Histology-Respiratory System

Front 1

The respiratory system includes what two portions?

Back 1

conducting portion and respiratory portion

Front 2

What is relatively toxic, and vital, to all living cells and therefore must be conditioned during passage to the lungs so that gas exchange can take place?

Back 2

air

Front 3

What are the 6 fxns of the respiratory system?

Back 3

1. Olfaction (smell)
2. Vocalization
3. Conditioning of air
4. Conduction of air
5. Inspiration and expiration of air
6. Gas exchange

Front 4

What occurs during the conditioning of air?

Back 4

warming, filtration, humidification

Front 5

Conduction of air does what?

Back 5

brings air from the outside deep into the body to the site of gas exchange

Front 6

The respiratory tree is ventilated by inspiratory movements of the chest of wall by what muscles?

Back 6

muscles of the thoracic cage and diaphragm

Front 7

How is expiration accomplished?

Back 7

by elastic elements and muscles of the air passages

Front 8

Where are the gas exchange sites located and what gases are exchanged?

Back 8

oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out through the walls of alveoli located at the very end of the respiratory tree

Front 9

The number of active cappilaries in lung must (equal or exceed, be >, be <) those of the systemic circulation or cardivascular failure will ensue.

Back 9

equal or exceed

Front 10

What is considered a series of airways from the nasal passages to the lungs which moisten, warm and filter the air in preparation for gas exchange with blood?

Back 10

Conducting Portion of the respiratory system

Front 11

In the conducting portion, by the time air reaches the alveolus, what has ideally been removed?

Back 11

all bacteria and infectious materials

Front 12

What happens if infectious agents reach the damp, vascular lungs?

Back 12

will cause bronchitis or worse, pneumonia

Front 13

List in order the pathway of air through the conducting portion of the respiratory system.

Back 13

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchus
Secondary and Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

Front 14

What does the nasal do?

What does the specialized region of the roof of the nasal cavity do?

Back 14

warms, himidifies, and filters the air

mediates olfaction

Front 15

What is the anterior portion of the nasal cavity called?

What type of skin is it lined with?

What are the coarse hairs it contains called and what do they do?

Back 15

-vestibule
-stratified squamous epithelium
-vibrissae; serve to filter out large particles and create non-laminar air flow that help precipitate particulate matter

Front 16

What is most the of nasal cavity lined by?

Back 16

respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ abundant goblet cells

Front 17

The ___ of the respiratory epithelium is highly vascularized to warm the incoming air and it contains many ____ to aid in filtration.

Back 17

-lamina propria
-seromucous glands

Front 18

What happens to dust and other particulate matter?

Back 18

its trapped by mucous from the goblet cells and mucous and serous secretion of the glands. Ciliary action transports it all to the pharynx to be swallowed or expectorated.

Front 19

The lamina propria contains abundant lymphoid nodules that do what?

Back 19

active in combating antigens carried by the air

Front 20

What is produced by plasma cells and transported across the epithelium?

Back 20

Secretory IgA

Front 21

What do plasma cells produce that bind to mast cells?

What happens when these mast cells are challenged by an antigen?

Back 21

IgE

they release mediators of inflammation (ex- release of histamine increases permeability of small blood vessels causing localized swelling)

Front 22

____ in the nasal cavity warm inspired air and the nasal secretions begin the process of _____.

Back 22

-Venous sinusoids
-humidification

Front 23

What else also helps disturb the flow of air and decrease particulate matter?

Back 23

turbinates

Front 24

The olfactory epithelium is a ____ epithelium located near teh roof of the nasal cavity.

Back 24

tall pseudostratified columnar

Front 25

Olfactory cells are (bipolar/multipolar) neurons w/ a modified dendrite region composed of the ____ and six to eight long (motile/non-motile) cilia that lie on the olfactory epithelial surface.

Back 25

-bipolar
-olfactory vesicle
-non-motile

Front 26

What causes depolarization of olfactory cells?

Back 26

Odorant molecules specific for receptors on the cilia

Front 27

What kind of cells does the olfactory epithelium contain?

Back 27

sustentacular and basal

Front 28

What kind of cell appears to support olfactory epithelium and insulate the olfactory cells?

