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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which part of the inner ear contain perilymph?
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scala vestibuli, scala tympani
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Which part of the inner ear contain endolymph?
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semicircular duct, utricle, saccule, scala media
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what is modiolus?
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partically hollow to accommodate the cochlear nerve
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scala vestibuli and tympani are continuous with one another at the apex called?
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helicotrema
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2 muscles in the the middle ear are? and innevated by which nerve?
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tensor tympani (V)
stapedius (VII) |
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sounds waves goes in and out the inner ear from which windows?
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in: oval
out: round |
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The auditory pathway
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bipolar sensory neurons
first order: cochlear (spiral) ganglion internal auditory canal CN VIII cochlear nuclei second order: ascending ipsilaterally or cross midline in trapezoid body sup. olivary nucleus (locate sound) Third: lateral lemniscus inferior colliculus brachium of the inferior colliculus medial geniculate nucleus posterior limb (sublenticular of IC) primary auditory cortex brodmann 41, sup temp gyrus |
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how does sound waves travel in the ear?
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sound waves
tympanic membrane tympanic cavity malleus incus stapes membrane closing oval window perilymph in vestibule of inner ear (scala vestibuli, scala tympani) membrane closing round window endolymph in scala media (cochlear duct) hair cells of organ of corti basilar membrane bipolar neurons |
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what control ANS performance?
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hypothalamus (hormonal secretions)
brainstem reticular formation |
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limbic system includes what structures?
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cingulate
parahippocampal gyri hippocampus amygdala septal nuclei hypothalamus parts of reticular formation olfactory areas |
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hippocampus has 3 zones and they are?
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1) subiculum
two interlocking Cs: 2) dentate gyrus 3) hippocampus proper |
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What is the output pathway from hippocampus?
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fornix
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pathways w/n limbic system
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stria terminalis
stria medullaris thalami habenulointerpeduncular fibers vertral amygdalofugal pathways fornix perforant pathway cingulum uncinate fasciculus |
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Papez circuit
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entorhinal cortex
hippocampal formation (perforant pathway) dentate gyrus granule cells mossy fiber CA3 CA1 subiculum alevus fimbria fronix --> precommissural fornix --> septal nuclei postcommissural fornix mammillary body mammilothalamic tract ant nucleus thalamus cingulate cortex cingulum hipposcampus |
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nucleus and pathway: input to hippocampus
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papez circuit
raphus nucleus (from brain stem) locus coeruleus |
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pathway: output to hippocampus
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amygdala
nucleus accumbens |
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major input/ output pathway from hippos
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input: cingulum
output: perforant pathway, fimbria |
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1) shortcut from amygdala to septal nuclei
2) the long way |
1) ventral amgydalafugal pathway
2) fornix |
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muscle spindles and GTO is for?
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MS: (speed) rate of change in length
GTO: muscle tension, stretch; no motor innervation |
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encapsulated receptors: which are slow and fast?
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Slow
Merkel - superficial skin, fingertips Ruffini - deep, ligaments and tendons, signal limb and digit position Fast Meissner's corpuscle - distinguish texture Pacinian - onion shape, vibration, located in periosteum of long bone |
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Receptive field
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density of receptors
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Where are the topographic organization?
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gray matter, tracts
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What lamina are the cell bodies of gamma motor neurons located?
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9
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Intrafusal fiber
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contractile elements, gamma motor neuron, sensory Ia afferents
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What laminae are the C and A-delta fibers, and projection neurons located?
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C-fibers - laminae 1 & 2
A-delta - laminae 1 & 5 Projection neurons - laminae 1 & 5 |
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name for lamina 2, 7, 8, 9
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Lamina 2 - substantia gelatinosa
Lamina 7 - dorsal horn of Clarke Lamina 8 - interneurons (motor) Lamina 9 - motor |
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Where can you find stratified cuboidal eipthelium?
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eccrine sweat glands, mj. mn salivary glands, exocrine pancreas
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Where can you find stratified columnar eipthelium?
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conjunctiva, mj. mn salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, gall bladder
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Where can you find 9+2 arrangement?
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microtubules: cilium, basal bodies
core is axonemes |
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What is the core and functions of stereocilia?
Where can you find stereocilia? |
actin, absorption
organ of Corti, epididymis, ductus deferens |
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components of basal lamina
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laminin, fibronectin, heparin sulfate
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zonulae occludens can be found in?
