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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the structure, function, and which cells are characterized by a plasma membrane?
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Structure: A phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins and cholesterol.
Function: It is the outermost layer of a cell. Protection and selective permeability. Cells: all of them! |
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What is the structure, function, and which cells are characterized by microvilli?
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Structure: Fingerlike extensions of the plasmalemma.
Function: Absorption. Non motle. Cells: Absorptive cells: Small intestine enterocyte, and proximal tubule of the kidney. |
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What is the structure, function, and which cells are characterized by stereocilia?
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Structure: long nonmotile extensions which serve to increase surface area.
Cells: Vas defrens, epididymus, and hair cells in the ear. |
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What is the structure, function, and which cells are characterized by the nucleus?
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Structure: DNA and histones (hetero/euchromatin), nuclear envelope with nuclear pores, and the nucleolus.
Function: Contain DNA, Replicate, and transcribe RNA. Transport m, r, and t, RNA to cytoplasm. Cells: Almost all. |
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What is the nuclear envelope (aka perinuclear cisterna)?
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A double phospholipid bilayer with pores which allows RNA and ribosomal subunits to pass to the cytoplasm.
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Tell me all about a nuclear pore. What does it let through?
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It is made of proteins called nucleoporins. It allows RNA, ribosomses, proteins (DNA polymerase and laminins), carbohydrates, lipids, and other signal molecules to pass through.
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What do you know about the nucleolus?
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Ribosomal construction site. It is made of protein and nucleic acids, is found in the nucleus, and functions in ribosomal RNA assembly into ribosomes (subunits).
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What is the structure, function, and which cells are characterized by rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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Structure: interconnected network of tubules and vesicles. Has ribosomes embedded in surface.
Function: Segregation of proteins not destined for the cytosol, modifying, and packaging proteins. Cells: Secretion, pancreatic acinar cells, fibroblasts, plasma cells, etc. found in cells which specialize in protein secretion. |
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What is the structure, function, and which cells are characterized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Structure: interconnected network of tubules and vesicles. (more tubular than RER) Continuous with RER.
Function: Segregation of lipids and steroids which will be secreted. Cells: Adrenal cortex, liver cells, leydig cells. |
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What is the Golgi complex and where is it found?
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The Golgi complex completes post translational modifications and puts and address on products synthesized by the cell.
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What is the structure, function, and in which cells do you find mitochondria?
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Structure: Has an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane has folds that are called cristae.
Function: The powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria helps generate ATP and heat. Cells: Almost all cells. Found at the apical ends of cilliated cells, middle piece of sperm cells, or the base of ion-transferring cells. |
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What is the structure, function, and in which cells do you find lysosomes?
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Structure: membrane bound vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes.
Function: intracytoplasmic digestion. Cells: macrophages, neutrophils, leucoytes. |
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What are secretory granules?
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They are membrane bound sacs of secretory product and are found in cells that need to secrete.
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Give me the skinny on microtubules.
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They are found in the cytoplasm and in cilia and flagela. They are composed of alpha and beta tubulin. Microtubules function in cell shape retention. Centrioles are related.
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What is a centriole?
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It is composed of nine triplets of microtubules. It functions in organization of the mitotic spindle and cytokinesis.
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What are the forms and types of epithila?
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Forms: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
Types (number of layers): simple, psudostratified, and stratified. |
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What is a mucosa?
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Mucus membrane of endodermal origin. Has mucous secreting cells/mucous glands in the submucosa.
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Where are goblet cells found?
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In the respiratory and intestinal tract.
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Where do we find transitional epithelium?
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Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and prostatic urethra.
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Where do we find stratified squamous non-keritinized?
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esophagous, rectum, cervix, vagina, oropharanx, larynx, and cornea
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Where do we find stratified sqamous keritinized?
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Gums, dorsum of tonge, hard palate, skin, anus, labia majora.
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Where do we find stratified cuboidal?
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Sweat glands
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Where do we find stratified columnar?
