Histology Of Endocrine Organs

Front 1

What are the main different ways that exocrine and endocrine glands are different?

Back 1

1) method of product distribution
2) site of product release
3) method of product release
4) site of product action
5) secretory product
6) cell polarity

Front 2

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands in method of product distribution?

Back 2

1)method of product distribution - endocrine (ductless) exocrine (duct)

Front 3

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands for site of product release?

Back 3

site of product release- endocrine (epithelial surface), exocrine (intracellular/blood)

Front 4

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of method of product release?

Back 4

method of product release- exocrine (mero, apo, holo), endocrine (mero, diffusion)

Front 5

What is the difference between endocrine or exocrine glands in terms of site of product action?

Back 5

site of product action (exocrine-local) endocrine (long distance)

Front 6

What is the endocrine or exocrine glands in terms secretory product?

Back 6

exocrine (mucus, lipid, cells, enzymes)
endocrine (polypeptides, steriods, hormones)

Front 7

What is the difference between the endocrine or exocrine glands in terms of cell polarity?

Back 7

exocrine (high)
endocrine (none, usually)

Front 8

What are the 9 endocrine glands of the human body?

Back 8

1) hypophysis
2) thyroid gland
3) parathyroids Posterior
4) stomach
5) duodenum
6)adrenal gland
7) pancreas (islets of langerhans)
8)ovary
9) testis

Front 9

What is the adenohypophysis vs neurohypophysis?

Back 9

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Front 10

what is the origin of the adenohypophysis?

Back 10

stomodeal ectoderm at Rathke's pouch

Front 11

What is the origin of neurohypophysis?

Back 11

evagination of diencephalon from neuroectoderm

Front 12

Please explain the location of the pituitary?

Back 12

-located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
-located below hypothalmus
-infindibulum connects pituitary to hypothalamus and passes through diaphragm sellae

Front 13

What are the two non endocrine structures associated with the pituitary gland?

Back 13

1) dense CT capsule
2) capillary network

Front 14

What are the structures in the adenohypophysis? (3)

Back 14

1) pars distalis
2) pars tuberalis
3) pars intermedia

Front 15

What are the structures in the neurohypophysis? (2)

Back 15

1) pars nervosa
2) infundibulum

Front 16

What forms the majority of the pituitary gland?

Back 16

pars distalis

Front 17

What is the histological appearance of the adenohypophysis? (4)

Back 17

1)glandular appearance
2) cells arranged in chords
3) not polarized
4) protein secreting (extensive RER/golgi)

Front 18

What supports the adenophysis?

Back 18

reticular fibers framework

Front 19

What kind of capillaries are near the adenohypophysis?

Back 19

fenestrated capillaries

Front 20

What are the two general cell types of the adenohypophysis? (2)

Back 20

1) chromophobes
2) chromophils

Front 21

What are the two general cell types within the chromophils? (2)

Back 21

1)acidophils
2)basophils

Front 22

What are the two physical characteristics of chromophobes? (2)

Back 22

1) no secretary granules
2) reserve cells or degranulated cells

Front 23

What are the physical characteristics of chromophils?

Back 23

contain secretory granules with protein hormones

Front 24

What are the characteristics histologically of acidophils?

Back 24

-eosin affinity
-granule contents have affinity for acid

Front 25

at are the characteristics histologically of basophils?

Back 25

granule contents have affinity for basic dyes (1) like eosin(2)

Front 26

What is the mneumonic for remembering the cell types of the hormones of the adenohypophysis?

Back 26

A Smart Move by the Clever Girls

Front 27

What does the mneumonic for remembering the cell types of the hormones of the adenohypophysis stand for?

Back 27

A-acidophil
S -somatotrophe
M- mammotrope
B-Basophil
T - thyrotrope
C - Corticotrope
G - Gonadotroph

Front 28

What cells of the adenohypophysis are smaller/larger?

Back 28

Acidophils are smaller than basophils

Front 29

Which cells of the adenohypophysis are more/less numerous?

Back 29

Acidophils are more numerous than basophils

Front 30

Which acidophils are more numerous?

Back 30

somatotrophes (75%)
mammotrophes are 25%

Front 31

What do the somatotrophes secrete?

Back 31

somatotrophin (growth hormone, GH)

Front 32

What are the functions of growth hormone?

Back 32

indirectly stimulates epiphyseal plate

Front 33

What is a condition associated with prolactin/mammotrophes?

Back 33

galactorrhea

Front 34

What are the conditions associated with growth hormone? (3)

Back 34

1)gigantism
2)drawfism
3)acromegaly

Front 35

What does GH have a sequence homology with?

Back 35

prolactin

Front 36

What do the mammotrophes secrete?

Back 36

prolactin

Front 37

What is the function of prolactin?

Back 37

stimulates milk secretion

Front 38

What are the two types of acidophils? (2)

Back 38

1) somatotrophes
2) mammotrophs

Front 39

What stain do you use for basophil granules?

Back 39

PAS

Front 40

What are the three types of basophils? (3)

Back 40

1)thyrotropes
2)gonadotropes
3) corticotrophes

Front 41

What do the thyrotrophes secrete?

Back 41

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 42

What are the 2 hormones the gonadotrophes secrete?

Back 42

1) leutinizing hormone (LH)
2) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 43

Does the gonadotrophe cell secrete only 1 or both hormones?

Back 43

both hormones

Front 44

What do the corticotrophs secrete (4)?

Back 44

1) adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
2) lipotropin
(3) melanocyte stimulating hormone
4) endorphin

Front 45

What is the structure that each hormone is found in?

Back 45

larger precursor protein-proopiomelanocortin

Front 46

What is the pars tuberalis?

Back 46

collar of cells surrounding the infindibulum

Front 47

What kind of cells are in the pars tuberalis?

Back 47

gonadotropes only

Front 48

What are the steps to controling the adenohypophysis?

Back 48

1)are transported down the axon
2) axons end at capillary bed just above median eminence of infundibulum and hypothalamic fossa
3) hormones are secreted into capillary bed
4) capillary bed drains into hypophyseal portal vessels
5) factors leave capillaries in pars distalis
6) factors stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from acidophils and basophils in pars distalis
7) negative feed back can occur at multiple levels for control

Front 49

What are the components of the neurohypophysis?

Back 49

1)infundibulum
2)pars nervosa

Front 50

What is in the infundibulum? (3)

Back 50

hypopthalmic-hypophyseal tract(1): axons from supraoptic (3) and paraventricular(2) nuclei of hypothalmus

Front 51

What is in the pars nervousa?

Back 51

1)axons of hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
2) herring bodies and capillaries
3) pituicytes

Front 52

What is the Herring body?

Back 52

hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract terminating in association with capillaries

Front 53

What are the pituicites?

Back 53

glial cells that are highly polymorphic

Front 54

Where can you find the pituicytes?

Back 54

1)glial cells
2) infundibulum

Front 55

What do the pituicytes resemble in humans?

Back 55

herring bodies

Front 56

What part of the pituitary produces hormone?

Back 56

only adenohypophysis

Front 57

Where are hormones stored in pituitary?

Back 57

herring bodies

Front 58

What are the two hormones of the neurohypophysis?

Back 58

1)oxytocin
2) ADH/vasopressin

Front 59

Where is oxytocin made?

Back 59

paraventricular nucleus

Front 60

What is the function of oxytocin?

Back 60

stimulate smooth muscle contraction

Front 61

Where is ADH made?

Back 61

supraoptic nucleus

Front 62

what is the function of ADH?

Back 62

increase water retention