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475 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three layers of the skin?
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Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
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What is the primary component of the epidermis?
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Keritinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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Are there blood vessels in the epidermis layer?
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No.
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What are the two layers of the dermis?
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Papillary and Reticular
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What is the top 1/5 of the dermis layer?
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Papillary layer
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What is the bottom 4/5 of the dermis layer?
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Reticular layer
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What does the papillary layer consist of?
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areolar CT, nerve endings and blood vessels.
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What does the reticular layer consist of?
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Dense Irreg. CT, lots of
collagen and elastic fibers |
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Is the hypodermis part of the integumentary system?
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No, not normally
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What is another name for the hypodermis?
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Superfical Fascia
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What does the hypodermis consist of?
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Adipose CT - mostly
Areolar CT - some blood vessels and secreting portion of some glands. |
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What is the primary role of the hypodermis?
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It connects skin to underlying organs usually muscle (deep fascia- perimysium, epimysium)
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What is the precursor that is synthesized by the skin
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Cholecalciferol - precursor for Vit D
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What are the 4 types of cells in the skin
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Keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkle cells, Melanocytes
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Keratinocytes
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5 layers of cells in the epidermis.
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Langerhans cells are part of what system?
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The macrophage- monocyte system.
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What type of cells are pale staining and extend cytoplasmic processes in between keratinocytes?
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Langerhans cells aka dendritic cells
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Where are langerhans cells produced?
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In the bone marrow and then migrate out.
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Which epidermis cell type is an antigen presenting cell?
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Langerhans cell
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Where are Birbeck granules found?
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In Langerhans cells
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of the Langerhans cell?
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Birbeck granules - rod shaped granules
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Where are Merkle cells found?
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In the stratum basale
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How do Merkel cells produce an action potential?
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They deform under touch and release neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter binds to the end of the merkle disc and produces action potential
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What is comprised of a merkel cell and merkel disc?
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The merkle corpuscle.
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What does the merkle cell differiante from?
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Fetal epithelium
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Where are melanocytes found?
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In the stratum basale of the epithelium
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What type of cell is round to columnar and extends processes containing melanosomes up to the next stratum?
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Melanocytes
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What is the function of melanosomes?
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They convert tyrosine to melanin. Melanin aggregates around nucleus to protect DNA from UV in the spinosum and basale.
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What stimulate the converison of tyrosine to melanin
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UV light
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Albinism is what?
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A complete lack of melanin
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How does an individual with albinism get their color?
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From hemeglobin
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What is the difference in the melanocytes between light and dark skin color?
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Light skinned people have smaller nuceoli. Darker skin has large, scattered melanocytes that do not degrade as quickly.
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What are the five layers of the epidermis?
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top to bottom:
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale |
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Which layers together are known as the stratum germotivum?
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Mitotic cells of the Stratum basale and spinosum
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Which layer is only found in the thick layer of skin
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Stratum lucidum
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Which layer sits on the basement membrane?
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Stratum Basale
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What epidermal cells are found in the Stratum Basale?
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Merkel cells and melanocytes
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How many layers of cells are in the stratum basale and what shape are they?
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A single layer of cuboidal cells.
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Is the Nucleus of the stratum basale cells large or small?
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Large
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What is kind of keratin makes up the tight jxns of the stratum basale
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Cytokeratin.
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What are tonofilaments?
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Single and bundles of keratin intermediate filaments from basale cells= tightly joined jxns.
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Do stratum basale cells have mitochondria or ribosomes?
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Few mitochondria, but yes for ribosomes.
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What is the thickest layer of epidermis?
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Stratum Spinosum.
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Why is stratum spinosum the thickest layer?
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It is the shape of the cells (polygonal) not the number.
It is a few layers of cells thick. |
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Are there mitotic cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
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yes there are and they are in the basal layer.
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Which layer has the most tonofilaments?
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Stratum Spinosum
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Bundles of tonofilaments are called what?
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Tonofibrils. Groups of keratin filaments sufficently thick to be seen under the microscope.
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Which epidermis cells are in the Stratum Spinosum?
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Langerhans cells.
Melanosomes are deposited in this layer. |
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What do the secretory granules of the stratum spinosum contain?
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Stratum Spinosum cells produce granules of both keratin and lamellar bodies.(membrane-coating granules) Lamallar bodies contain glycosphingolipids, phosolipids, and ceramides.
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How do the tonofibrils of the Stratum Spinosum make this layer stain?
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Eosinophilic
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What contributes to the formation of the intercellular epidermal water barrier?
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The glycosphinolipids, phosolipids, and ceramides of the spinosum lamellar bodies are released by exocytosis into intercellular spaces of the granulosum and corneum.
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What is the most superficial layer of non-keratinized epithelium?
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The Str. Granulosum.
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How thick is the Str. granulosum?
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Several layers 1-3 layers.
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What type of granules do the str. granulosum cells contain?
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Keratohyalin
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Are the keratohyalin granules membrane bound?
What stain to they take up? |
They are not membrane bound and they take up basophilic stain. Very dark staining
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What action does keratohyalin stimulate?
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KH contains precursors of the protein filaggrin that promotes the aggragation of tonofilaments into tonofibrils.
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What two substances make the str. granulosum water proof
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Lamellar bodies and keratin
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What does Keratohyalin convert to?
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Keratin
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What is the stratum Lucidum
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A quasi layer of flattened cells with out organelles.
Layer is thin and clear. |
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What is Eliadin?
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A transformation product of keratinohyalin.
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What are kerafibrils?
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Densly packed keratinofilaments in the str. lucidum layer
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What is the most superfiscal layer of the epidermis?
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the stratum corneum
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What makes up the str. corneum?
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Kertinized cells filled with keratin fibers.
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What type of plasma membrane do str. corneum cells have
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A thicked Plasma membrane.
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What cells of the str. corneum have desmosomes?
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Only the deeper cells of this layer
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What are squames?
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The surface cells of the str. corneum that will be sloughed off.
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What are the fxns of the dermis layer?
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It supports the epidermis metabolically and physically.
It connects the epidermis with the hypodermis. |
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What does the papillary layer of dermis consist of?
