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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 main parts of the skin?
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Epidermis
Dermis (corium) |
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What are skin appendages?
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Hair follicles
Sweat & sebaceous glands |
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What are specialized skin structures?
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Hoof, horn and claws
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What is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of?
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Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum Stratum disjunctum |
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What is stratum basale?
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single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that rest on the basale lamina
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What is stratum spinosum?
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several layers of poly hedral cells tightly adhere by lots of desmosomes
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What do you call the layer of epidermis that combines the straum basale & stratum spinosum?
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stratum germinativum
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What is stratum granulosum?
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several layers of flattened cells having keratohyalin granules.
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Where does stratum lucidum occur?
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only in non-hairy skin (foot-pad)
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What is stratum corneum?
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Consists of dead, keratinized cells. These cells contain keratin.
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What is the function of keratin in the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis?
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provides structural support for the cell
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What is stratum disjunctum?
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Its the most superficial layer of the stratum corneum & undergoes constant desquamation.
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Where are melanocytes located & what do they produce?
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They are located among cells of stratum basale & spinosum. They produce melanin, which gives color to skin & hair.
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What are the layers of the dermis?
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superficial papillary layer
deep reticular layer |
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What does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of?
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Loose CT
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What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?
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network of fine collagen, elastic & reticular fibers
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What are the predominent cell types of the papillary layer of the dermis?
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fibrocytes
Mast cells plasma cells macrophages |
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What does the deep reticular layer of the dermis consist of?
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deep irregular connective tissue
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What does the deep reticular layer of the dermis contain?
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large bundles of collagen fibers
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What specialized areas of the body have smooth muscle within their dermal layer?
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scrotum,penis & teats
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Skeletal muscle fibers of the _______ _______ penetrate the dermis & allow voluntary movement of the skin.
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cutaneous trunci
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What does the hypodermis consist of?
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loose arrangement of collagen & elastic fibers
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What is panniculus adiposus and where is it found?
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small clusters or large mass of fat found in the hypodermis.
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The free part of the hair above the surface of the skin is the ________.
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hair shaft
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Hair covers the entire body except what areas?
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foot-pad, hoof, glans penis
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What is contained within the hair follicle?
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hair root
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What is the terminal hollow knob of the hair root called?
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hair bulb
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What is the hair bulb attached to?
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dermal papilla
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What are the 3 layers of the hair shaft?
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cuticle (outer), cortex, medulla
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______ is formed by a single layer of flat keratinized cells in the hair shaft.
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cuticle
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Which layer of the hair shaft consists of dense compact keratinized cells & has pigment granules.
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Cortex
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What is considered the center of hair and is loosely filled w/ cuboidal or flattened cells?
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medulla
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What does a hair follicle consist of?
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Internal root sheath
External root sheath Dermal papilla Hair matrix Arrector pilli muscle sinus or tactile hair follicles |
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What is the internal root shealth of the hair follicle composed of?
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Cuticle
granular epithelial layer Pale epithelial layer |
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What is the external root sheath of a hair follicle composed of?
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several layer of cells, similar to stratum spinosum, covered by glassy membrane, enclosed by connective tissue sheath.
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What is the dermal papilla of a hair follicle?
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CT directly under the hair matrix, supplied by blood vessels & nerves
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______ ____ cells are comparable to germinativum cells & give rise to the cells that keratinize to form the hair shaft.
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Hair matrix
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______ _______ _____ are bundles of smooth muscle attached to the CT sheath of the hair follicle & connects to the papillary layer of the dermis.
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arrector pilli muscle
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What is another name for whiskers of the cat?
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sinus or tactile hair follicles
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_____ ____ ____ are characterized by a blood-filled sinus between the inner & outer layer of the dermal sheath.
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sinus or tactile hair follicles
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What do you call simple or compound alveolar glands, associated with hair follicles?
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Sebaceous glands
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Sebaceous glands, which are associated w/ hair follicles empty to form what?
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pilosebaceous canal
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Sebaceous glands release their secretory product (sebum) by ________ mode.
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Holocrine
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What are the 2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?
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apocrine & merocrine
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______ ______ glands are simple coiled tubular glands.
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apocrine sweat
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What is in the secretory portion of apocrine sweat glands?
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a large lumen lined w/ flattened cuboidal to low columnar cells. Myoepithelial cells are located bt. the secretory cells & the basal lamina.
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Where are the functions of apocrine sweat glands in the horse?
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They secrete abundantly & produce sweat during exercise & high temperature.
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_____ ______ glands are simple tubular glands, found in the footpad of dogs & cats.
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merocrine sweat glands
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Where can you find merocrine sweat glands?
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Found in the footpad of dogs & cats, bovine planum nasiolabiale & the carpal glands of swine.
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What type of gland is the mammary gland?
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tubulo-alveolar gland
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What is the secretory alveoli of the mammary gland lined by?
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A layer of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
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What do the columar cells in the secretory stage of the mammary gland contain?
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They contain fat droplets & membrane bound vesicles filled w/ micelles of milk protein.