Back 28

sustentacular cells

Front 29

What kind of cells are short pyramidal in shape and have an apical region that does NOT reach the surface of the epithelium?

Back 29

basal cells

Front 30

What kind of cells can basal cells replace?

Back 30

olfactory cells and sustentacular cells

Front 31

Where does air go after leaving the nasal cavity?

Back 31

pharynx

Front 32

What kind of epithelium lines the pharynx?

Back 32

upper portion- respiratory epi
lower portion- stratified squamous epi

Front 33

What kind of tissue does the lamina propria of the pharynx have?

Back 33

loose to dense irregular CT w/ seromucous glands and lympoid aggregations (pharyngeal tonsils)

Front 34

Where does air travel after leaving the pharynx?

Back 34

to the irregularly tubular larynx

Front 35

What kind of epithelium is most of the larynx covered with?

Back 35

pseudostratified epi

Front 36

What supports the larynx?

Back 36

thyroid and cricoid hyaline cartilage

Front 37

What protects the larynx against food inhalation?

Back 37

epiglottis (flap of tissue supported internally by elastic cartilage)

Front 38

What type of epi covers the lingual and laryngeal sides of the epiglottis?

Back 38

lingual- stratified squamous epi
laryngeal- respiratory (pseudostratified, ciliated) epi

Front 39

What projects into the laryngeal lumen?

Back 39

false and true vocal cords

Front 40

T/F The false vocal cords lie below the true vocal cords.

Back 40

False- true lie below the false

Front 41

The true vocal cords consists of ___ ligaments connected to the ___ muscle.
Unlike the rest of the larynx, the true vocal cords are covered by what kind of epi?

Back 41

-elastic
-striated vocalis muscle
-thin stratified squamous epi

Front 42

How is sound regulated?

Back 42

by controlled movement of air across the true vocal cords

Front 43

What is used to adjust the tension of the vocal ligaments?

Back 43

the vocalis and other laryngeal muscles

Front 44

Where does air travel to when leaving the larynx?

Back 44

trachea

Front 45

What is the most prominent characteristic of the trachea?

Back 45

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that maintain the open airway

Front 46

The open portions of the C-shaped rings in the trachea face (rearward/frontward) to the esophagus and the opening is bridged by what?

Back 46

rearward

a fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle

Front 47

T/F Contraction of the smooth muscle bridging the C-shaped rings in the trachea narrows the passageway for increased force during coughing.

Back 47

True

Front 48

What kind of epi lines the trachea?

Back 48

respiratory epi

Front 49

A band of ____ is present just beneath the tracheal epithelium. Beneath that are ___ and ____.

Back 49

-elastic fibers
-glands
-blood vessels

Front 50

What happens at the end of the trachea?

Back 50

if bifurcates into two primary bronchi that connect to the lungs

Front 51

Prior to entering the lung (___ bronchus) the histology of a primary bronchus is similar to that of the trachea w/ cartilage forming rings, except that the diameter is (smaller/larger) and the walls are (thinner/thicker).

Back 51

-extrapulmonary
-smaller
-thinner

Front 52

After entering the lung (___ bronchus) the arrangement of cartilage chagnes so that ___ surround subsequent segments of bronchi.

Back 52

-intrapulmonary
-plates of cartilage

Front 53

Primary bronchi divide into secondary (lobar) bronchi that reach to what part of the lungs?

Back 53

the major lobes

Front 54

The secondary bronchus branches (few/many) times to form the tertiary bronchi (___ bronchi- supplying bronchopulmonary segments)

Back 54

many

segmental

Front 55

What completely surrounds the lumina of the intrapulmonary bronchi (secondary and tertiary)?

Back 55

irregular plates of cartilage

Front 56

T/F Smooth muscle becomes more prominent and is present as two layers sprialing in opposite directions in primary bronchi.

Back 56

False- in secondary and tertiary bronchi, NOT in primary bronchi

Front 57

What occur in the lamina propria and submucosa of the larger bronchi of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Back 57

seromucous glands and lymphoid aggregations

Front 58

What type of epithelium does the secondary and tertiary bronchi have?

Back 58

respiratory epi

Front 59

What is each bronchus accompanied by?

Back 59

arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels

Front 60

What are bronchioles distinguished by?