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Areolar CT with elastic and Type III collagen fibers.
Has Areolar CT cells. It is 1/5 of the entire dermal layer |
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Dermal Papillae
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The interface between the epidermis and dermis. The raised portions of the folds.
They are dermal cells. |
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Epidermal Ridges
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The epidermal contribution to the epidermal/dermal interface.
They are the invaginations of the folds. |
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Fingerprints
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The parallel papillary surface translated through the epidermis (dermatoglyphs)
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Capillaries and sensory receptors of the dermal layer
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Most of the dermal layer as a capillary layer but also contains Meissner's corpuscles.
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What are Meissner's corpuscles
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They are a sensory nerve ending with schwann cell in between.
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What does the reticular layer of the dermis contain
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Dense irregular CT with type I collagen fibers usually packed in bundles parallel with the surface. Thick elastic fibers intersparsed throughout the layer.
some adipose in deeper portions, cells are more sparse because of fibers. The secreting portion of sebaceous and sweat glands. Base of hair follicle. Groups of smooth muscle to wrinkle skin. Erector pilli muscle. |
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What is the ground substance of the reticular layer?
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Rich in protoglycans-dermatin sulfate.
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Cells of the reticular layer
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Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, etc.
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What is different about the muscle type in this layer in the face , scalp, and neck?
The pannicula carnosus. |
It is skeletal and not smooth.
It starts in the hypodermis and inserts in the dermis. |
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Corpuscles of the deeper dermis and hypodermis.
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Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini's corpuscles.
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What type of receptors are
Pacinian and Ruffini's corpuscles |
Pacinian - Deep pressure - vibratory and mechano.
Ruffini's - encapuslated mechanoreceptors. |
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What are the 3 groups of epidermal derivatives?
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Glands, Hair, and nails
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Where are glands found in skin?
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In the dermis
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How are glands classified?
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By secretion, ducted or non ducted, and shape.
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What are the two types sweat glands?
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Eccrine- simple coiled tubular gland.
Apocrine- coiled tubular glands that can be compound or simple. |
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What are the segments of an eccrine sweat gland?
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secretory and duct segments
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What is the function of Eccrine sweat glands?
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They begin to work shortly after birth. They provide thermoregulation for the body.
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What is the secretion of Eccrine sweat glands
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Watery sweat. Ducts move up through dermis and epidermis to secrete fluid into sweat pore.
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Where are eccrine sweat glands located and when do they begin to fxn?
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eccrine sweat glands are located throughout the body and begin to fxn shortly after birth.
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What is the secretory process of the eccrine gland?
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Merocrine - releases product bound in membrane vesicles that bind to the plasma membrane at the apical end of the surface cell and release their contents via exocytosis.
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What nervous division is innervates the eccrine glands.
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sympathetic division
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What cell types make up the secretory unit of the eccrine sweat gland?
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Dark cells, clear cells, and myoepithelial cells
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What are dark cells?
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Inverted cone shaped simple cuboidal cell. Lines the lumen of the gland and does not touch the basement membrane. Have dense secretory granules rich in proteoglycans- thicker mucous secretion. Have abundant rER
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Clear cells
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Abundant in glycogen they are in between dark cells. no secretory granules, secretion is watery. Broader base narrower apex.
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Canaculi of eccrine sewat gland
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canals that run between dark and clear cells. The secretions from these cells enters into the canaculi.
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Myoepithelial cells
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cells that surround the secretory unit cells.
Contain contractile proteins. |
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Description of eccrine duct
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wider at base near secretory portion and narrows as it goes up to surface.Made of stratified cuboidal epithelium.
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What are they two layers of eccrine duct? What is the difference?
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Basal and luminal layers.
The basal layer cells have a large nucleus and the luminal cells have smaller nuclei. |
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What cells line the lumen of the duct in the epidermis?
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Keratinocyte
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Eccrine sweat contains
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Mainly water but also Na, K, urea, NH4, Cl-.
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What do ductal cells do?
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They reabsorb most of the ions so they are not lost.
Secretion ends up being water, urea, & NH4. It is odorless and colorless |
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Apocrine sweat glands
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large lumened tubular glands associated with hair follicles.
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What do apocrine glands arise from?
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The epidermis that gives rise to hair follicles.
Onset at puberty. |
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Where does the secretion go?
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Into the hair follicle.
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Modified apocrine glands
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Cerminous glands
Mammary glands |
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Sebacous glands
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pale staining cytoplasmic glands that are found throughout the body except soles and palms
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Sebacous gland product
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sebum contains
cholesterol, triglycerides& cellular debris |
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What type of secretion
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holocrine
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What type of cells are in the secretory unit of sebaceous gland
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small basal cells surrounding lgr luminal cells.
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What type of epithelium are sebacous ducts lined with?
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Stratified squamous epithelium,
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What is hair
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Filamentous keratinized structures projecting from skins surface.
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What is the nerve ending that wraps around each hair
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Root hair plexus.
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The three types of hair
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Terminal
Vellus Lanugo |
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Lanugo hair
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Fine baby hair usually shed after birth
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Vellus hair
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Short fine hair on arms legs
mostly women,most human hair is this type. |
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Terminal
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hard hair - head eyebrows
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Average hair growth
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1 cm per month
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Cyclical hair growth
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axillary - 6 mos
scalp - 6.5 years Heaviest between 16-45 years |
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Androgens stimulate---
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Hair growth on certain areas.
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Internal root sheath layers
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Cuticle, Huxley's layer, Henle's layer
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Cuticle
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The outer layer of internal root sheath. Several layers of squamous cells that overlap
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Huxley's layer
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1-2 layers of flattened cells forming the middle layer of internal root sheath.
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Henle's layer
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single layer of cuboidal cells
external root sheath. downgrowth of epidermis. |
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Glassy membrane
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Basement membrane that separates that hair follicle from the dermis.
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Medulla of hair
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Central part of shaft. Large vaculated cells. Only in thick hair
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Three layers of the hair
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Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle of the hair shaft
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Cortex of hair
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located outside of medulla
Contains cuboidal cells. These cells differentiate into keratin-filled cells |
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Cuticle of hair
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Squamous cells forming the outer portion of hair. Enlongated cells in many layers
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Hair grows from....
