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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is nervous tissue specialized to do?
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receive, interpret, and send stimuli
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In the nervous system, what does irritability refer to?
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reception
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In the nervous system, what does conductibility refer to?
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transmission
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What are the functions of glia?
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support, insulation, and protection of neuron
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How many neurons are in the human brain?
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10^9
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What are somatic afferent neurons responsible for?
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pain, temperature, sensation from the surface and muscles
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What are visceral afferent neurons responsible for?
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sensation from mucous membrane, glands, and vessels
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What are somatic efferent neurons responsible for?
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vuluntary impulses to skeletal muscle
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What are visceral efferent neurons responsible for?
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involuntary impulses to glands and smooth and cardiac muscle,
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What are 99.9% of neurons classified as?
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intercalating neurons (interneurons)
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What is located in the cell body (soma)?
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nucleus
golgi mitochondria Nissl bodies: free ribosomes on rough ER cytoskeleton: neurofilaments and microtubules |
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What type of golgi is found in short axons?
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type II
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What type of golgi is found in long axons?
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type I
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What is the initial segment of an axon called?
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axon hillock
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What organelle is not located in dendrites?
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golgi
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What generates an action potential in a nerve?
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influx of sodium into the axon
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What causes repolarization of the membrane potential in the axon?
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efflux of potassium
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What are the specialized regions where action potentials are transmitted?
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synapses
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What are the 4 types of synapses?
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axosomatic
axoaxonic axodendritic axospinous |
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What is the dendritic shaft made of?
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microtubules
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What is the dendritic spine made of?
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actin filaments
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What is localized in the postsynaptic density?
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neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels
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What looks like a black ring around an axon?
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myelin
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What produces a second ring around an axon in a cross sectional view?
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Schmidt-Lanterman cleft
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Which domain of a Schwan cell does the inner mexaxon make up?
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adaxonal
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Which domain of a Schwann cell does the outer mesaxon make up?
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abaxonal
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How many neurons are used in a visceral efferent response?
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2
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How mant neurons are used in a somatic efferent response?
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1
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What surrounds a nerve?
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epineurium
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What surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers?
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perineurium
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What surrounds a nerve fiber?
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endoneurium
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What is the tunica intima composed of?
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endothelial lining and connective tissue
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What is the tunica media composed of?
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smooth muscle and supporting fibers
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What is the tunica adventitia composed of?
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surrounding connective tissue, nerves, etc.
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What lines the luminal surface of a blood vessel?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What are associated with continuous capillaries?
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pinocytotic vesicles and pericytes
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What are the 2 types of capillaries?
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continuous and fenestrated
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What are the rodlike inclusions found in the endothelial lining of large arteries?
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Weibel-Palade bodies
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What gives rise to capillaries?
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throughfare channels
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Which side of a capillary has sphincters: venule or precapillary?
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precapillary
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What is the thickest layer in an artery?
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tunica media
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What is the thickest layer in a vein?
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tunica adventitia
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What function do valves serve?
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prevent retrograde flow in venous and lymphatic systems
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What is tunica intima in the heart?
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endocardium
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What is tunica media in the heart?
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myocardium and cardiac muscle
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What is tunica adventitia in the heart?
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epicardium and visceral pericardium
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What are the 3 layers of a heart valve cusp?
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spongiosa, fibrosa, and ventricularis
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Which layer is greatly enlarged in athersclerosis?
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tunica intima
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How does an aneuysm affect a vessel wall?
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it becomes less elastic
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What are 4 causes of an aneurysm?
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chronic high blood pressure
infection trauma genetics |
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What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system span from?
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nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
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What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system span from?
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respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
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What kind of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
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pseudostratified with cilia and goblet cells
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What do Bowman's glands do?
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secretion dissolves odiferous substances
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What is the main function of the nasal cavity?
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warm and moisten air
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What is special about olfactory basal cells?
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the only neurons that regenerate
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What is the function of olfactory supporting cells?
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synthesis (similar to rER and mitochondria
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Where does an olfactory axon synapse?
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oflactory bulb
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Which part of the larynx contains mucous glands?
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vestibule
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What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?
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respiratory
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What kind of epithelium lines the esophagus?
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wet stratified squamous
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What of epithelium lines alveolar ducts?
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simple squamous
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What kind of epithelium lines respiratory bronchioles?
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cuboidal
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What is the function of Clara cells?
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produce surfactant that's instrumental in lung expansion
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Which type of pneumocytes are there more of in the alveolar lining?
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type II
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Which type of pneumocyte covers 95% of the alveolar lining area?
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type I
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Which type of pneumocyte produces surfactant?
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type II
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Which type of pneumocyte is associated with gap junctions?
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type I
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What is the function of brush cells?
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monitor air quality
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What is the air-blood barrier called?
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interalveolar septum
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