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101 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the two main classifications of CT?
Embryonic and adult
List the two types of embryonic CT
Mesenchyme and mucous
List the 5 types of adult CT
1) Loose
2) Dense (irregular and regular)
3) Reticular
4) Adipose
5) Specialized (cartilage, bone, and blood)
Describe mucous CT
1) Contains an abundance of ground substance with collagen and a few elastic and reticular fibers
2) Cells are ovoid or stellate shaped with thin cytoplasmic processes (consider them stem cells) similar to mesenchymal or fibrocytes in appearance
3) Umbilical cord matrix cells are stem (pleuripotential) and can develop into blood cells and other tissue
4) Present in umbilical cord and young tooth pulp
Describe mesenchyme CT
1) Contains abundance of mesenchymal cells that are pleuripotent with a few fibers
2) Fxn- transient CT which forms adult CT
List and describe two types of cells in CT proper
1) Fixed- production and maintenance, reserve fuel
2) Wandering- from blood
Define fibroblast
Former fibrocyte
Inactive
Define myofibroblast
Stronger contractile properties
Adds alpha-smooth muscle actin
Differentiates from fibroblast and other cells
What are pericytes?
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
What are some examples of wandering cells?
1) Neutrophil
2) Lymphocyte
3) Eosinophil
4) Basophil
What are 3 fibers of CT proper?
1) Collagen
2) Elastic
3) Reticular
Describe collagen fibers
Produced by many cell types but predominately fibroblasts
Unique chemical composition
Wavy acidophilic bundles of collagen visible with LM
Collagen fibril --> collagen fibers --> collagen bundles
Periodicity
Biosynthesis and arrangement into fibers
What is the definition of CT?
Tissue composed of 3 components: cells, fibers, and ground substance
Fibers and g.s. have become known as ECM
Contains abundant intercellular material or matrix
What is the fxn of CT?
1) Support (structure and packing, ex tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis, organ capsules, adipose)
2) Defense ( site of immune rxns, phagocytosis, physical barrier, limits spread of infection)
3) CO2 and O2 exchange
4) Repair (wounds or wound healing)
What is the structure of the fibroblast?
Stellate-shaped or spindle
Ovoid, large pale-staining nucleus
Basophilic cytoplasm
What is the fxn of fibroblast?
Intense synthetic activity
Ex wound healing
What is the structure of myofibroblast?
Similar to fibroblasts but add microfilaments
What is the fxn of myofibroblast?
Wound contraction
What is the structure of a macrophage?
Large cells
Cytoplasmic debris
Heterogenous cytoplasm
Sometimes foamy
Irregular nucleus
What is the fxn of a macrophage?
Ingestion and digestion
Cell mediated resistance to bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and tumors
Destruction of RBCs
Ag presenters
What is the structure of a plasma cell?
Ovoid shape but can vary
Spherical, eccentric nucleus
Juxtanuclear golgi
Basophilic cytoplasm
Clockface nucleus
What is the fxn of a plasma cell?
Synthesis of Abs of Igs
What is the structure of a mast cell?
Large, oval cells
Homogenous cytoplasm
Centrally-located, oval nucleus
Located near blood vessels
Scroll or whorl patterned granules
What is the fxn of a mast cell?
Store and release chemical mediators of inflammation and hypersensitivity
Promotes allergic rxns known as immediate hypersensitivity rxns
Contents of granules cause contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries
What is the structure of fat cells?
Contain one central droplet of fat in cytoplasm
Formed from small droplets fusing
Nucleus flattened
Typical mitochondria, rER, sER around nucleus
Each cell surrounded by basal lamina
Lipid dissolved in preparation
Every cell in contact with capillaries
Thin cytoplasm with microfilaments
What is the fxn of fat cells?
Energy source
Cushion
Leptin production
List the principal tissue of distribution and cells of origin of type I collagen
1) Loose and dense ordinary CT; tendon, ligaments, fascia. Cells of origin- fibroblasts and reticular cells; smooth muscle cells
2) Fibrocartilage. CO- chrondrocytes
3) Bone. CO- osteoblasts
4) Dentin. CO- odontoblasts
List the principal tissue of distribution and cells of origin of type II collagen
1) Hyaline and elastic cartilage. CO- chondrocytes
List the principal tissue of distribution and cells of origin of type III collagen
1) Loose CT; fiber collagen. CO- fibroblasts and reticular cell
2) Papillary layer of dermis. CO- fibroblasts
3) Blood vessels. CO- smooth muscle cells; endothelial cells
List the principal tissue of distribution and cells of origin of type IV collagen
1) Basal lamina, external lamina. CO- epithelial and endothelial cells
2) Lens capsule of eye. CO- lens fibers
List the principal tissue distribution and cells of origin of type V collagen
1) CT stroma. CO- fibroblasts, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells
List the principal tissue distribution and cells of origin of type VII collagen
1) Anchoring fibrils, securing BL to CT fibers. CO- fibroblasts
List the principal tissue distribution and cells of origin of type X collagen
1) Zone of hypertrophy. CO- chondrocytes
What produces reticular fiber?
