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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the main different ways that exocrine and endocrine glands are different?
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1) method of product distribution
2) site of product release 3) method of product release 4) site of product action 5) secretory product 6) cell polarity |
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What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands in method of product distribution?
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1)method of product distribution - endocrine (ductless) exocrine (duct)
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What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands for site of product release?
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site of product release- endocrine (epithelial surface), exocrine (intracellular/blood)
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What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of method of product release?
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method of product release- exocrine (mero, apo, holo), endocrine (mero, diffusion)
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What is the difference between endocrine or exocrine glands in terms of site of product action?
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site of product action (exocrine-local) endocrine (long distance)
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What is the endocrine or exocrine glands in terms secretory product?
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exocrine (mucus, lipid, cells, enzymes)
endocrine (polypeptides, steriods, hormones) |
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What is the difference between the endocrine or exocrine glands in terms of cell polarity?
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exocrine (high)
endocrine (none, usually) |
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What are the 9 endocrine glands of the human body?
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1) hypophysis
2) thyroid gland 3) parathyroids Posterior 4) stomach 5) duodenum 6)adrenal gland 7) pancreas (islets of langerhans) 8)ovary 9) testis |
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What is the adenohypophysis vs neurohypophysis?
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adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
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what is the origin of the adenohypophysis?
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stomodeal ectoderm at Rathke's pouch
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What is the origin of neurohypophysis?
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evagination of diencephalon from neuroectoderm
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Please explain the location of the pituitary?
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-located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
-located below hypothalmus -infindibulum connects pituitary to hypothalamus and passes through diaphragm sellae |
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What are the two non endocrine structures associated with the pituitary gland?
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1) dense CT capsule
2) capillary network |
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What are the structures in the adenohypophysis? (3)
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1) pars distalis
2) pars tuberalis 3) pars intermedia |
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What are the structures in the neurohypophysis? (2)
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1) pars nervosa
2) infundibulum |
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What forms the majority of the pituitary gland?
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pars distalis
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What is the histological appearance of the adenohypophysis? (4)
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1)glandular appearance
2) cells arranged in chords 3) not polarized 4) protein secreting (extensive RER/golgi) |
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What supports the adenophysis?
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reticular fibers framework
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What kind of capillaries are near the adenohypophysis?
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fenestrated capillaries
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What are the two general cell types of the adenohypophysis? (2)
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1) chromophobes
2) chromophils |
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What are the two general cell types within the chromophils? (2)
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1)acidophils
2)basophils |
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What are the two physical characteristics of chromophobes? (2)
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1) no secretary granules
2) reserve cells or degranulated cells |
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What are the physical characteristics of chromophils?
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contain secretory granules with protein hormones
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What are the characteristics histologically of acidophils?
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-eosin affinity
-granule contents have affinity for acid |
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at are the characteristics histologically of basophils?
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granule contents have affinity for basic dyes (1) like eosin(2)
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What is the mneumonic for remembering the cell types of the hormones of the adenohypophysis?
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A Smart Move by the Clever Girls
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What does the mneumonic for remembering the cell types of the hormones of the adenohypophysis stand for?
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A-acidophil
S -somatotrophe M- mammotrope B-Basophil T - thyrotrope C - Corticotrope G - Gonadotroph |
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What cells of the adenohypophysis are smaller/larger?
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Acidophils are smaller than basophils
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Which cells of the adenohypophysis are more/less numerous?
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Acidophils are more numerous than basophils
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Which acidophils are more numerous?
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somatotrophes (75%)
mammotrophes are 25% |
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What do the somatotrophes secrete?
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somatotrophin (growth hormone, GH)
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What are the functions of growth hormone?
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indirectly stimulates epiphyseal plate
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What is a condition associated with prolactin/mammotrophes?
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galactorrhea
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What are the conditions associated with growth hormone? (3)
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1)gigantism
2)drawfism 3)acromegaly |
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What does GH have a sequence homology with?
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prolactin
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What do the mammotrophes secrete?
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prolactin
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What is the function of prolactin?
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stimulates milk secretion
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What are the two types of acidophils? (2)
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1) somatotrophes
2) mammotrophs |
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What stain do you use for basophil granules?
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PAS
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What are the three types of basophils? (3)
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1)thyrotropes
2)gonadotropes 3) corticotrophes |
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What do the thyrotrophes secrete?
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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What are the 2 hormones the gonadotrophes secrete?
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1) leutinizing hormone (LH)
2) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Does the gonadotrophe cell secrete only 1 or both hormones?
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both hormones
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What do the corticotrophs secrete (4)?
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1) adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
2) lipotropin (3) melanocyte stimulating hormone 4) endorphin |
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What is the structure that each hormone is found in?
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larger precursor protein-proopiomelanocortin
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What is the pars tuberalis?
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collar of cells surrounding the infindibulum
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What kind of cells are in the pars tuberalis?
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gonadotropes only
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What are the steps to controling the adenohypophysis?
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1)are transported down the axon
2) axons end at capillary bed just above median eminence of infundibulum and hypothalamic fossa 3) hormones are secreted into capillary bed 4) capillary bed drains into hypophyseal portal vessels 5) factors leave capillaries in pars distalis 6) factors stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from acidophils and basophils in pars distalis 7) negative feed back can occur at multiple levels for control |
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What are the components of the neurohypophysis?
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1)infundibulum
2)pars nervosa |
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What is in the infundibulum? (3)
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hypopthalmic-hypophyseal tract(1): axons from supraoptic (3) and paraventricular(2) nuclei of hypothalmus
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What is in the pars nervousa?
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1)axons of hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
2) herring bodies and capillaries 3) pituicytes |
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What is the Herring body?
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hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract terminating in association with capillaries
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What are the pituicites?
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glial cells that are highly polymorphic
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Where can you find the pituicytes?
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1)glial cells
2) infundibulum |
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What do the pituicytes resemble in humans?
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herring bodies
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What part of the pituitary produces hormone?
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only adenohypophysis
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Where are hormones stored in pituitary?
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herring bodies
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What are the two hormones of the neurohypophysis?
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1)oxytocin
2) ADH/vasopressin |
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Where is oxytocin made?
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paraventricular nucleus
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What is the function of oxytocin?
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stimulate smooth muscle contraction
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Where is ADH made?
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supraoptic nucleus
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what is the function of ADH?
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increase water retention
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