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The matrix
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Color of hair from
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melanin in and between cortex cells.
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Internal root sheath and cuticle root sheath are...
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interdigitated to create firm bond.
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parts of the nail
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Nail bed, nail plates, nail root, matrix, eponychium, hyponychium
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Nail root
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buried in the fold of epidermis and covers the
matrix |
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Eponychium
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the skin covering the nail root.
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Hyponychium
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the thickened epidermal layer that secures the free edge to at the fingertip.
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Joints
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articulations
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Classification of articulations
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Synarthoses, amphiarthroses,
diathroses |
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Synarthrosis
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immovable joint
fibrous or cartilagenous |
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Amphiarthrosis
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Slightly movable joint
Fibrous or cartilagenous |
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Diarthrosis
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Free movable joint
synovial joint |
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Fibrous Joints
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suture- between two bones that will fuse
Gomphosis- Tooth and Bony socket syndesmosis-ligamentous cartilage synostoses- fused sutures |
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Cartilagenous Joints
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Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage separating bones
Symphysis- vertebral disks |
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Synovial Joints
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Fibrous capsule filled with synovial fluid.
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Tidemark
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Line between articular and clacified cartilage rich in glycoproteins
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Articular capsule
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Fibrous capsule surrounding a synvial joint
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Synovial membrane
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made of folds of highly vascular tissue (areolar or dense CT) almost like adipose
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Synovial cells
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Mesenchymal in origin
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Type A synovocytes
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resemble macrophages
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Type B synovocytes
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Basically fibroblasts
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Synovial Fluid
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filtered plasma mixed with hyaluronic acid. Lubricates and provides nutrition cartilage
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Articular Cartilage
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no perichondrium and anchored to bone by zone of calcified cartilage.
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Tendons and Ligaments
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Sac- like synovial capsules without bone
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Bursae
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Flatten sac between tendon and bone
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Tendon sheath
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sacs of synovial membrane wrapped around bone.
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Lg Elastic artery
Tunica Intima |
Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar CT Smooth muscle cells-(myointimal cells) Int. elastic lamina sheet |
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Lg Elastic artery
Tunica Media |
Very broad layer
Fenestrated sm.muscle cells that secrete elastin, collagen, & ECM. Ext.Elastic Lamina |
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Lg Elastic Artery
Tunica Adventitia |
Thin layer of areolar CT
vasa vasorum can penetrate the T. media |
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Med. Muscular artery
Tunica Intima |
Smpl squamous epi
Flattened subendo layer of areolar CT and sm muscle cells very prominent int. elastic lamina |
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Med Muscular artery
T. Media |
Horizontal sm muscle acting as one cell.
Sparse elastic and reticular fibers. chondrotin sulfate sm. muscle cells secrete these. Ext Elastic lamina only in largest muscular arteries |
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Med Muscular Arteries
T. Adventitia |
Areolar CT
Few Longitudinal muscle cells |
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Arterioles
T. Intima |
simple sq. epi
thin subendo areolar CT and reticular fibers. Thin fenestrated int. elastic lamina |
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Arterioles
T. Media |
1-3 layers of circular sm muscle , no ext. elastic lamina
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metarteriole
T. Adventitia |
none
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Capillary
T. Intima |
simple sq. epi
basement membrane some reticular fibers perocytes(CT cells in walls) that have contractile proteins and can differtiate into sm. muscle. tight jxns no T. media or adventitia |
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Marginal Fold
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Junction of overlapping cells in capillaries
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three types of capillaries
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fenestrated, continous, sinusoidal.
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Post capillary venule
T. Intima |
endothelium
reticular fibers periocytes leukocytes migrate through these. No T. media or Adventitia |
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Muscular Veins
T. Intima |
No periocytes
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Muscular Veins
T. Media |
1-2 layers of discontinuous sm. muscle cells
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Muscular Veins
T. Adventitia |
Areolar CT, elastic fibers, thicker than T. Media
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Large Veins
T. Intima |
Endothelium
Basement Membrane reticular fibers subendothelial layer of areolar CT |
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Large Veins
T. Media |
Poorly developed
Sm. muscle layer separated by collagen fibers. Vena Cava smooth muscle arranged longitudal. |
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Large Veins
T. Adventitia |
Well developed lots of fibers
lymphatics, vasa vasorum Very thick layer. |
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Lymph capillaries
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Overlapping endothelium
no periocytes no fenestrations, no tight jxns blind sided no basement membrane anchored by anchoring filaments to pervent collapse of lumen with increasing pressure. |
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Lymph Vessels
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Same tissue structure as capillaries but walls are thicker and larger lumen than veins. Have valves to prevent backflow
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Lymphatic Ducts
T. Intima |
Endothelium
elastic lamina |
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Lymphatic Ducts
T. Media |
Sm. Muscle cells
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Lymphatic Ducts
T. Adventitia |
Collagen and reticular fibers
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General characteristics of
T. Intima |
single layer of flattened cells - simple sq. epithelium
a basement membrane, and fine collagen fibers |
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General characteristics
of T. Media |
Muscle (smooth-LVS) (cardiac-BVS)
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General charactristics
of T. Adventitia |
dense or loose CT sometimes some epithelium.
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Endocardium
T. Intima of Heart |
inner simple sq. epi and fibroblasts with underlying areolar CT. Under areolar CT is dense CT with scattered smooth muscle cells.
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Subendothelium layer of heart
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Thin layer of areolar CT
small blood vessels and nerves |
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Myocardium
Tunica Media |
Thickest layer of heart
bundles and layers of cardiac muscle. |
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Myocardial cells
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Most are self-excitable some secrete ANP
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Epicardium
Tunica Adventitia |
viseral peridcardium
serous membrane = pericardium mesothelium with underlying areolar CT. |
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Subepicardium
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Layer between epicardium and myocardium is adipose CT.