Fibroblasts, reticular cells and others
Describe the size and appearance of reticular fibers
Smaller than collagen, thin, form a network, stretch more than collagen
What are the composition and staining characteristics of reticular fibers?
High content of glycoproteins so stain well with PAS, weak with H&E
What are the common sites of reticular fibers
Expandible organs, hematopoietic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow), liver, blood vessels
What are the two main producers of elastic fibers?
Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
Describe the size and appearance of elastic fibers
Thin, long, united, and branched
Yellow grossly
Describe the composition and staining characteristics of elastic fibers
Protein elastin and microfibrils, interlinked molecules, weak H&E, desmosine and isodesmosine
What are the common sites of elastic fibers?
Ligamentum nuchae, vocal cords, aorta, lung and special arrangement in vessels
What is the definition of ground substance?
Amorphous, colorless, transparent, homogenous material that fills space between cells and fibers
Appears as an empty background with H&E
What are the two groups of composition of the ground substance?
1) Glycosaminoglycans
2) Glycoproteins
Glycosaminoglycans combine with proteins to form proteoglycans. What are the two types of GAGs?
Sulfated (provide support, H2O binding) and nonsulfated
What are the three types of glycoproteins?
1) Fibronectin
2) Laminin
3) Interaction with integrin
Describe loose (areolar) CT
Cellular, flexible, delicate, well vascularized
What are the fxns of loose CT?
1) Antigen and bacteria interaction
2) Inflammatory rxns
What are the locations of loose CT?
Dermis and submucosa
Describe dense irregular CT
Preponderance of collagen fibers
Fibers are arranged in no definite pattern
What is the fxn of dense irregular CT?
Strength
What is the location of dense irregular CT?
Dermis and submucosa
Describe dense regular CT
Collagen fibers in definite orientation
What is the fxn of dense regular CT?
Strength
What is the location of dense regular CT?
Tendons, aponeurosis, and ligaments
What is the fxn of reticular CT?
Provides a framework, support, expandible
What is the location of reticular CT?
Expandible organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
What is the fxn of adipose tissue?
Support, energy, and insulation
Describe brown fat
Lots of cytrochrome oxidase in mitochondria
What is the location of adipose tissue?
Hypodermis, around organs, orbits, beneath visceral pericardium
What cell produces leptin?
Adipocytes
What hormones are secreted by adipocytes?
1) Angiotensinogen (AGE)
2) Adiponectin
3) Resistin (all 3 hormones)
4) Steroid hormones
What is the significance of pericytes?
Can develop into endothelial cell, adipose cell, smooth muscle cell, or skeletal muscle cell
What cells are derived from mesenchymal cell?
Mesothelial, endothelial, osteoblasts, chrondoblasts, adipocytes, and fibroblasts
List the steps of collagen formation in a typical fibroblast?
1) Formation of mRNA in nucleus
2) Initiation of synthesis of pro-alpha chains with signal sequences by ribosomes
3) Synthesis of pro-alpha chains on rER
4) Hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues (require Vitamin C) and cleavage of signal sequence from pro-alpha chains
5) Glycosylation of specific hydroxylysyl residues in the rER
6) Formation of procollagen triple helix molecules from a C terminus toward the N terminus in a zipper-like manner
7) Stabilization of the triple helix by formation of an intra- and interchain hydrogen and disulfide bonds and chaperone proteins
8) Transport of procollagen molecules to G.A.
9) Packaging of procollagen molecules by G.A into secretory vesicles
10) Movement of vesicles to plasma membrane, assisted by molecular motor proteins associated with microtubules
11) Exocytosis of procollagen molecules
12) Cleavage of trimeric globular C- and helical N-procollagen domains by procollagen N- and C-proteinases
13) Polymerization (self-assembly) of collagen molecules into collagen fibrils (in a core of fibroblast) in development of covalent cross-linking
14) Incorporation of other collagens (type V, FACTTs, etc.) into collagen fibrils
Identify the unique structural characteristics and biochemical properties of collagen
1) Relatively inelastic, high tensile strength, transparent (cornea)
2) Wavy, acidophilic bundles
3) Procollagen-->fibril-->fiber-->bundles
4) Fxn in 4 sites: tendon (ropes), cornea (transparent sheet), bone (scaffold for mineral), and joints (weight bearing)
5) Bands repeat every 68 nm
6) Single collagen molecule consists of 3 polypeptides known as alpha-chains
7) Made of glycine, hydroxyproline or hydroxylisine, and proline
8) Collagen=glycoprotein
9) Several classes based on polymerization pattern
10) Collagen formation
11) Collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and epithelial cells
12) Collagen degradation by proteinases
13) Can be degraded via proteolytic or phagocytic degradation
What are the 3 components of the ground substance?
