiratory tissue |
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What does the conduction portion of the respiratory system include:
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nose
pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles down to and including the terminal bronchioles |
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Respiratory portion of respiratory system:
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*where EXCHANGE of gases take place
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What does the respiratory portion include:
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respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli *these parts of the system are INTRApulmonary |
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The main divisions of the respiratory tract include:
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What are nares:
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= nostrils --> whose outermost portions are lined by extensions of skin
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Epithelium of the nares:
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- contains sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands |
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Nasal cavity include:
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Vestibule
Respiratory Olfactory |
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Vestibule is:
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the first portion of the nasal cavity
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Skeleton of the vestibule:
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Hyaline cartilage
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What type of epithelium does the vestibule have?
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Stratified squamous keratinized
- Posteriorly, the lining changes to respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells). *NO cilia * No Goblet cells |
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What type of glands does the vestibule contain?
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Sebaceous
sweat glands |
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Feature(s) of the Vestibule:
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contains Vibrissae (thick short hairs) that filter out large particles from the inspired air
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Lamina propria layer of the vestibule:
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Vascular (contains many venous plexuses)
has a number of seromucous glands |
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What is seen in this slide?
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Nasal cavity : intraepithelial gland
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Skeletal structure of the Respiratory region of the nasal cavity:
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Bone & hyaline cartilage
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What type of epithelium does respiratory region have?
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
*HAS cilia *HAS goblet cells |
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What type of glands does the respiratory region contain?
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Seromucous
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Feature(s) of Respiratory region:
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Large venous plexus
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Skeletal structure of the olfactory region:
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Nasal conchae (bone)
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What type of glands can you find within the olfactory region?
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Bowman's glands
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Feature(s) of the olfactory region:
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Basal cells
sustentacular cells olfactory cells nerve fibers |
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Olfactory epithelium is located at the:
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Roof of nasal cavity, on either side of the nasal septum and onto the superior nasal conchae
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Epithelial layer of the olfactory region consists of:
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
*HAS cilia *NO Goblet cells |
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What are the types of cells within the Olfactory mucosa?
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with 3 types of cells:
a. olfactory b. supporting c. basal |
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What are olfactory cells?
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- bipolar nerve cells characterized by a bulbous projection (olfactory vesicle) from which several modified cilia extend
- olfactory cilia --> acts as receptors (nonmotile & very long) - proximal 1/3 contains a typical axoneme but their distal 2/3s is composed of 9 peripheral singlets surrounding 2 central singlets |
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What are the structures of the supporting (sustentacular) cells?
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- Possess nuclei that are more apically located than those in the other two cell types.
- Have many microvilli and a prominent terminal web |
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Where are the basal cells located?
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Rest on the basal lamina but do not extend to the surface and form an incomplete layer of cells
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What are basal cells?
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The are believed to be regenerative for all three-cell types
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Lamina Propria of the Basal cells consists of:
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many veins
unmyelinated nerves Bowman’s glands |
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Pharynx includes which 2 regions?
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Nasal
Oral |
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What are the supporting structures for the Nasal & Oral region?
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Muscle
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What types of gland does the nasal region have?
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Seromucous glands
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Epithelial layer of the nasal region?
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
*HAS cilia *HAS goblet cells |
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Features of the nasal region:
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Pharyngeal tonsil
eustachian tube |
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What type of glands are located within the oral region of the pharynx?
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Seromucous glands
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Epithelial layer of the oral region:
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Stratified squamous non-keratinized
*NO cilia *NO goblet cells |
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Feature(s) of the oral region of the pharynx?
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Palatine tonsils
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The larynx connects....
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pharynx with trachea
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Skeletal structure of the larynx (division):
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Wall is supported by:
a. Hyaline cartilage (thyroid, cricoid, lower part of arytenoids) b. Elastic cartilages (epiglottis, corniculate and tips of arytenoids) Remainder of the wall contains striated muscle and CT with glands |
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What type of glands located in the larynx?
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Mucous & seromucous glands
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Epithelial layer of the Larynx:
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Stratified squamous non-keratinized
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar *HAS cilia *HAS goblet cells |
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Features of the Larynx:
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Vocal cords
epiglottis some taste buds |
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How do the vocal cords work?
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Muscles within the larynx contract and change the size of the opening between the vocal cords, which provide the means for sounds of different frequencies to be produced
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What does the true vocal cords consists of?
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- skeletal muscle (the vocalis)
- the vocal ligament (formed by a band of elastic fibers) - a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium |
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Where does the change in lining epithelium occur?
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- It changes to respiratory epithelium at base of epiglottis, inferior to the vocal cords
- Respiratory epithelium lines air passages down through trachea and primary bronchi |
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What is the vestibular fold?
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= false vocal cord
= a fold of loose connective tissue containing glands and lymphoid aggregations - covered by respiratory epithelium |
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Where are the Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) located?