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Ducts of submandibular glands.
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Where do we find simple squamous?
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blood vessles, lymph, ascending limb of Henle
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Where do we find Simple cuboidal epithilum?
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ovaries, and tubuli recti
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What are Adherens junctions?
(Zonula adherens) |
Epithilal cell junctions, basal to tight junctions.
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What is a Desmosome?
(Macuala adherens) |
Found in epithilia and muscle cells. Bind cells
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What is a Gap Junction?
(nexus) |
Made of connexons, allow for cytoplasmic communication.
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What is a Tight junction?
(Zonula occludins) |
Forms an impermiable fluid barrier.
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What is Hayaline cartilage?
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Most common type of cartilage in the body. Nose, between ribs, and bone growth. Made of type II cartilage.
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What is elastic cartilage?
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Cartilage congaing high amounts of elastic fibers, Thick yet elastic, found in auricle, auditory canals and eustachian tube, the epiglottis and in larynx.
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What is fibro-cartilage?
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It is simalar to tendons, composed of type I cartilage, found in AF of IV disks, and symphisis pubis.
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What is a fibroblast?
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A cell that makes collagen, elastin, gyocosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans. Key player in wound healing.
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What is an adipocyte?
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A cell that specializes in fat storage.
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What is a mast cell?
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An immune cell in the blood.
It can release histamine and heparin and other inflammatory molecules. |
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What is a plasma cell?
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Memory B cells which secrete antibodies.
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What is a Macrophage?
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A cell that phagocytoses and digests cellular debris and pathogens.
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What kind of macrophages exist?
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kuppfer cells-liver
monocyte-immature in blood microglial-CNS Langerhans-skin Osteoclast-bone |
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What is the structure, function, and where is collagen type I found?
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Found in all connective tissue. Thick, resistant to tension, found in skin, tendon, bone, and teeth.
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What is the structure, function, and where is collagen type II found?
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Found in hayline and articular cartilage. It is loose and functions to resist pressure.
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What is the structure, function, and where is collagen type III found?
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Thin, Used for structural maintenance in expansible organs. found in skin, muscle, and blood. "reticular fibers"
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What is the structure, function, and where is collagen type IV found?
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Forms networks, support structures, filtration. Found in all basement membranes.
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What is the structure, function, and where are reticular fibers found?
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They are fibers which form 3d networks to support cells. made of type III collagen. Found in liver, bone marrow and lymphatic organs.
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What is the structure, function, and where are elastic fibers found?
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composed of elastic proteins. Skin, lungs, arteries, and veins.
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What is primary bone?
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Immature woven bone, found in cranial structures, teeth sockets, and some tendinous insertions.
Irregular collagen fiber arrangement Many osteocytes First to appear in bone development or fracture repair. |
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What is secondary bone:
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Mature lamelar bone found in adults, has osteons, and lamelle.
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Zones of epiphysial bone growth.
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R Ph Co.
(Epiphysis) Resting zone proliferating zone hypertrophic cartilage zone calcified cartilage zone ossification zone (diaphysis) |
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What is an osteoblast and where is it found?
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A cell responsible for bone formation and produce osteoid (type I collagen).
They are found at the surface of bone tissue. |
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What is an osteoclast and where do I find one?
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A multinucleate bone reabsorbing cell. They are found in Howship's lacune and form a "ruffeled border".
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What is an osteocyte and where is it found?
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An osteocyte is an osteoblast surrouned by bone matrix. It supports the matrix.
It is in a Lacuna. |
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What is skeletal muscle?
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Long striated muscle fibers
cylindrical multinucleated cells surrounded by an epimysium. Nuclei are located peripherally. |
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What is cardiac muscle?
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Involuntary striated muscle in the heart. They have intercalated discs with gap junctions.
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What is smooth muscle?
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Involuntary muscle composed of elongated non-striated cells.
Have a centrally located nucleus. Calmodulin and caldesmon function in contractions. |
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What is the structure of a sarcomere?
