Histology - Nervous Tissue And The Nervous System

Front 1

Name the 4 components of the nervous system

Back 1

brain, spinal cord, nerves, supporting cells

Front 2

Name the 2 types of neurons in the PNS

Back 2

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

Front 3

sensory neurons include

Back 3

somatic and visceral

Front 4

motor neurons include

Back 4

somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Front 5

What are functional and structural units that communicate with cells throughout the body

Back 5

neurons

Front 6

what are neuroglial cells

Back 6

cells that provide neuronal support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, forms myelin, and participates in transmission

Hint 6

other facts about neuroglial cells: outnumber neurons 10:1, 6 different types, 4 in CNS and 2 in PNS

Front 7

Name the four characteristics of Neurons

Back 7

conducting potential, longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate (burns a lot of energy so they need a continuous supply of oxygen and energy)

Front 8

Soma includes which 3 things

Back 8

cell body (perikaryon), neuronal RER = Nissl body, Intermediate filaments (neurofibrils)

Hint 8

cell body has nucleus and most organelles.

Neuronal RER/Nissl body is described as grey matter

Front 9

surface area of dendrites are increased by what

Back 9

dendritic spines

Front 10

where do action potentials originate

Back 10

axon hillock

Front 11

a junction where the axon bulb of one neuron interacts with another neuron or an effector organ like a muscle or gland is called..

Back 11

synapse

Front 12

what are the 3 integral parts of a synapse

Back 12

presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic neuron

Hint 12

presynaptic neuron - synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters, postsynaptic neuron has specific receptors

Front 13

name 2 ways neurons conduct information

Back 13

one end of the neuron to the other end electrically via action potentials, across synaptic cleft chemically via neurotransmitters

Front 14

what allows for action potential generation

Back 14

changes in membrane potential (Vm)

Front 15

where are voltage-gated channels found on a neuron?

Back 15

axon hillock and axolemma

Front 16

why does depolarization occur when Na+ channel on a neuron opens?

Back 16

because the inside becomes less negative

Front 17

define graded potential

Back 17

positive charge carried by the Na+ spreads as a wave of depolarization through the cytoplasm and some leaks out back through the membrane as it drifts, decreasing the degree of depolarization over distance

Front 18

where are unipolar neurons found?

Back 18

sensory PNS neurons, taste

Front 19

where are bipolar neurons found?

Back 19

special senses

Front 20

what are the six types of glial cells?

Back 20

CNS - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

PNS - schwann cells, satellite cells

Front 21

describe characteristics of astrocytes (CNS)

Back 21

longest and most numerous, controls ionic environment, assists in the migration of developing neurons, maintains blood brain barrier

Front 22

what do oligodendrocytes do? (CNS)

Back 22

produce and maintain the insulating myelin sheaths that surround MANY local neurons

Front 23

what are the specialized immune cells derived from WBCs that act as macrophages of the CNS called?

Back 23

microglia

Hint 23

microglia - clears unwanted cellular debris caused by CNS lesions

Front 24

what are ependymal cells?

Back 24

form lining of the fluid-filled ventricles of CNS, cuboidal/columnar cells. sourse of cerebrospinal fluid within ventricles of brain, circulates CSF, often by ciliary movement

no basement membrane

Front 25

what do satellite cells do and where are they found?

Back 25

small cells that surround neuronal cells in the ganglia (PNS).

provide structural and metabolic support for neurons - insulation, efficient metabolic exchange

Front 26

what are schwann cells and which nervous system are they found in?

Back 26

myelin sheath on one portion of a single axon found in PNS

Front 27

which would conduct and AP faster - an axon with a large diameter or small diameter?

Back 27

large diameter

Front 28

each axon is surrounded by what in the PNS?

Back 28

endoneurium (loose vascular tissue)

Front 29

groups of axon fibers are bound together into bundles called _________ by a layer called _________

Back 29

fascicles, perineurium (robust and collagenous

Front 30

all the fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by a ____________________

Back 30

epineurium (loose collagenouse connective tissue)