1) Proteoglycans
2) Multiadhesive glycoproteins
3) GAGs
What is mucous CT derived from?
Mesoderm
What 6 cells come from mesenchyme?
1) Mesothelial
2) Endothelial
3) Osteoblasts
4) Chondroblasts
5) Adipocytes
6) Fibroblasts
What is a keloid and what is it caused by?
Scar tissue caused by overproliferation
Describe Dupuytrens' disease
Involves myofibroblasts of palma fascia
Palmer aponeurosis contracture
What are histiocytes called when found in other locations?
Liver- Kupfer cells
Lung- Alveolar macrophage
CNS- microglial cells
Lymph node, spleen
Epidermis- Langerhahn cells
Why are plasma cells found near the epithelium?
To process antigens
What are plasma cells derived from?
Mesoderm, directly from B lymphocyte
Describe the mast cell response
1) 1-5 seconds: degranulation of primary mediators and lipid mediators of inflammation are triggered
2) 5-30 minutes: PGE2 (prostaglandin) is a vasodilator; Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) induces vasoconstriction and also causes bronchoconstriction
3) Hours- TNF, interleukin, PAF stimulate protein synthesis
What is the role of histamine?
Contracts visceral arterial (vasoconstriction) and bronchial smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction) and relaxes peripheral arterial smooth muscle (vasodilation) and contracts endothelial cell
Pericyte has the potential to develop into what?
Endothelial cell, adipose cell, or smooth muscle
What produces collagen?
1) Smooth muscle cells
2) Schwann cells
3) Osteoblasts
What are two characteristic amino acids of collagen?
Hydroxyproline and hydroxylisine
What is another name for osteogenesis imperfecta?
Brittle bone disease
What type of stain do reticular fibers stain well with?
PAS and silver
What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases?
Zinc dependent enzyme that degrade all components of ECM
What is the role of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)?
Hold MMPs as inactive
What are 4 MMPs?
1) Collagenase
2) Stromelysins
3) Elastases
4) Gelatinases
What is hyaluronen?
A GAG, excellent lubricant and shock absorber
What is dermatan sulfate?
A GAG, skin, blood vessels, heart; inplicated in CV disease, wound repair
What is heparan sulfate?
A GAG, BL and normal component of cell surface, allows interaction with FGF
What is syndecan?
A GAG core protein
Transmembrane protein that can link to BL thru heparan sulfate
What is the role of fibronectin?
Fxn in cell adhesion and migration
Binds to integrin
What are the binding sites of fibronectin?
1) Collagens I, II, III, and IV
2) Heparan sulfate
3) Fibrin
4) Hyaluronan
5) Fibronectin
6) Integrin
Osteopontin binds to osteoclasts, and possesses binding sites for what?
Calcium and hydroxyapetite
What is leptins role?
Regulates amount of adipose tissue in the body and in food ingestion
Where are receptors for leptin found?
Hypothalamus
What type of collagen is defective in osteogenesis imperfecta?
Type I
What is effected in Marfan syndrome?
Fibrillin
What type of collagen is defective in Ehrlos-Danlos?
Type III
Describe Alport syndrome
Collagen IV defects
Causes basement membrane disorder
Hematuria is most common and earliest manifestation
Describe lipoma
Most common benign tumor in men
Derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue
Describe multiple myoma
Plasma cell dyscrasia (abnormal condition of blood)
Sheet or aggregates of malignant plasma cells are present in bone marrow
Monoclonal spike with electrophoresis (M component)
Degrades corticol bone
Describe anaphylaxis
Life threatening hypersensitivity rxn, bronchoconstriction occurs
Hives due to skin edema
Result of mast cell degranulation
Describe malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Most common type of soft tissue tumor
Variety of cells present, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells
Arises in deep fascia, soft tissues of neck and extremities, and skeletal muscle
Describe Hurler syndrome
Increase in dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, and LSD
Can affect several organs and overall body growth leading to dwarfism and unique facial features