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Peritial pericardium
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lines the inner surface of pericardium
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Fibrous Pericardium
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Dense CT , forms capsule
that encloses everything |
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Fibrous skeleton of heart
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Thick fibrous CT around valves - supports valves and points of attachment for cardiac muscles
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What prevents action potential spread from atrium to ventricle
|
fibrous skeletal
|
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Annuli Fibroci
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thickening around AV valves at base of aorta - part of fibrous skeletion
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Trigonium Fibrosum
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flap areas around aortic valve
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Septum membranaceum
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upper portion of interventricular septum
more thicken area of fibrous skeleton |
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Heart valves
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leaflet of collagenous tissue covered with simple sq. epithelium
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Lamina Fibrosa
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Some elastic but mainly collagen fibers, simple sq. epi covering the endocardium
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Valve annulus
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ring of condensed CT where the valves attach to the wall of heart. Part of the fibrous skeleton
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Leaflets of AV valves
connected to wall by |
papillary muscles and extended cordae tendinae (collagenous strands)
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Heart valve layers
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Fibrosa, Spongosia, and Ventricularis
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Autoruthmic cells
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intrinsic conducting system of heart conducts the action potential
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Pathway of action potential
in heart |
SA node in r atruim - atria contracts - av node - (delay)-AV bundle - delay- interventicular septum-purkinje cells.
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Rate of force for blood vessels of coronary vascular system regulated by
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autonomic system
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Microcirculation
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circulation of smaller veins, venules
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General characteristics of veins
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Low pressure
transport and collection of blood, lymph, CSF Skeletal muscle contraction is the pump for the system |
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Respiratory pump
|
changes in pressure in abdominal cavity with breathing.
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Venous valves
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CT core, endothelial lining
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Percentage of blood in veins
|
60%-70%
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Respiratory System
Functions |
To bring blood into close contact with warm humidified air for the purpose of gas exchange.
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Pulmonary ventilation
|
mechanical ventilation
12x per minute |
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internal ventilation
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gas exchange
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internal respiration
|
exchange of gases between blood and interstitial fluid in systemic capillaries and cells
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Cellular respiration
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glycolysis, Kreb cycle, elctron transport chain
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Organization of respiratory system
|
conduction portion-passages
respiratory portion - alveoli |
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Lung lobes
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2- left
3- right |
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Blood supply for lungs
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pulmonary artries, veins, capillaries
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Is the pressure higher in the systemic or pulmonary system
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systemic
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Upper respitory system
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everything to the trachea
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Lower respiratory
|
trachea to alveoli
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choana
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external and internal nares
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Anterior portion of nasal cavity- vestibulae
|
dilated lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium exhibits vibrisse, sweat and sebacous gland anchored to cartilage via collagen bundles
|
|
|
Posterior portion of nasal cavity-
|
lined with respiratory epithelium, goblet vells, lamina propria (areolar CT) with lymphoid cells. Submucosa (Areolar CT) with bony septum underneath all.
|
|
|
Olfactory epithelium
|
Provides region for olfaction, warms and humidifies air. Provides some immunity protection from muscous (has antimicrobial properties)
|
|
|
Paranasal sinuses
|
Ethmoid, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid provides communication with nasal cavities.
Reduces mass of skull provides resonance chambers |
|
|
Paranasal sinuses histolgy
|
mucoperiosteum (simple ciliated columnar epithelium with thin lamina propria fused with periosteum)
|
|
|
Nasopharnyx
|
lined with resp epithelium
lamina propria varies from areolar to dense CT, fused with epimysium of pharngeal tonsil |
|
|
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharnyx |
Lined with non-keratinized squamous epithelium.
Mucous glands in lamina propria(seromucous glands containing antibodies) |
|
|
auditory tube
|
Connects nasopharynx to middle ear cavity. Lined with respitory epithelium- continous with nasopharynx epithelium.
|
|
|
Larynx
|
rigid short tube enforced with hyaline cartilage.
|
|
|
Rings of larynx cartilage connected togther by __________ and moved by______
|
ligaments, skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Epiglottis
|
Opening to glottis
Has elastic cartilage |
|
|
Lumen of larynx
|
Vestibular folds -false vocal cords
vocal cords |
|
|
Vestibular folds
|
Areolar CT and adipose covered with respitory epi.
doesn't move |
|
|
Vocal cords
|
Areolar CT,dense regular CT, and elastic tissue (vocal ligament)
|
|
|
vocalis muscle
|
muscle at end of vocal ligament that regulates width and alters tension on folds.
|
|
|
Function of larynx
|
sound, trapping debris
|
|
|
Paranasal sinuses
|
Ethmoid, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid provides communication with nasal cavities.
Reduces mass of skull provides resonance chambers |
|
|
Paranasal sinuses histolgy
|
mucoperiosteum (simple ciliated columnar epithelium with thin lamina propria fused with periosteum)
|
|
|
Nasopharnyx
|
lined with resp epithelium
lamina propria varies from areolar to dense CT, fused with epimysium of pharngeal tonsil |
|
|
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharnyx |
Lined with non-keratinized squamous epithelium.
Mucous glands in lamina propria(seromucous glands containing antibodies) |
|
|
auditory tube
|
Connects nasopharynx to middle ear cavity. Lined with respitory epithelium- continous with nasopharynx epithelium.
|
|
|
Larynx
|
rigid short tube enforced with hyaline cartilage.
|
|
|
Rings of larynx cartilage connected togther by __________ and moved by______
|
ligaments, skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Epiglottis
|
Opening to glottis
Has elastic cartilage |
|
|
Lumen of larynx
|
Vestibular folds -false vocal cords
vocal cords |
|
|
Vestibular folds
|
Areolar CT and adipose covered with respitory epi.
doesn't move |
|
|
Vocal cords
|
Areolar CT,dense regular CT, and elastic tissue (vocal ligament)
|
|
|
vocalis muscle
|
muscle at end of vocal ligament that regulates width and alters tension on folds.
|
|
|
Function of larynx
|
sound, trapping debris
|
|
|
Trachea histology
|
hollow tube reinforced by imcomplete hyaline cartilage.