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barriers in blood-brain, cerebrospinal fluid-brain, blood testis
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hemidesmosome are adhering junction consisting of?
attached to? |
cytokeratin tonofilaments
stratum basale |
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gap junction consist of?
can be found in and allow movement of? |
6 connexin
cardiac muscles Ca2+ ions |
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what types of secretion are there?
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mucus, serous
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mode of secretion?
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merocrine (exocytosis)
apocrine (pinches off) holocrine (entire cytoplasm) |
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types of hormone?
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steroid hormones (ovary testis etc)
polypeptide hormones (parafollicular cells, islets, placenta, APUD) amino acid (tyrosine, follicular cells) |
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site of hormone?
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autocrine
paracrine endocrine |
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origin of CT
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mesenchymal stem cell (fibroblast, endothelium etc)
hematopoietic stem cell (blood and WBC related) |
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resident CT cells
migrating cells |
fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes, pericytes (contractility)
lymphocytes, plasma cell, granulocytes |
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CT
types of fibers ground substance |
collagen (reticular fiber)
elastic (elastin) GAGs, glycoproteins (bind cells to ECM) |
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GAGs = X'mas tree
brush = backbone = bursh + backbone = |
proteoglycan
hyaluronic aggrecans |
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basal lamina
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lamina lucida
lamina densa |
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example of dense regular
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tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
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white adipose tissue
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unilocular
ubiquitously distributed yellow bone marrow mesenchymal --> pericytes --> lipoblast |
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brown adipose tissue
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mitochondria
heat generation multlocular regulated by norepinephrine |
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weight control, what will increase and decrease appetite?
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increase: Ghrelin
decrease: peptide YY |
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basic structure of cartilage characteristics
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type II
avascular has perichondrium abundant ECM produced by chondrocytes |
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chondroblast makes?
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chondrocyte
lsogenic cell nest group |
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composition of cartilage matrix
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water, type II, proteoglycans, chondronectin
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types of cartilage
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hyaline (may or may not have pericon.)
elastic (has pericon.) fibrocartilage (type I and II, no pericondrium) |
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What are the type of cartilage growth?
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appositional
differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intersititial mitosis of pre-existing chondrocytes |
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characteristics of bone
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highly vascular
has fibrous capsule - periosteum remodeled |
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periosteum covers?
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outer fibrous layer
inner osteoprogenitor cell layer |
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characteristics of spongy bone
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has trabeculae covered by endosteum
large marrow spaces |
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osteocyte
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canaliculus (processes)
gap junction in btwn can't diffuse thro matrix lacuna |
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can osteoblast and osteocyte undergo mitosis
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no
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osteoclast
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multimucleated
fusion of mononuclear macrophages reabsorbs bone |
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types of osteogenesis
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intramembranous
endochondral |
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growth plate - what are the zones?
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resting
proliferative hypertrophy (type X collagen) mineralization (chondrocytes apoptosis, VEGF) ossification |
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What would inactivates the growth plate
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increasing estrogen
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What hormones affecting bone growth?
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parathyroid hormone
calcitonin growth hormone androgens and estrogens |
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What types of joint are there?
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Diarthroses - synovial
amphiarthroses - intervertebral discs synarthroses |
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primary and secondary ossification center
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pri: diaphysis
sec: epiphyses |
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plasma contains
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albumin
fibrinogen prothrombin lipoproteins |
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What does albumin do?
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critical in maintaining colloid osmotic pressure
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hematocrit
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The hematocrit measures how much space in the blood is occupied by red blood cells.