Back 60

their lack of cartilage

Front 61

The bronchi continue to branch into ____ which divide several times before culminating in ____.

Back 61

bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

Front 62

Bronchioles are lined by what kind of epithelium?

Back 62

cuboidal epi

Front 63

What kind of cells do the bronchioles contain?

Back 63

few goblet cells; many ciliated cells; clara cells (non-ciliated)

Front 64

T/F In the bronchioles, ciliated cells are found at deeper levels than are goblet cells.

Back 64

True

Front 65

What do the ciliated cells of the bronchioles do?

Back 65

move mucous toward the throat

Front 66

Which type of cell in the bronchioles is a serous glandular cell but also appears to act as stem cells to replace other cell types in the epithelium?

Which type of cell may serve to aid in detoxifying noxious gases?

Back 66

Clara cells
Clara cells

Front 67

T/F The lamina propria of bronchioles contains many glands.

Back 67

False- contains no glands

Front 68

What are important in shortening of the bronchioles and reduction of the dead-air space during exhalation?

Back 68

subepithelial elastic fibers and bands of smooth muscle

Front 69

What can cause spastic contraction of the muscles which can close off the bronchioles and induce suffocation?

Back 69

severe asthma

Front 70

Chronic respiratory exposure to tobacco smoke can compromise bronchial and bronchiolar elastic tissue leading to what?

Back 70

pulmonary emphysema

Front 71

What extends from the fibroelastic CT that is outside the smooth muscle and helps to maintain open airways during inhalation?

Back 71

elastic fibers

Front 72

When the bronchioles subdivide what do they form and how big are they?

Back 72

smaller terminal bronchioles

<0.5mm in diameter

Front 73

What is the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles composed of?

Back 73

cuboidal cells and Clara cells

Front 74

What surrounds the terminal bronchioles?

Back 74

thin layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Front 75

What is defined as a large array of highly vascularized, thin alveoli at the termination of the airways in the lungs, allows for diffusion of gasses bw the air and the blood?

Back 75

Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory system

Front 76

Terminal (conducting) bronchioles lead to the first level of the respiratory portion of the lung, the _____.

Back 76

respiratory bronchioles

Front 77

The respiratory bronchioles have outpockets of ___ which is a small sac-like structure where ___ occurs.

Back 77

alveoli
gas exchange

Front 78

What happens to respiratory bronchioles as they extend deeper?

Back 78

they narrow and the number of alveoli increases

Front 79

What does the respiratory portion of the Respiratory system consist of?

Back 79

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
alveoli

Front 80

What branches from the respiratory bronchioles?

Back 80

alveolar ducts

Front 81

T/F
Alveolar ducts have regular walls.
Alveolar ducts are narrow air passages lined by alveoli.

Back 81

False- do not have regular walls

True

Front 82

How do alveolar ducts end?

Back 82

usually as blind outpockets composed of clusters of alveoli called alveolar sacs

Front 83

How big is an alveoli?

Back 83

~200 um in diameter

Front 84

What are alveoli?

Back 84

Primary sites for gas exchange (capillary networks composed of large diameter capillaries come in close proximity to air.

Front 85

In the alveoli, blood is seperated from air by what?

What is the total thickness of this layer of seperation?

Back 85

capillary endothelium, the alveolar epithelium and the thin fused basal lamina

0.1 - 0.15 um

Front 86

How many alveoli are present in adult humans?

Back 86

~300 million (leading to a combined area of gas exchange of 140m squared

Front 87

What types of cells make up most of the alveolar surface?

Back 87

Type I cells or squamous alveolar cells (thin cells)

Front 88

Type II cells of the alveoli are ____ and secrete ____ which is a detergent like material consisting of what?

Back 88

-cuboidal
-surfactant
-phopholipids and lecithins

Front 89

Does Type I or II cells of the alveoli reduce surface tension at teh alvolar surface and decrease the work required to inflate the alveoli?

Back 89

Type II

Front 90

T/F Type II alveolar cells can divide and differentiate into Type I cells.

Back 90

True

Front 91

What do the alveoli contain that protects them by ingesting inhaled bacteria and other particles?

Back 91

large numbers of active pulmonary macrophages