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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the most important function of the respiratory system?
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gas exchange
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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gas exchange
cooling chemoreception vocalization |
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What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity?
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cutaneous
respiratory olfactory |
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What is another name for the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity?
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nasal vestibule (stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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In the propia submucosa of the cutaneous region was layer is absent?
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lamina muscularis
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What are the 3 layers of the tunica mucosa?
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Lamina epithelialis
Lamina propria Lamina muscularis |
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What are the general Structures of Tubular Organs?
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Tunica mucosa
Tunica submucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica serosa or T. adventitia |
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What is the transitional zone of the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity lined by?
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stratified cuboidal or nonciliated pseudostratified epithelium
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In horses, a __________ is lined by integument containing hairs, sebaceous and sweat glands it is also called the False Nostril.
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nasal diverticulum
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The caudal two-thirds of the nasal cavity is called _______.
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respiratory region
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Epithelium of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity is lined by ________.
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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What are the 4 types of cells of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
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1)ciliated
(w/motile cilia/microvilli) 2)secretory(serous or mucous) 3)brush-thick microvilli 4)Basal-sustentacular cells |
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Propria-submucosa is highly vascular (cavernous stratum) containing what? and located in what region?
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serous or mixed nasal glands, numerous nerves, and lymphatic nodules.
respiratory region of the nasal cavity |
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The dorsocaudal portion of the nasal cavity is called ________ and it is occupied by the ___________.
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olfactory region
ethmoidal labyrinth |
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The olfactory region of the nasal cavity is lined with what type of epithelium?
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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The olfactory region of the nasal cavity is lined w/ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, what type of cells are in this epithelium?
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neurosensory(olfactory cells)
sustentacular(columnar cells) basal cells |
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What is the vomeronasal organ?
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Jacobsen's organ, control of sexual behavior
A paired duct, located on either side of the base of the nasal septum |
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Vomeronasal organ opens up into _______.
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incisive duct
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The medial pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the vomeronasal organ contains what?
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neurosensory, sustentacular and basal cells
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The lateral pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the vomeronasal organ contains what?
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ciliated and non-ciliated columnar, goblet and basal cells
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The propia submucosa of the vomeronasal organ contains what?
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vomeronasal glands (mucous or mixed)
vomeronasal cartilage (hyaline), enclosing the organ. |
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What lines the nasopharynx?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
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What are prominent in the dorsal portion of the nasopharynx?
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Lymphatic nodules
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Lymphatic nodules of the nasopharynx aggregate as what?
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pharyngeal tonsil.
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The laryngeal mucosa of the larynx is lined by __________.
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stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
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stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium in the laryngeal mucosa can change to what?
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respiratory epithelium
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The epithelium over the epiglottis in the larynx may contain __________ .
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taste buds
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What is frequently observed in the propria-submucosa of the larynx?
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Diffuse lymphatic tissues or solitary lymphatic nodules
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____________ glands are present in the propria-submucosa of the caudal part of the larynx.
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Mixed
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Thyroid and cricoid cartilages are made of ________.
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hyaline cartilages
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Epiglottis and cuneiform process of the arytenoid cartilage contain __________.
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elastic cartilage.
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The trachea is lined with what type of epithelium?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/goblet cells.
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_____________, typically pyramidal-shaped, are abundant in young animals and are identified by histochemical methods.
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Neuroendocrine cells
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A variety of _________ cells in the trachea are also observed in the epithelium.
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Migratory-lymphocytes, globular leukocytes and mast cells)
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The ___________ of the trachea consists of loose C.T. and a subepithelial layer of elastic fibers.
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propria-submucosa
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The propria-submucosa of the trachea contains what type of glands?
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tubuloacinar seromucous glands.
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____ or ____ shaped hyaline cartilage is found in the trachea.
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C or U shaped
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The external perichondrium of the trachea is surrounded by loose connective tissue of the ___________ .
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adventitia
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The lungs are covered by pulmonary and visceral ________.
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pleura
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The pulmonary pleura consists of__________ epithelium and a layer of connective tissue which is continuous with that of ___________septa.
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simple squamous
interalveolar |
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Pulmonary pleura is thickest in ________ and thinnest in the .
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ruminants
dog and cat |
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The lung is divided into: __________ & ___________.
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Intrapulmonary conducting airways-bronchi/bronchioles.
Gas exchange area-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. |
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Bronchi are lined by ___________ .
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
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Proximodistally, the epithelial height and number of goblet cells in bronchi decrease whereas __________ increase in number.
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Clara cells (exocrine gland)
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Proximodistally in the bronchi, cartilages _______ whereas smooth muscles ________ .
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decrease,increase
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Bronchioles branch repeatedly into several generations and terminate as ____________.
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terminal bronchioles
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Bronchioles are lined with what.
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simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Clara cells
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The propria-submucosa of the bronchioles consists of sparse loose C.T.; ______ &_________ are absent.
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Cartilage and glands
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What do clara cells in the bronchioles do?
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keep the lumen patent(open) and reduces surface tension of liquid film
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What are the parts of the gas exchange area (parenchyma)?
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Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts & Alveolar Sacs Alveoli |
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The tunica adventitia of the bronchioles is loose C.T. with_________ oriented circularly.
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elastic fibers
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Respiratory bronchioles are also called ________ and is the focus of most of lung disorders.
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transition zone
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respiratory bronchioles are similar to terminal bronchioles with the exception of __________.
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the epithelium is interrupted by alveoli.
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In carnivores, respiratory bronchioles are __________ , whereas in horse, cow and pig, they are short or absent.
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extensive
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Alveolar duct arises from the respiratory bronchiole and terminate in ________ of alveoli called alveolar sac.
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clusters
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are lined by what?
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simple cuboidal or squamous epithelium.
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The subepithelial C.T. of Alveolar Ducts & Alveolar Sacs contains ________ cells and very few __________ .
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smooth muscle
elastic fibers |
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What are the 2 cell types of alveolar epithelial lining?
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Type 1 and type 2.
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Which cell type of Alveolar epithelial lining is a squamous epithelial cell type and
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Type 1
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Which cell type of Alveolar epithelial lining is a cuboidal cell with microvilli and fills 5% of the alveoli.
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type 2
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Which cell type alveoli is responsible for the production of pulmonary surfactant.
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type 2
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Pulmonary __________ (derived from monocytes) are phagocytic cells present in the alveolar lumen.
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macrophages
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air blood barrier is composed of what?
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Pneumocyte I cell
Basal lamina of pneumocyte I & capillary endothelial cells The capillary endothelial cell The plasmalemma of a red blood cell. |