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erythrocyte
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anucleate
acidophilic 4 subunits iron glycophorin and band 3 spectrin, tropomyosin carbonic anhydrase (CO2 <--> HCO3-) |
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neutrophils has 3 types
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primary granules = lysosomes
secondary (specific) granules contain metalloproteinases |
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eosinophil
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refractile
bi-lobed nucleus eosinophilic histaminase allergies parasitic infections |
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basophils
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large
histamine (anticoagulant) heparon sulfate IgE hypersensitivity |
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monocytes
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langerhans
pinocytotic vacuoles |
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lymphocyte T
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helper, CD4+, MHC II, foreign
cytotoxic, CD8+, MHC I, self |
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lymphocyte B
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humoral
antibody-mediated immunity plasma cell |
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natural killer
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transformed cells (virus-infected)
disrupting plasma membrane |
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platelets
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cell fragments
granules non-nucleated coagulation cascade fibrin clot |
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hematopoiesis in embryo
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mesoblastic phase
hepatic and splenic phase myeloid phase |
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erythropoiesis
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proerythroblast
basophilic erythroblast polychromatophilic erythroblast orthochromatic erythrocyte reticulocyte erythrocyte |
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granulopoiesis
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myeloblast
promyelocyte myelocyte metamyelocyte banded myelocyte segmented granulocyte |
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myoepithelial cells
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contractile
actin and myosin exocrine acini/ducts |
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syncytium
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cell fused together, multinucleated
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muscles can be regenerated by?
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satellite cells
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skeletal muscle fiber types
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red: slow oxidative, repetitive, i.e. bird wing
white: fast twitch, glycolytic, fatigueable, i.e. frog leg |
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I-band has what types of filaments?
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actin
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myosin contain what protein?
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ATPase
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muscle elastic protein called?
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titin
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What are the 3 components of actin?
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tropomyosin
troponin (TnT, TnC, TnI) nebulin (anchoring actin at Z-line) |
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TnT, TnC, TnI bind to?
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TnT binds to tropomyosin
TnC binds to Ca2++ TnI binds to actin and inhibits muscle contraction |
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cardiac muscles
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no NMJ
gap junctions btwn purkinje fiber intercalated disks |
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What lie w/n intercalated disks?
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macula adherens
fascia adherens gap junction |
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smooth muscles
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lower vacularization and lower myoglobin content
actin anchor dense bodies |
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what is the Ca2+ binding protein in smooth muscle?
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calmodulin-activated myosin light chain kinase
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cardiac contraction occurred by?
innervation? |
no direct innervation
sym and para affect heart rate indirectly |
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heart rate (SA node) can be affected by what nerve and what hormone?
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vagus and adrenaline
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what hormone causes smooth muscles to contract?
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oxytocin
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skeletal muscle was made by? what are the steps?
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satellite stem cells -->
myoblasts --> myotubes --> mature fibers |
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Does cardiac muscle has satellite cells?
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no
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smooth muscle can undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia by what cell?
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pericytes
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neural tube derivative
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neurons of brain
astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells epithelial cells (choroid plexus) |
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neural crest derivative
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post-ganglionic ANS
schwann cells satellite cells sensory tracts pia mater arachnoid mater chromaffin cells melanocytes dentin of teeth |
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What does soma contain?
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Nissl bodies
lipofuscin granules neurofilaments polyribosomes |
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What does dendrite contain?
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Nissl bodies
no Golgi complexes |
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Kinesin mediates?
Dynein mediates? |
anterograde (away from soma) axonal transport
retrograde |
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how was the action potential initiated?
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membrane depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx
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glia limitans
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astrocytic processes end feet
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schwann cells myelinate
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only one internodal segment of a neuron
exposed external lamina in btwn |
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oligodendrocytes myelinate
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1 internodal segment of multiple different axons, no basal lamina
astrocytic end-foot covers nodes of Ranvier |
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myelin is
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phospholipid
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skipping down the axon
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saltatory conduction
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meninges layers
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dura mater
arachnoid - avascular w/ trabeculae, contains CSF pia - vascularized CT |
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what line the ventricles
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simple cuboidal ependymal cells
tight junctions no basement membrane |
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the heart sends blood to 2 circuits?
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pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit |
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tunica intima contains
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endothelium
basal lamina of endothelium subendothelial layer |
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endothelium
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selective permeability
not inert lining lipo-fibrous plague |
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what is in the subendothelial layer
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loose CT
collagen internal elastic lamella |
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tunica media
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i.e. myocardium in the heart
a) smooth muscle (secrete ECM, gap junctions) b) reticular fibers, elastic fibers and lamellae c) external elastic lamina |
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tunica adventitia
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i.e. epicardium in the heart
a) longitudinal collagen b) vasa vasorum c) vervi vascularis (norepinephrine, diffusion) |
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heart is a muscular pump, what is the release and contract actions?