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What type of cells in the mammary gland contract in response to oxytocin, causing the letdown of milk into the duct system.
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myoepithelial cells
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Explain the duct system of the mammary gland.
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intralobular (simple cuiboidal)- interlobular duct (stratified cuboidal)- lactiferous sinus (stratified cuboidal)- teat sinus & papillary duct (stratified squamous)
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What does the interstitial connective tissue of the mammary gland provide?
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structural support & contains blood vessels & nerves
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What does the digital organ & hoof consist of?
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A keratinized portion made of hard keratin.
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What some examples of a digital organ & hoof?
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hooves of horses, ruminants & pigs, cornual horns of ruminant & claws or nails of dogs & cats.
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_____ _____ of dogs & cats, consist of highly keratinized hairless epidermis, coiled merocrine glands in the dermis & subcutaneous masses of adipose tissues enclosed in collagen & elastic fibers.
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Digital pads
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______ & ______ are composed of tubular & intertubular horn.
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Chestnut & ergot
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What are the 3 tunics of the eyeball
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fibrous
vascular Nervous |
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What are the 2 parts of the fibrous tunic?
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sclera & cornea
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What are the 3 parts of the vascular tunic?
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choroid, ciliary body and iris
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What does the nervous tunic of the eye contain?
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retina
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_____ of the fibrous tunic is a white layer of dense irregular CT.
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Schlera
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What is the cornea composed of?
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Anterior epithelium
subepithelial basement membrane substantia propria posterior limiting membrane posterior epithelium |
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What type of epithelium is in the anterior epithelial layer of the cornea?
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, it has no granulosum layer.
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What is in the substantia propria layer of the cornea?
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collagen fiber layers or lamellae
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What is in the posterior limiting membrane of the cornea?
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highly refractile thick BM
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What is in the posterior epithelium of the cornea?
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corneal endothelium - a simple squamous epithelium
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The ______ is highly vascularized layer of the eye ball.
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choroid
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What is the choroid composed of?
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dense network of blood vessels embedded in the heavily pigmented connective tissue
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In the dorsal half of fundus of eye ball, choroid has a light-reflecting area known as _______.
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tapetum lucidum
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What do the tapetal cells of the vascular tunic contain?
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As part of the tapetum lucidum they contain crystaline rods which are responsible for light reflection.
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______ ______ is rostral continuation of the choroid.
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ciliary body
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Color of the _____ determines the color of the eye.
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Iris
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______ is composed of highly vascularized CT & pigmented epithelium.
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Iris
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What is the most superficial layer of the retina?
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pigment epithelium (1)
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What layers of the retina are considered bipolar neurons?
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outer nuclear (4)
outer plexiform (5) inner nuclear (6) inner plexiform (7) |
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What part of the retina is responsible for seeing daylight & color?
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The cones of the photoreceptor layer (2)
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What part of the retina is responsible for seeing at night & concerned w/ black & white?
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The rods of the photoreceptor layer (2)
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What layer of the retina has multipolar neurons?
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ganglionic cell layer (8)
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What are the first 2 layers of the retina?
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Pigment epithelium
layers of rods & cones (photoreceptor layer) |
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What are layers 3 & 4 of the retina?
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External limiting membrane
outer nuclear layer |
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What are layers 5 & 6 of the retina?
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Outer plexiform
inner nuclear |
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What are layers 7 & 8 of the retina?
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Inner plexiform
ganglionic cell layer |
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What are layers 9 & 10 of the retina?
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Optic nerve fiber layer
Internal limiting membrane |
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What part of the eye consists of the lens capsule, lens epithelium & lens fibers?
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Lens
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_______ is a condition that affects older dogs causing the lens to become cloudy and affecting vision.
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Cataract
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The ______ ______ is a compound tubulo-alveolar gland found in the eye.
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lacrimal gland
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What type of gland is the lacrimal gland in ruminants, cats & in dogs?
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ruminants-serous
Cats-serous Dogs-sero-mucous |
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What are the parts of the external ear?
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auricle (pinna) & external auditory canal
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What are the parts of the middle ear?
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auditory ossicles (malleus, incus & stapes)
tympanic cavity & auditory tube |
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What are the parts of the auditory ossicle of the middle ear?
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malleus, incus & stapes
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What are the parts of the internal ear?
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body labyrinth
membranous labyrinth |
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_______ ______ is part of the internal ear & filled w/ perilymph.
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bony labyrinth
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_______ ______ is part of the internal ear & filled w/ endolymph.
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membranous labyrinth
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What part of the middle ear connects to the pharynx?
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auditory tube
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The membranous ampulla of each semicircular duct in the membranous labyrinth contains _____ _______ which is composed of sensory epithelium.
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crista ampullaris
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What are responsible for the vestibular (balancing) mechanism in the membranous labyrinth?
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cristae ampullaris, macula utriculi & the macula sacculi
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______ of hearing, has sensory cells, supportive cells, afferent & efferent nerve terminals & tectorial membrane & is part of the membranous labyrinth.
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spiral organ (organ of Corti)
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