Histology Of The Breast And Placenta

Front 1

What is the organization of the breast? (3)

Back 1

1) mammary glands = lobe
2) lobules
3) glands = compound tubuloalveolar gland + duct

Front 2

What are the two main parts of the mammary glands?

Back 2

tubules/ducts (1)
(2) alevoli

Front 3

What is the regulation and function of the tubule/duct portion of the gland?

Back 3

estrogen regulates it
non secretary
forms majority of inactive gland

Front 4

What is the regulation and function of alevoli/acini portion of teh gland?

Back 4

progesterone regulates the growth and development
present during pregnancy and lactation from outgrowth of ducts
can secrete and make milk

Front 5

What are the two components of the alveoli/acini?

Back 5

1) alveolar cells
2) myoepithelial cells

Front 6

Does each duct empty into nipple or are there multiple ducts emptying together at nipple?

Back 6

each duct empties independently

Front 7

What are the 8 functional stages of the breast?

Back 7

1) female before puberty
2) female at puberty
3) first half of menstrual cycle
4) second half of menstrual cycle
5) pregnant
6) lactation
7) lactation cessation
8) menopause

Front 8

What is the hallmark of the breast before puberty?

Back 8

composed entirely of duct system (similar to male breast)

Front 9

What is the hallmark of the breast during puberty?

Back 9

estrogen causes branching of ducts and fat deposition
still no alveoli

Front 10

What happens to breast during menstruation?

Back 10

minor alveolar development and fluid accumulation in mid to late phases of menstrual cycle with progesterone

Front 11

What happens during early pregnancy?

Back 11

increase in duct branching due to estrogen
development of alveoli as evaginations from those ducts do to progesterone
CT becomes more cellular, ↑ plasma cells

Front 12

What happens during late pregnancy?

Back 12

1) breast enlargement due to hypertrophy of alveolar cells
2) lumens of ducts and alveoli widen as secretory products accumulate

Front 13

What happens during lactation?

Back 13

alveolar cells secrete and make milk via merocrine and apocrine secretion

Front 14

What is secreted apocrine? merocrine?

Back 14

apocrine - lipid
merocrine - protein

Front 15

What is the colustrum?

Back 15

secreted first few days after birth, protein rich and high antibody content

Front 16

What is the difference between colostrum and milk?

Back 16

milk has more lipid, colostrum has more protein and anitbodies

Front 17

What is the secretion and ejection of milk controlled by?

Back 17

1) infant suckling stimulates sensory nerves
2) prolactin release from pituitary for milk synthesis and secretion
3) oxytocin release for ejection of milk
4) cessation of suckling causes a decrease in all those things

Front 18

Whatare the two layers of the placenta?

Back 18

decidua from mom
chorion from fetus

Front 19

What are the functions of the placenta (4)?

Back 19

1) echange of respiratory gases
2) provides nutrients and removes wastes from teus
3) secretes hormones
4) transports macromolecules

Front 20

What are the steps for the formation of the placenta?

Back 20

1)trophoblast cells invade and differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

Front 21

What are the components of the placenta?

Back 21

1) fetal portion: chorionic plate of fetal CT and chorionic villi
2) intervillous space filled with maternal blood
3) maternal portion cmposed of decidua basalis from endometrium

Front 22

What are the two layers that cover the chorionic villi ?

Back 22

syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast as well as core of CT and bllood vessels

Front 23

What is the purpose of the syncytiotrophoblast?

Back 23

1) covers outer surface and faces intervillous spaces
2) secretes HCG, estrogen and progesterone
3) gas and nutrient exchange

Front 24

What is the placental interhemal membrane?

Back 24

what seperates the maternal and fetal blood

Front 25

What is in the placental interhemal membrane?

Back 25

1) fetal capillary endothelial cell and BM
2) fetal CT of villus
3) cytotrophoblast and BM
4) syncytiotrophoblast

Front 26

What are the three portions of the maternal placenta?

Back 26

decidua basalis
decidua capilaris
decidua paietalis

Front 27

Where is decidua basalis?

Back 27

under implanted embryo

Front 28

Where is dicidua capsularis?

Back 28

on luminar surface of conceptus

Front 29

What is decidual parietalis?

Back 29

covers remainder of uterine cavity

Front 30

What is the placental blood flow in fetus? (5)

Back 30

1) 2 umbilical arteries travel through umbilical chord into placenta
2) placental blood is hi in CO2 and low in nutrients
3) umbilical arteries branch into capillaries within chorionic villi
4) fetal veins coalesce from capillaries to form single umbilical vein
5) umbilical vein returns to fetus

Front 31

What is the placental blood flow from the maternal perspective? (2)

Back 31

1)spiral arteries penetrate trophoblastic cell
spiral arteries spill blood into intervillous spaces and bathe the villi
2)uterine veins carry blood away from intervillous spaces