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systole: ventricles contract
diastole: ventricles relax |
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elastic arteries
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conducting blood from heart
thick intima many elastic laminae thin adventitia |
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muscular arteries
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a) t. media response to sympathetic stimulation (art in the body)
b) prominent internal elastic lamina |
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small arteries
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internal elastic lamina present
1-2 concentric smooth muscle layers site of resistance microcirculation precapillary sphincters metarterioles |
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capillaries permeability
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continuous
fenestrated discontinuous (sinusoidal) |
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continuous
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tight junction
continuous basal lamina CNS, lung etc pinocyotic calveolae |
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fenestrated
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endothelium w/ continuous basal lamina
(except for renal, no diaphragms) tissue rapidly exchanging |
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discontinuous
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large diameter
no diaphragms no basal laminae i.e. liver, bone marrow, spleen |
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pericytes
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undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells
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reason to deliver and to remove blood borne materials in/out tissue
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transportation
metabolic activity for cooling of blood |
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compare artery and vein:
thickness of the wall lumen elastic layers adventitia vs. media valves |
art: thick, smaller, prominent internal elastic, adventitia < media, no valves
vein: thin wall, larger lumen, indistinct lamina, adventitia > media, valves |
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heart valves
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fibrosa = dense CT
spongiosa = loose CT ventricularis = dense CT |
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antibodies has subclasses, what are they?
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Ig GAMDE
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How many polypeptides does a immunoglobulin has?
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4; 2 heavy and 2 light
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where can you find GAMDE?
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G: secrete B cells, localize in lymph nodes and spleen, differentiate into placenta
A: B cell produce IgA, secret mucous membranes M: B cell surface D: B cell surface E: histamine, leukotrienes |
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What is mantle zone?
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aka corona
dark staining, contains inactive B cells |
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leukocytes can be generally separated by 2 kinds
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mononuclear
polymorphonuclear |
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mononuclear
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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polymorphonuclear
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all granulocytes
neutrophils basophils eosinophils |
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what do you call monocytes in tissue?
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macrophages: antigen presenting cells
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function of basophils
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vasoconstrict
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what is required to initiate a T cell response to an antigen MHC complex
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TCR
CD3 |
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compare T and B cells
where do they mature surface binding tissue distribution frequency |
thymus, bone morrow
TCR, IgM, D paracortical, follicles 2/3, 1/5 |
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antigen presenting cells are
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macrophages
reticular dendritic cells (spleen, lymph modes) b-cells thymic reticuloepithelial II and III cells |
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function and markers for B lymphcyte
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plasma cell presursor
produces antibody antigen presentation |
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4 types of T lymphocytes
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T helper
T DTH T cytotoxic T s |
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function and markers for T helper
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helps other lymphocytes
CD 4 |
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function and markers for T DTH
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initiates delayed
CD4 |
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function and markers for T cytotoxic
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kills specific target cells
CD8 |
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function and markers for T s
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suppresses immune responses
CD 8 |
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function and markers for Null cells
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natural killers
perforins, granzymes |
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function and markers for macrophages
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antigen presentation, phagocytosis
lysozyme, proteases |
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function and markers for neutrophil
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phagocytosis, bacteriacidal
lysozyme |
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function and markers for basophil
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vasodilation
IgE heparin |
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function and markers for eosinophil
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anti-inflammatory
IgG, IgE |
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thymus features/function
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hassall's corpuscles
epithelial reticulum thymocyte mitosis selection and maturation |
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spleen features/function
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white, red pulp
central arteriole smooth muscle in capsule & trabeculae PALS hematopoiesis under stress |
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lymph node
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subcapsular sinus
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GALT has 3 parts
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tonsils
appendix ileum (Peyer's patches) |
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GALT features/function
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T and B cell zones
no prominent draining sinusoids active mitoses secretory antibody |
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bone marrow
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hematopoietic cell
few mature immune cells |
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5 skin layers
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stratum basale
spinosum granulosum lucidum corneum |
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stratum basale
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hemidesmosomes
stem cells produce keratinocytes |
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stratum spinosum
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tonofilaments of desmosomes
layers of keratinocytes |
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stratum granulosum
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basophilic keratohyalin granules
lamellar granules release glycolipid keratinocytes undergo apotosis |
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stratum lucidum
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only in thick skin
translucent sublayer of corneum |
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stratum corneum
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cornified
anucleate filled w/ keratin coated w/ glycolipid - water barrier |
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keratinocytes
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predominant epithelial cell
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