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Lies superior to the true vocal cord
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locate different structures:
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Trachea & extrapulmonary (primary) bronchi are supported by:
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C-rings of hyaline cartilage (with open ends facing posteriorly)
- smooth muscle (trachealis) extends between open ends of the cartilage - Dense fibroelastic connective tissue superior and inferior to each cartilage --> facilitates the elongation of the trachea during inhalation |
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Types of gland you find within the trachea & extrapulmonary bronchi:
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Mucous & seromucous glands
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Epithelial layer of the trachea & extrapulmonary (primary) Bronchi is composed of:
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
*HAS cilia *HAS goblet cells |
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Features of the trachea & primary bronchi:
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Trachealis muscle
elastic lamina |
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The lumen of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi are lined by:
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respiratory epithelium
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In human, the respiratory epithelium consists of different cell types:
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- ciliated cells
- mucous cells - mature goblet cell - enteroendocrine cells |
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Importance of the Ciliated cells:
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- protect delicate lung tissue from possible damage by inhaled particulate matter
- have long actively motile extensions that beat in the direction of the pharynx * Ciliated cells also contain microvilli |
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What type of epithelium is this? what stain is used?
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Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
Pararosaniline—toluidine blue (PT) stain |
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What is an axoneme?
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the central core of a cilium
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Cilia are anchored to the cells by:
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U-shaped basal bodies
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The two types of mucous cells are:
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1. small mucous granule "brush" cell
2. mature goblet cells |
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What are small mucous granule "brush" cells?
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- called "brush" because of the numerous microvillil
- Actively divides and thus might be able to replace desquamated cells; might also be a goblet cell that has secreted its mucus - contains varying numbers of small mucous granules |
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What are mature goblet cells?
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- best known because of its shape
- filled with large mucous droplets that are secreted to trap inhaled particles - have short basal, cells "STEM" - are able to divide |
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Where are the mature goblet cells located?
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Rest on the basal lamina but do not extend to the lumen, making epithelium pseudostratified
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What are enteroendocrine cells?
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- also "APUD": Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylase
- small granule cells also from part of the epithelium - contain many small granules concentrated in their basal cytoplasm |
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Where are the functions of the enteroendocrine cells?
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- These cells exert a local affect on nearby structures and cell types (paracrine regulation)
- Various types of enteroendocrine cells synthesize different polypeptide hormones |
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What is a basement membrane?
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a very thick layer that underlies the epithelium
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Trachea lamina propria:
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- A thin layer of connective tissue that lies beneath the basement membrane.
- Elastic fibers run longitudinally and separate the lamina propria from the submucosa *distinct line between lamina propria and submucosa! |
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Trachea Submucosa contains what type of glands?
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seromucous glands
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Outer layer of the trachea is formed by:
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- Adventitia
- Contains C-shaped cartilages |
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cross section of the wall of the trachea
Thick cartilage within the adventitia layer |
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Origin of the intrapulmonary bronchi (secondary bronchi):
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Arise from subdivision of the primary bronchi and divide many times
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Feature(s) of the Intrapulmonary Bronchi (secondary bronchi)
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Have irregular cartilage plates in their walls
- respiratory epithelium lines the lumina of the intrapulmonary bronchi |
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Intrapulmonary Bronchi (secondary bronchi) can be divided into which 3 regions?
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Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles Terminal bronchiole |
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Secondary bronchi is supported by what type of skeletal structure?
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Plates of hyaline cartilage
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What type of glands does the secondary bronchi have?
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Seromucous glands
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What is the epithelial layer of the secondary bronchi?
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
*HAS cilia *HAS goblet cells |
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What are the distinctive features of the secondary bronchi?
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Two helically oriented ribbons of smooth muscle
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What are the structures that support the bronchioles?
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Smooth muscle
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What kind of glands can you find within the bronchioles?
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NONE!
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What lines the bronchioles?
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Simple columnar to simple cuboidal
*HAS cilia *HAS goblet cells BUT ONLY IN larger bronchiole |
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Special features of the bronchioles:
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Clara cells
= dome-shaped cells with short microvilli found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs |
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The terminal bronchiole is supported by...
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smooth muscle
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Are there any glands within the terminal bronchiole?
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NO!
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What lines the surface of the terminal bronchiole?
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Simple cuboidal
*HAS some cilia *NO goblet cells |
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Features/structures of the terminal bronchiole:
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Less than 0.5 mm in diameter
Clara cells |
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Lamina Propria of the Intrapulmonary Bronchi (secondary bronchi) is separated from the submucosa by...
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layers of spiraling smooth muscle
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Glands (seromucous) of the intrapulmonary are present in which layer?
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Submucosa
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Identify all the layers of the secondary bronchus.
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- respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells
- The connective tissue of the lamina propria contains serous glands and smooth muscle (SM) - In the lower half of the photomicrograph is a large piece of hyaline cartilage *Smooth muscles are not present in the primary bronchi and trachea |