Opens posteriorly. Rings are connected by fibrous CT. It is not rigid but not collapsed either |
|
|
Three layers of trachea
|
Muscosa, submucosa, and outer adventitia
|
|
|
Trachea mucosa layer contents
|
respitory epithelium-30%
thick b.membrane with lots of cilia, brush cells- 3-4%- narrow with microvilli Kulchitsky cells- 4-6% Lamina propria with areolar CT and lots of fibers and mucous and serous glands. Elastic fiber band |
|
|
Trachea submucosa layer content
|
areolar CT with lots of glands opening to epithelial surface
|
|
|
Trachea adventitia layer contents
|
fibroelastic CT with cartilage rings anchors trachea to mediastinum.
contains blood vessels and nerves and lymphatics. |
|
|
Cartilages of larynx
|
9 cartiliages all are hyaline except epiglottis.
Thyroid-adam's apple Cricoid- epiglottis- flexible elastic cartilage |
|
|
Laryngeal folds are attached to arytenoid cartilage by..
|
vocal ligaments
|
|
|
Septal cartilage
|
Nasal conchae project off of each lateral wall
|
|
|
Respiratory epithelium
contains 5 cell types |
Cilitated cell, goblet cells, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells.
|
|
|
Brush cells
|
general name for cells in respiratory tract that have short blunt mircovilli
|
|
|
Lamina propria of respiratory segment
|
capillary loops for air to be warmed. Turbulent precipitation
|
|
|
Olfactory epithelium
cell types |
Olfactory cells, bipolar neurons, sustenicular cells, basal cells, brush cells
|
|
|
Sustenicular cells of the olfactory epithelium
|
columnar cells tht provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory cells
|
|
|
Larynx epithelium
|
stratified squamous and respiratory epithelium
|
|
|
Tracheal epithelium
|
respiratory epithelium, goblet cells, basal cells, small amount of brush and granule cells.
|
|
|
Tracheal elastic membrane
|
Marks the boundary between the mucosa and submucosa
|
|
|
Trachealis muscle and tracheal cartilages
|
Mark the separation between the submucosa and adventitia layers.
|
|
|
Primary Bronchi Begins at _____
|
bifurcation
|
|
|
Primary Bronchi characteristics
|
Thinner walls
Epithelial cells get shorter fewer goblet cells denser lamina propria - more elastin for recoil |
|
|
Primary Bronchi lamina propria
of muscosal layer separated from submuscosal layer by __________. |
A muscularis layer of discontinous smooth muscle
|
|
|
Extrapulmonary
|
Primary Bronchi- found outside of the lungs
|
|
|
Intrapulmonary
|
Secondary and tertiary bronchi-found within the lungs
|
|
|
Secondary Bronchi
|
Lobar bronchi - Branching -arborizing
|
|
|
Smooth muscle____________
as the bronchi get _________. Cartilage _____________ as the bronchi get __________. |
increases, smaller
decreases, smaller |
|
|
Bronchus layers
|
Mucosa, Muscularis, submuscosa,cartilage layer, adventitia.
|
|
|
Tertiary bronchi cartilage
|
Plates of cartilage surround the lumen
|
|
|
Teritary Bronchi muscularis layer
|
two layers of smooth muscle spiraling to constrict.
|
|
|
Tertiary adventitia
|
Elastin primarily (Elastin also found in submucosa and lamina propria)
Seromucous glands sparse Lymphatic elements apparent Mast cells here. |
|
|
Mast cell degranulation causes ..........
in bronchi |
smooth muscle contraction and vasodilation.
|
|
|
bronchioles
|
10th-15th branching of broncial tree.
|
|
|
What is the lumenal diameter in bronchioles?
|
les than 1mm.
|
|
|
Bronchiole histology
|
- simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium.
- Lamina propria no glands - submucosa no glands - incomplete sm. muscle bundles - no cartilage - adventitia- fibroelastic(interconnects with other portions of bronchial tree) |
|
|
Differences in larger bronchiole epithelium and small bronchiole epithelium
|
Larger bronchioles will have columnar few goblet cells.
Small bronchioles will have cuboidal cells ciliated. |
|
|
Clara cells
|
tall cuboidal cells with short microvilli. Protects apical surface. Secrete surfactant active agent- lipoprotein.
|
|
|
Terminal bronchiole histology
|
- lumen less than 0.5 mm diameter
- Lung acini - simple cuboidal epithelium - clara cells |
|
|
Respiratory bronchioles histology
|
- simple ciliated cuboidal epi
- no goblet cells - clara cells - sparse lamina propria - smooth muscle - Fibroelastic adventitia |
|
|
Pulmonary acini
|
smaller units of structure that make up the lobules.
Consists of a terminal/respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
|
|
Alveolar Duct
|
-linear arrangement of alveoli
-end in alveolar sacs -simple squamous -small aggregations of sm. muscle. |
|
|
Interalveolar septa
|
Thin CT with blood capillaries
|
|
|
Alveoli
|
small outpocketing - 300 million in both lungs Respiratory membrane.
made of two types of simple squamous epithelium - Type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes |
|
|
Type 1 pneumocyte
|
alveolar lining cells
95% of alveolar surface joined by occluding jxns. basement membrane very thin and fused with BM of capillary. |
|
|
Type 2 pneumocytes
|
great alveolar cells
small but not as flattened 5% of alveolar cells more numerous than type 1 extend into the alveolar lumen and excrete surfactant. located in between alveoli. progenitor cells for type 1 cells. |
|
|
Type 2 pneumocytes lamellar bodies
|
surfactant starts here
|
|
|
Tubular myelin
|
found in alveoli
|
|
|
Alveolar pores of Kohn
|
holes in septa that equalize air pressure.
|
|
|
Dust cells
|
alveolar macrophages
|
|
|
Endocrine system function
|
regulates metabolic activites
|
|
|
Target Organs
|
Organs that exhibit receptors for hormones
|
|
|
Peptides
|
most are 2nd messengers. Secreted by hypothalmus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, scattered endocrine cells of Gi tract and respiratory systems.
|
|
|
Steroids
|
Lipid based carrier bound
and bind to intracellular receptors. Secreted by adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries |
|
|
Amines
|
Epinephrine, Norepi, and thyroids. Secreted by Adrenal medulla and thyroid.
