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92 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is extracellular matrix?

Organic and inorganic material. Mostly Water (70-80%).


-Collagen most abundant protein (type I, II, III fibrillar)


-proteoglycans (large aggregating -Aggrecan, small leucine rich)

Woven bone (from elk antler)

Osteocytes

maintain bone tissue

Osteoblast

form bone matrix


Blast = builds bone

osteogenic cell

Bone stem cell

Osteoclast

Resorbs bone


Clast = cleaves bone

Ground bone section - remodelled bone

Ground bone section - remodelled bone

How does bone grow?

Bone grows only by apposition


-intramembranous model: fibro-vascular tissue scaffold


-endochondral model: cartilage anlage


What kind of bone growth is this?

What kind of bone growth is this?

Intramembranous bone growth - these pieces of bone will grow until they come into contact with each other and fuse

Dense regular connective tissue (tendon)

Dense regular connective tissue (tendon)

Dense irregular connective tissue (joint capsule)


-more complicated structure bc more complicated function

Lacunas are holes where chondrocytes get trapped.


-This is hyaline cartilage in trachea.

Lacunas are holes where chondrocytes get trapped.


-This is hyaline cartilage in trachea.

Joint meiscus

Joint meiscus

Intervertebral disk

Intervertebral disk

What is cartilage creep?

Slow motion displacement of the liquid in the cartilage. This is why you are taller in the morning b/c the load during the day displaces water

White Adipose tissue


-peripheral nuclei, one large lipid droplet


-energy storage/padding/inflammatory organ

Brown adipose tissue


-multilocar adipocytes


-central nuclei, miltiple peripheral lipid droplets


-rich in mitochondria (brown pigment)


-specialized for heat production

What are the four basic tissue types?

Epithelia - sheets of cells that separate and define spaces


muscle - contractile cells


nervous - excitable


connective - few cells, substantial ECM

Simple columnar epithelium (in the gut)

Simple squamous epithelium (lung)

Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis)

Five cellular characteristics of epithelia

1. Cohesive interaction between cells


2. Existence of three membrane domains: apical, lateral, basal.


3. Existence of tight junctions between apical and lateral domains


4. polarized distribution of different organelles in cytoskeleton


5. Quasi-immobility of group of epitheliam cells relative to local enviro.

Adherens junctions

sometimes called delt desmosomes; goes all the way around the cell. Very different from desmosomes though, different proteins. Strong mechanical linkage between cells


Tight junctions

Seal off apical from basal region

Desmosomes

- little snappers. Hang together to hold cells

Hemidesmosomes

attach cell to basal surface

Identify the exocrine glands

Exocrine glands


1. simple tubular


2. simple branched tubular


3. simple coiled tubular


4. Simple acinar


5. Simple branched acinar


6. Compound tubular


7. Compound acinar


8. Compound tubulo-acinar

Striated muscle


-eccentric nuclei, abundant mitochondria, extensive SER (aka sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Striated muscle longitudinal section

Striated muscle longitudinal section

Striated muscle transverse section

Identify the parts of the sarcomere

Identify the parts of the sarcomere

What are T tubules?

Have a hole continous with the outside of the muscle cell which brings the outside of the cell inside.


Main function is for communication between muscle fibres to speed the action potential because it can skip diffucion

Skeletal muscle

Features of striated muscle

SKeletal and cardiac muscle


- cylindrical cells with densely packed arrays of contractile proteins visibly striated


-actin and myosin


-titin - structural protein

Features of smooth muscle

-fusiform cells without striations


-found in vessels, uterus, gut, iris, etc.


-Individual cells arranged in sheets and tubes


-contractile proteins (Actin, tropomyosin, myosin II) only visible on TEM


-Dense body (desmosome attachments)


Gap junctions


Autonomic innervation

Features of cardiac muscle

-Striated with central nuclei


-Branching myofibers


-Intercalated disks between cells (anchors cytoskeleton, rich in gap junctions)


-Rich in mitochondria


-Extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum

Cardiac muscle

Dystrophin

Cytoplasmic rod like protein that is part of a protein complex that connects myofibrils to extracellular connective tissue components.


-important in transmitting loads from cells to tendons

How can you tell that a neuron is an active cell by looking at it on a slide?

Nucleus and nucleolus are very big.


Lots of nissl staining of ribosomes in the cytoplasm because it needs to make a lot of proteins

Astrocytes

The largest and most abundant glial cells.


-Numerous branching cytoplasmic processes that provide a scaffold for neurons


-Role in regulating movement of metabolites and waste


-Help maintain ionic concentration of ECM


-Modulate BBB


Oligodendrocytes

Produce Myelin within CNS

Label this neural tissue

Label this neural tissue

Where in the brain is this? Label

Where in the brain is this? Label

Choroid plexus produces the CSF

Choroid plexus produces the CSF

What kind of cells are these within the choroid plexus?

What kind of cells are these within the choroid plexus?

What cells are these within the central canal?

What cells are these within the central canal?

Where in the brain is this? Label it

Where in the brain is this? Label it

What neural tissue is this?

What neural tissue is this?

Grey matter - composed of neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons (no fat) as well as glia.


Arrows indicate cell bodies of motor neurons (this is section of spinal cord)

What neural tissue is this?

What neural tissue is this?

White matter - composed of myelinated axons and glia


Arrows indicate axons within myelin (white space around because lipid components dissolved out during prep)

What neural tissue is this?

What neural tissue is this?

What are the three sheaths of a nerve?

Epineurium - collagen sheath wrapping groups of fascicles


Perineurium - bundle of nerve fibres (fascicle) wrapped in thicker collagen sheat


Endoneurium - collagen sheath around one nerve fibre (nerve in schwann cell layer)

Label this nerve sheath

Label this nerve sheath

Label this nerve sheath

Label this nerve sheath

What is a ganglia?

A collection of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS

Ganglia

Ganglia

What are the respiratory epithelial cell types?

Basal cells (act as stem cells)


Ciliated cells


Brush cells


Neuroendocrine cells

Respiratory epithelium is made up of...

CIliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium


goblet cells


basal (stem) cells


Neuroendocrine cells


Tubuloalveolar glands (mostly serous)

Clara (club) cells in bronchiole

Clara (club) cells in bronchiole

Bronchioles

Bronchioles

AD = alveolar duct


AS = alveolar sac


A = alveolus

AD = alveolar duct


AS = alveolar sac


A = alveolus

Cell types in an alveoli

Type I pneumocyte - alveolar epithelium (simple squamous, site of gas exchange)


Type II pneumocytes (septal cells) - secrete pulmonary surfactant


Dust cells - macrophages


Fibrocytes - synthesize collagen and elastin in alveolar septum


Alveoli

Capillaries in alveoli

Pulmonary macrophage or dust cell

Pulmonary macrophages or dust cells

Parabronchi in avian lung