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The boundaries are the Z line. Actin makes up the I band (thin filaments), mysosin makes up the A band (thick filaments).
The M line is the middle of the sarcomere. |
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What is the structure of a muscle triad?
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-Tuble, Sarcoplasmic reticulum. It is located at the A-I junction.
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How does a muscle contract?
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A depolarization allows calcium in from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which binds to troponin C. Tropomyosin is modified and now myosin heads bind to actin followed by a powerstroke, and ATP hydrolization. The muscle is contracted.
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Where is smooth muscle found in the body?
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It is found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.
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What is a dendrite?
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The location of neuronal input, many branches, "dendritic tree".
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What is a nissl body?
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Highly developed RER with many cytoplasmic poly ribosomes. They are found in neuronal cell bodies.
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What is a perikaryon?
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A neruonal cell body.
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What is an axon hillock? (Not to be confused with Richard's first born)
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Origin of the axon from the neural cell body.
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What is a node of Ranvier?
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A gap between myelin sheaths.
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Which neurons are Pseudounipolar?
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Sensory neurons of the PNS.
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Which neurons are bipolar?
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Special sensory neurons (the ones used in smell, sight, taste, hearing, and vestibular functions).
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Which neurons are multipolar?
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MOTOR NEURONS, interneurons, and brain neurons.
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What is an oligodendrocyte, where is it found, and what does it do?
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It produces the myelin sheath in the CNS.
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What is a Schwann cell?
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One cell produces one sheath around an axon in the PNS.
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What is an astrocyte?
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A cell that binds neurons to capillaries and to the pia mater. Support endothilal cells of the blood-brain barrier, provide nutrients to nervous tissue, and help in scar formation.
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What are microglial cells?
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The phagocytic immune cells of the CNS.
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What is the difference between a peripheral axotomy and a CNS axotomy?
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In a peripheral axotomy nerves can be reestablished. In CNS axotomy all of the "downstream" neurons that were only linked to the one CNS nerve undergo transneuronal degeneration.
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What is the main component of white matter?
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Myelinated axons. White matter contains ZERO cell bodies. In CNS oligodendrocytes, in PNS Schwann cells
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What is the main component of gray matter? What happens in gray matter?
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Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells. Gray matter is where synapses happen.
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Where is Gray matter in the brain? In the spinal cord?
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In the brain it is at the surface.
In the spinal cord it is the middle part. |
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Where is white matter in the brain? in the spinal cord?
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White matter is deep in the brain and superficial in the spinal cord.
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What are the two layers of the dermis?
What are they composed of? |
The dermis is made of two layers. Superficial is the papillary layer which is composed of loose ct and fibroblasts. The deep layer is the reticular layer which is made of irregular ct and has less cells than the P. Layer.
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What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
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From superfical to deep:
stratum corneum, s. lucidum, s. granulosum, s spinosum, and s basale. |
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What a is Merkel cell?
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Found in the thick skin of palms and soles. Free nerve endings which form an expanded terminal disk are found at the base of these cells. (Detect pressure.)
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What is Meissner's corpuscle?
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Mechanorecepting nerve endings in the skin which are sensitive to light touch. Found in fingertips, lips, tounge and genitals.
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Free nerve endings are sensitive to what?
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Pain
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What is a Ruffini ending?
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A slowly adapting mechanoreceptor which detects skin stretch. Found deep in the skin and detect joint angle change.
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What is a Pacinian corpuscle?
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A mechanoreceptor which detects deep pressure and hf vibration.
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What is a keratinocyte?
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A skin cell.
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What is the difference between a basal keratinocyte and a regular karatiocyte?
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A keratinocyte is found throughout the entire epidermis. The basal K is found in the stratum basale. The S. basale is made of skin stem cells.
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What is a melanoctye?
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A skin cell found in the s. basale which secretes eumelanin (melanin for skin pigmentation).
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What is a Langerhans cell?
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Epidermal macrophages that digest microbial antigens to become antigen presenting cells.
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