Histology Md1 Block 2 Review For Test

Front 1

Functions: Is connective tissue

Back 1

maintains shape and provides support

acts as a cushion between joints

reduces friction in the joint with movement

Front 2

Cells that produce the extracellular matrix:

Back 2

Chondroblast and Chondrocyte
Cartilage:

Front 3

Cartilage:
characteristics:

Back 3

avascular
anervous
no lymph capillaries
one cell type (chondrocyte)
hard matrix


Collagen (type 2)
Proteoglycans
Multiadhesive Glycoproteins

Front 4

Cartilage grow 2 ct

Back 4

Appositional growth (new matrix on pre-existing surface )
Source of cells is inner layer of perichondrium
Interstitial growth (from within)

Front 5

Types of Cartilage:

Back 5

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

Front 6

Clinical Correlations
Cartilage

Back 6

Spinal disc herniation
Campomelic dysplasia (SOX 9 mutations)
Tumor types derived from cartilage
=

Hint 6

-chondroma
-chondrosarcoma

Front 7

Bone
Function

Back 7

Support, Blood formation, Storage of minerals

Front 8

Outer Cortex: Compact bone,

Back 8

surface is covered by periosteum

Front 9

Inner Medulla:

Back 9

spongy or cancellous lined with endosteum, with in its center, bone marrow

Front 10

Classification by shape:

Back 10

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

Front 11

Classification by texture:

Back 11

Compact bone, dense bone, cortical bone
lamellar with Haversian canal


Spongy bone, trabecular bone, cancellous bone
lamellar with parallel orientation

Front 12

Osteo clast is a wierd macrophage
= comes from what type of cells?

Back 12

Hematopoietic

Front 13

Classification by matrix arrangement:

Back 13

Lamellar bone, lamellated
Woven bone, Non-lamellated

Front 14

Classification by maturity:

Back 14

Immature bone (woven bone)
Mature bone (lamellar bone)

Front 15

Classification by developmental origin

Back 15

Intramembranous bone: develops from condensed mesenchyme

Intracartilaginous bone : replacing a reformed cartilage model

Front 16

Compact bone:
has what structures =

Back 16

Haversian canal with cement line, lacunae
cannaliculi
Volkman’s canal

Front 17

Mature spongy bone: structure is =

Back 17

lammelar
but
no Haversial system

Front 18

Cell types of bone:

Back 18

Osteoprogenitors
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Front 19

Bone grows by:

Back 19

circumferential growth: (width) by activity in periosteum
longitudinal growth by activity in epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate)

Front 20

2 types of ossification

Back 20

-Intramembranous ossification: Primitive mesenchymal cells transform directly into osteoblasts + INFO

-endochondrial ossification: ossification occurs through cartilage intermediate step

Hint 20

Osteo clast is a wierd macrophage
= comes from what type of cells?

Front 21

Osteoperosis Q on exam

Back 21

.

Front 22

Epiphyseal Growth Plate
Nm 5 zones

Back 22

Zone 1: Reserve zone
Zone 2: Proliferatiion zone
Zone 3: Hypertrophy zone
Zone 4: Calcification zone
Zone 5: Remodeling zone

Front 23

Mechanisms to mobilize Ca2+

Back 23

Diffusion
Hormonal

Hint 23

When calcium is low
Parathyroid hormone secretion increases
acts through stimulating osteoclasts

When calcium is high
Calcitonin secretion increases

Front 24

Healing of Bone Fracture
Stages 5ct

Back 24

Stage 1: Clot Formation
Stage 2: Tissue death
Stage 3: Early repair by macrophages, Callus formation by osteogenic cells
Stage 4: Consolidation of repair
Stage 5: Late repair - Remodeling

Front 25

KNOW sliding filament model & contrast it

phosphorlysation of .....

Back 25

.

Front 26

Clinical Correlations

Back 26

-Rickets, osteomalacia
-Achondroplasia
-Osteitis fibrosa
-Osteoporosis
-Osteopetrosis
-Acromegaly
-Osteogenesis imperfecta
-Benign tumors of the bone:
osteoblastoma, osteoclastoma
-Malignant tumors of the bone:
osteosarcoma

Front 27

Muscle
Most important characteristic: contraction

Back 27

Functional =
Morphological =

Hint 27

-Voluntary
-In-voluntary


-Striated
-Non-striated

Front 28

Muscle contains connective tissue

Back 28

Epimysium:
Perimysium:
Endomysium:

Hint 28

Epimysium: around muscle
Perimysium: around bundle of fibers
Endomysium: around individual fiber

Front 29

Layout hierarchy of myo

Back 29

Muscle > muscle bundle > muscle fiber > myofibril > A-band > myosin

Front 30

Sliding Filament Model

Nm parts & pieces =
6ct

Back 30

Role of:
-Myosin
-Actin
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin
-Calcium
-ATP

Front 31

Role of:
-Myosin
-Actin
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin
-Calcium
-ATP

Back 31

Contrast this to contraction mechanism of smooth muscle cell

Front 32

Different types of fibers

Back 32

.

Front 33

Different types of fibers

Type 1
Type 2 =

Back 33

-Type 1 = Red = slow = oxidative
Small, work for long period, high myoglobin, many mitochondria,



-Type 2 = White = fast = anaerobic
Large, work for short period , low myoglobin, less mitochondria,

Front 34

Histology: distinguish type 1 from type 2
histochemistry or immuno cytochemistry of mitochondrial component

Back 34

.

Front 35

Sarcomere structure

Back 35

A-band: myosin
I-band: actin

Z-line, sarcomere from Z-to-Z

Contraction of I-bands, not A-band

Front 36

Neuromuscular Junction

Action potential from where =

Back 36

Brain

Axon innervated several muscle fibers in (what theory)

Hint 36

all or none type of contraction

Front 37

Neuromuscular Junction

Acetylcholine released at synapse, binds to receptor, leads to

Back 37

Sodium influx and membrane depolarization , calcium influx, muscle contraction

Front 38

Sensory organs

Muscle spindle:
Golgi tendon organ:

Back 38

Muscle spindle: Proprioception
Golgi tendon organ: Proprioception


provide information about changes in muscle length and its position

Front 39

Cardiac myo characteristics

Back 39

Intercalated disc
Focal adhesions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

T tubule system, different from skeletal muscle

ANF production, regulation of blood pressure and sodium excretion

Front 40

Smooth muscle has no?
5ct

Back 40

-No striations, no sarcomere
-No T tubules
-No troponin
-No sliding filament model but need for myosin phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase
-Are mesenchymal cells

Front 41

Clinical Correlations

Back 41

Duchene muscular dystrophy (genetic disorder)

Myasthenia gravis (auto-immune disorder)