|
|
|
Neurohormones-Neurotransmitters
|
Hormones secreted by neurons
localized comunication |
|
|
Localized hormones
|
Paracrine and autocrine
|
|
|
Paracrine
|
act on nearby cells- diffusion
|
|
|
Autocrine
|
Act on themselves-neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Gastroendocrine system
|
Bile duct, pancreatic duct
mediates and coordinates GI activity. CCK, GIP, Gastrin, etc. |
|
|
Open type gastroendocrine
|
exposed to lumen
|
|
|
Closed type gastroendocrine
|
deep to surface
|
|
|
argyrophilic cells
|
silver loving cells
|
|
|
Enterchromaffin cells
|
nueroendocrine cells, dk staining cells in GI tract
|
|
|
Endocrine cells characteristics
|
Prominate nucleus, secretory granules.
|
|
|
Pancreas
|
secretes only peptide hormones
prohormone |
|
|
Islets of Langerhans
|
highly vascularized pale staining accumulations in the pancreas with alpha and beta cells. 1 million in pancreas 3000 cells per islet
|
|
|
Islet cells and hormones
|
alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells-insulin delta cell- somatropin G cells-gastrin PP cells- pancreatic polypeptide-regulates exocrine portion |
|
|
Endocrine glands
|
Aggregations of endocrine cells enclosed within a fibrous capsule.
|
|
|
Stroma
|
Framework of an endocrine gland
|
|
|
Septa
|
partitions of endocrine gland.
Carries blood vessels. |
|
|
Parenchyma
|
Secreting portion of gland
|
|
|
Ductless endocrine glands
|
Secrete into ECF
well vascularized -pineal, Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, testes/ovaries, kidney, placenta |
|
|
Hypophysis
|
Pituitary Gland
|
|
|
Pars Distalis
|
anterior Pituitary.
|
|
|
Chromaphils
|
Cells of pars distalis
-somatotrophs, Mammotrophs |
|
|
Somatotrophs
|
release hormones into capillary bed. hGH
|
|
|
Mammotrophs
|
Secrete PRL
|
|
|
PIH
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
Basophils
|
corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs
|
|
|
Corticotrophs
|
20% of cells - releases prohormones
ACTH, LPH, MSH, endorphins |
|
|
CRH
|
released by hypothalamus to stimulate release of corticotrophs
|
|
|
Thyrotrophs
|
TSH responds to TRH in hypothalamus. granules not distinctive, clusters embedded in cords
|
|
|
Gonadotrophs
|
lg cells with distinctive organelle and secretory population. next to sinusoidial capillary
FSH, LH- GnRH controls secretion |
|
|
chromaphobes
|
do not stain and do not secrete hormones
|
|
|
Folliculostellate cells
|
Cells in pars distalis
with long processes that form gap junctions |
|
|
pituocytes
|
neuroglia cells found in pars nervosa
|
|
|
Herring's Bodies
|
accumulations of hormone along the distention of axons along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
|
|
|
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract
|
axons and pituocytes
|
|
|
Thyroid Gland formed from
|
Cells froming tongue in embryo
|
|
|
Isthmus capsule of thyroid
|
dense CT that connects lobes of thyroid
|
|
|
Thyroid septa
|
Blood vessels and lymphatics
|
|
|
follicle walls histology
|
simple cuboidal epithelium
|
|
|
Principle cells
|
Follicular cells
|
|
|
Thyroglobulin
|
Colloid material
|
|
|
Thyroid follicular cells
|
well devepoled Golgi
Use ATPase pumps to convert iodide to iodine |
|
|
MIT + DIT
|
t3
|
|
|
DIT+DIT
|
T4
|
|
|
T3 &T4 release when
|
Follicular cells are stimulated and villi extend pseudopodia to break down colliod.
|
|
|
Which is active T3 or T4?
|
T3
|
|
|
Parafollicular cells
|
Secrete calcitonin not derived from same type of cells as follicular cells
|
|
|
Parathyriod gland
|
Encapsulated in DCT
|
|
|
Superior Parathyroid
and Inferior Parathyroid glands |
superior- develop from fourth pharyngeal pouch
inferior- develop from third pharyngeal pouch. |
|
|
Septa of Parathyroid gland
|
accumulates fat with age
|
|
|
Glandular epithelium of parathyroid gland
|
surrounded by reticular fibers
|
|
|
Chief cells
|
Secrete PTH- granules contain lipofuscin- stimulated by decrease in Ca2+ in blood plasma. stimulates bone rabsorption and production of calatriol in skin
|
|
|
Oxyphil cells
|
store glucogen- eosinophilic
|
|
|
Pineal gland covered by
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Pinealocyte
|
modified neuron, slightly basophilic with well develped cytoskeleton
|
|
|
Synaptic Ribbons
|
number in dark
|
|
|
Pineal interstitual cells
|
neuroglial cells
|
|
|
Corpora Arenacea
|
Brain sand -CaPo4 CaCo3 increases with age
|
|
|
Thymus gland
|
Site of maturing T-lymphocytes
|
|
|
Adrenal capsule
|
carries nerves and bllod vessels 3 arteries serve
|
|
|
Subcapsular plexus of adrenal
|
no veins or lymphatics in cortex, only arteries
|
|
|
Cortical arteries
|
extend throughout cortex, some extend into medulla
|
|
|
Adrenal medulla
|
intervated by sympathetic division, glial cells found here, stains lighter, releases catacholimines epi and norepi. chormaffin cells
|
|
|
embryonic origination of cortex and medulla
|
Cortex- mesodermal mesenchyme
Medulla- neural crest |
|
|
Zonal secretions of adrenal cortex
|
ZG- Aldosterone-mineralcorticoids
ZF- Cortisol-glucocorticoids ZR- DHEA-Gonadocorticoids |
|
|
Kidney capsule
|
Dense irregular CT with some sm. muscle and elastic fibers
|
|
|
Renal Sinus
|
Filled with adipose
|
|
|
Ducts of Bellini
|
Ducts that preforate the papilla and carry urine into minor calyx.
|
|
|
Ureter layers
|
Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
|
|
|
Ureter Mucosa
|
urothelium (transistional epithelium) lamina propria, dense CT -renal pelvis
|
|
|
Ureter muscularis
|
Inner longitudinal, Outer longitudinal
|
|
|
Ureter Adventitia
|
Blends in with capsule- areolar CT
|
|
|
Urinary Bladder structure
|
Mucosa, Muscularis, adventitia
|
|
|
Urinary Bladder Mucosa
|
- folded when relaxed, no folds in trigone
- basal cells- cuboidal or columanar -Intermediate cells-polygonal -superficial- umbrella cells thicken areas known as plaques, intersparsed normal membrane(interplaque region)as hinges that allow plaque to fold and form cleft. Unfolded clefts become part of mucosa. Thin BM, lamina propria dense irrg CT, deeper into tissue becomes areolar cT. no glands except at bottom. |
|
|
Urinary Bladder Muscularis
|
3 layers of sm muscle interlaced with elastic fibers
inter and outer longitudinal layers |
|
|
Adventitia of Urinary Bladder
|
Dense Irregular CT covered in serosa in others covered in fat.
|
|
|
External urethral sphincter
|
skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Female urethra
|
Urotheium lining near bladder
straited squamous epithelium (non-keratinized)-near opening Mucosa in elongated folds due to fibroelastic dense CT lamina propria Glands of littre in lamina propria |
|
|
Glands of littre
|
in lamina propria of female urethra
|
|
|
Surrounding mucosa of female urethra
|
thin vascularized erectile tissue
|
|
|
Muscularis of female urethra
|
continous with bladder except for the 2nd layer.
|
|
|
Adventitia of female urethra
|
poorly defined
|
|
|
Male urethra
|
long common pathway for semen and urine divided into regions - prostatic, membraneous, and spongy urethra
|
|
|
Prostatic urethra
|
1st portion lined with uroepithelium receives ducts for prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts.
Thin lamina propria, thin and delicate muscularis, poorly defined lamina propria |
|
|
Membraneous urethra
|
Lined with stratified columnar epithelium with patches of ps. str columnar epi.
Muscularis layer is skeletal muscle to form external urethral sphincter. |
|
|
Spongy urethra
|
lined with stratified columnar epithelium intersparsed with ps. str epithelium.
At tip - stratified squamous Lamina propria- areolar CT and glands of littre and bulbourethral gland. Muscularis - smooth muscle Thick erectile coat between lamina propria & muscularis. No adventitia |
|
|
Glomerulus capillaries
|
fenestrated, negatively charged endothelial surface because of podocalyxin
BM-thicker type 4 collagen network with structural glycoproteins, fibronectin, laminin, water molecules. |
|
|
Glomerulus BM layers
|
Lamina rara interna
Lamina densa Lamina rara externia Both rara layers are negatively charged. podocytes adjacent to externa interna-adjacent to capillaries densa- overlapping portion of both layers. |
|
|
Bowman's capsule layers
|
Parietal - simple squamous
Visceral - podocytes -modified simple squamous |
|
|
Mesengial cells- groups
|
extraglomerular, intraglomerular
|
|
|
Extraglomerular mesengial cells
|
at both vascular poles of afferent and efferent arterioles.
|
|
|
Intraglomerular cells
|
w/in the renal corpuscle, not part of JG cells, phagocytotic
|
|
|
what helps connect podocytes to BM
|
laminin and fibronectin
|
|
|
Pedicles of podocytes
|
invaginations on primary foot processes, cytoplasm has no organelles
|
|
|
Podocalyxin
|
what the outer surfaces of podocytes and slits are covered in.
|
|
|
Filtration membrane histology
|
endothelial cells with fenestrations
|
|
|
Podocytes exhibit what?
|
actin filaments
|
|
|
Renal tubules lined with?
|
simple epithelium
|
|
|
PCT histology
|
simple cuboidal epithelium
|
|
|
Two regions of PCT
|
pars convuluta
pars recta |
|
|
Pars convuluta
|
S1- 1st 2/3 of PCT -closely packed apical canalculi lot of mitochondria in enfoldings.
S2- last 1/3 of pars convuluta and most of pars recta- microvilli not as tall, caniculi are less tightly packed |
|
|
Pars Recta
|
straighter and joins loop of Henle. Basal and lateral folding not as elaborate.
Simple cuboidal tall microvilli, lot of pinocytotic vesicles well defined BM. lateral processes. S3- low cuboidal no apical caniculi |
|
|
Peritubular capillaries
|
very thin endothelium & BM
|
|
|
Histo of PCT to L of H transistion
|
abrupt from cuboidal to squamous
|
|
|
Lateral processes of Loop of Henle descending in JM nephrons
|
lateral process and interdigitations and basal infoldings.
|
|
|
Loop histo
|
cells joined by tight jxns.
few mito |
|
|
Ascending limb of Jm nephrons
|
lateral processes and interdigitations but no basal infoldings
|
|
|
Thick segment of L of H
|
simple cuboidal epi
few short microvilli lateral and basal infoldings and interdigitations no urea secretion |
|
|
Vasa Recta
|
capillary plexus lined with fenestrated endothelium.
|
|
|
Mesengium
|
mesengial cells and their ECM
|
|
|
DCT-
|
Simple cuboidal epi- few microvilli
7:1- PCT to DCT - DCT is shorter Lumen is wider few organelles or mitochondria Lies between the two arterioles. many interdigitation(lateral) few basal infoldings |
|
|
Macula Densa
|
Simple columnar epi- pale staining, central nucleus- part of JGA - chemoreceptors
|
|
|
Collecting Tubules
|
Simple cubiodal to simple columnar
|
|
|
Principle cells
|
pale cytoplasm, few short microvilli, few mito, basal infoldings but no interdig
Target cells for Aldosterone |
|
|
Intercalated cells
|
Dkr cytoplasm few cells lot of mito more microvilli
Type A- secrete H+ absorn HCO3 Type B-opposite |
|
|
The further down the CT the fewer___________ and the more _______cells and _______cells.
|
DCT cells, intercalated and principle.
|
|
|
Collecting Duct
|
Simple columnar ,prinicple and intercalated cells down to primarily Prinicple cells at end. Descend into the medullary rays.
|
|
|
papillary duct
|
Ducts of Bellini
|
|
|
JGA
|
Macula densa, JG cells, Lacis cells.
|
|
|
JG cells
|
smooth muscle cells in afferent and efferent tubules secrete renin- barioreceptors
|
|
|
Lacis cells
|
extraglomerular cells flattened cells with fine cytoplasmic processes surround a network of mesengial cells
|
|
|
Medullary Ray
|
CD, Loop of Henle
|
|
|
Renal column
|
contains blood vessels and nerves
|
|
|
Cortex-interstitum
|
Delicate areolar CT bllod vessels. BM of tubules, fibroblasts, macrophages.
|
|
|
Medullary- interstitum
|
areolar CT Fibroblasts, interstitual cells.
|
|
|
Interstitual cells of kidney medulla
|
produces medullipin 1- a powerful vasodilator
|
|
|
Kidney innervation
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
Deglutition
|
swallowing
|
|
|
egestion
|
defecation
|
|
|
oral cavity & anus origin
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
Alimentary canal origin
|
endoderm
|
|
|
Accessory digestive
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
Oral cavity - 2 parts
|
vestible- between cheeks and gums and teeth
Oral cavity proper- behind teeth, hard and soft palates, tongue floor of mouth |
|
|
Extramural glands
|
salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
|
|
|
Oral cavity lined with___-
|
oral mucosa= wet stratified squamous epithelium with lamina propria
|
|
|
Mastification mucosa
|
Kertinized to partly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Dense irreg CT- lamina propria |
|
|
Oral lining mucosa
|
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria- dense irregular CT.
|
|
|
Specialized oral mucosa
|
bears taste buds and minor salivary glands
|
|
|
Where muscle under mucosa there will be a
|
submucosa of areolar CT
|
|
|
three regions of lips
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external aspect-glands, hair
vermillion zone- vascularized,no glands or hair internal aspect-wet-nk str sq epi. Submucosa -many glands |
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succedanous teeth
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incisors, canines
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Alveolus
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Bony socket, roots housed here separated by interalveolus septum
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Peridontal Ligament
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Dense irregular CT attaches root to bone- vascularized from alveolar bone.
Consists of principle fiber groups of type 1 collagen. Fibroblasts, nerve fibers(autonomic and pain fibers). Point of attachment under constant remodeling - prevents movement of tooth through the bone. |
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Gingiva
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Gums
Oral mucosa of alveolar ridge mastification mucosa. Tapers from thick to thin epithelium |
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Free gingiva
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Jxnal epithelium creating collar around tooth
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Crevicular epithelium
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epithelium lining the gingival sulcus (crevis)
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sections of tooth in relation to gingiva
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Root is in alveolus
crown is outside alveolus-bone level neck is inbetween |
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Crown of tooth
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projects above level of alveolar bone- covered with enamel
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root of tooth
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lies below the level of alveolar bone. covered with cementum
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neck tooth
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Jxn between root and crown
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Inside of tooth
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Pulp
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Pulp
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Lies in pulp cavity, areolar CT, rich in proteoglycans,GAGs, adipocytes, pulp stones. Highly vascularized with nerve fibers
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Pulp cavities
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pulp chamber and root canal
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three zones surrounding pulp core
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Outer ondontoblastic zone
cell free zone cell rich zone |
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Outer odonoblastic zone
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single layer of ondontablasts extending processes into dentin.
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Cell rich layer
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fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, surrounds pulp core
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Dentin
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surrounds pulp cavity
2nd hardest substance in body 70% hydroxyapetite 25% organic matter 10% water Produced by odonoblasts can self repair on pre existing dentin most of tooth |
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Enamel
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Translucent covering dentin in crown
hardest substance in body 96% hydroxyapetite 4% organic molecules and water |
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Organic matrix of enamel
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composed of enamalins and keratin
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Enamel produced by
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enameloblasts (before birth)
Body cannot repair |
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Aneloblasts
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primary enamel cuticle made by these. Cuticle worn away after eruption
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cementum
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Covers the dentin of roots.
1/2 hydroxyapetite 1/2 organic matter and water softer material Matrix - type 1 collagen are in lacunae cellular cementum at the base |
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Cementoblsts
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throughout life renewal of cementum.
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Basic structure of alimentary canal from esophagus to anal canal
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Mucosa - lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa(smooth muscle)
Submucosa-dense irregular CT Muscularis externa - layers of smooth muscle. Serosa-serous membrane of simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium, and underlying CT. Adventitia- consisting of only CT only where tube id directly attached to adjoining structures. |
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Epithelium of esophageal mucosa
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stratified squamous
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Epithelium of GI tract mucosa
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tight junctions of ciliated simple columnar epithelium.
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Glands of the alimentary canal
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Mucosal glands- extend into lamina propria
submucosal glands- deliver directly to surface or through ducts Extramural glands- lie outside GI tract and deliver via ducts.(liver, pancreas) |
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esophagus mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externia
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nk striatified squamous epi
Submucosa- dense irreg CT with lymphatics blood vessels, nerve fibers and ganglion cells Muscularis externa- two muscle layers -inner circ outer-long- vagus nerve |
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Glands of the esophagus
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esophageal glands proper -submucosa
esophageal cardiac gland- lamina propria |
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Stomach mucosa
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surface mucous cells with mucigen granules
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Fundic glands
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gastric glands -
parietal cells- intrinisc factor and HCL enteroendocrine cells- chief cells mucous neck cells |
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Pyloric glands
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branched coiled tubular.
plyoric glands some parietal and enteroendocrine glands |
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Gastric muscularis externa
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inner oblique
middle circular outer long |
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Gastroduodenal jxn
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no oblique muscle
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Ileum
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No Plicae
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Intestinal mucosal epithelium
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Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine M cells Stem cells- at bottom of crypts Goblet cells Surface absorptive cells intraepithelium cells |
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Subnucosa
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Meissner's plexus
Coarse areolar CT |
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Terminal web
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network of hrizontally oriented contractile microfilaments at the apical end of cell
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Teniae coli
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three thickened equally spaced bands of the outer longitudinal mucularis externa
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