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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do primordial germ cells do during embryogenesis?
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primordial germ cells (precursor to oocyte) from yolk-sac endoderm migrate to region of developing ovary (genital ridges)
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what happens to the # of oocytes as females age?
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decrease!!!!
~3.5 E 6 oocytes/ovary - fetus ~1E6 - @ birth ~2E5 - @ puberty |
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what falls in the class of primordial germ cells?
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precursor to oocyte
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how are ovaries like kidneys?
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have cortex and medulla
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describe ovary cortex:
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ovarian follicles and surr fibroblastic conn tissue stroma
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describe ovary medulla:
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vascular core
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what's an ovarian follicle?
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oocyte surr by follicular epithelial cells
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what happens to follicular epithelium of ovarian follicle over time?
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it proliferates during follicular maturation
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what becomes theca folliculi?
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adjacent mesenchymal stroma of ovarian follicle
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what's theca interna?
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endocrine cells of ovarian follicle
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what's theca externa?
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vascular layer of ovarian follicle
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what do follicular epithelial cells proliferate and form?
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glandular epithelium
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what's the ovarian follicle made up of?
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oocyte and follicular epithelial cells
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what promotes oocyte maturation?
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significant developmental changes that ovarian follicles undergo
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what's a primordial follicle?
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immature oocyte
arrested in 1st meiotic prophase has single layer of flattened follicular epithelial cells |
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what's theca folliculi made up of?
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theca interna and theca externa
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what does theca interna make?
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estrogen precursers
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Conn tissue immediately surrounding primordial follicle gives rise to:
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theca folliculi
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how big can oocyte grow to be?
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couple 100 microns in diameter
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what surr early follicle?
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conn tissue
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what happens to follicular epithelium that surrounds oocyte?
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undergoes dramatic structural and functional changes, and these cells influence oocyte maturation
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how does follicular epithelium change?
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1st become cuboidal
then proliferates |
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what are the follicle stages we're learning?
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primordial follicle
developing follicle secondary follicle mature follicle |
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what happens to follicular epithelium if it differentiates?
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cells become big, plump, cuboidal cells that proliferate
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what are follicular epithelial cells like in developing follicle?
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cells become cuboidal and begin to proliferate
-These follicular epithelial cells become zona granulosa |
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what separates zona granulosa from theca folliculi?
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prominent basement membrane that separates them from surrounding theca folliculi
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what's the zona pellucida?
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thick, eosinophilic layer of glycoproteins and polysaccs that come from granulosa cells and oocyte
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how's developing follicle arranged?
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Amorphous struc On either side, zona pellucida at interface w/ oocyte and basement membrane at interface w/ theca interna
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what cells are part of developing follicle?
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granulosa cells
theca folliculi theca interna theca externa |
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what are granulosa cells?
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Follicular epithelial cells become cuboidal, proliferate
-rest on prominent basement membrane |
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what forms theca folliculi?
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adjacent stroma forms theca folliculi
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what is theca folliculi?
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cells that differentiate to form endocrine epithelial theca interna and vascular theca externa
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where does zona pellucida form?
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b/w oocyte and granulosa cells
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how do granulosa cells communicate w/ oocyte?
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by cytoplasmic processes w/ gap juncs thru zona pellucida
-This is for granulosa to regulate oocyte and oocyte to send back info to modify granulosa |
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what's zona pellucida made of?
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glycoproteins and polysaccs from oocyte and granulosa cells
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what's the key feature of the secondary follicle?
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production of fluid that concentrates hormones around the oocyte
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what makes follicular fluid in secondary follicle?
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granulosa cells
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what's the func of the follicular antrum?
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func to concentrate estrogens and progesterone around oocyte
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what's in the follicular fluid of the antrum?
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steroid binding proteins
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what cells differentiate in secondary follicle?
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theca interna cells
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what makes androstenedione?
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theca interna cells in secondary follicle
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what are androstenedione cells?
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estrogen precursor cells
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what happens to androstenedione?
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converted to estradiol by granulosa cells
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what's the full size of an oocyte?
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~150-200 micrometers
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does theca interna make estradiol?
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NO!
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what are the main funcs of ovarian follicular granulosa cells?
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-contribute to formation of the zona pellucida
-communicate via gap junctions with the oocyte -secrete follicular fluid -produce steroid binding protein which acts to concentrate steroid hormones in the vicinity of the oocyte -granulosa cells convert androstenedione to estradiol -• secrete factors that promote weakening of the ovarian stroma to permit expansion of the growing follicle -produce a factor that helps regulate progression through meiosis |
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how does granulosa cell secrete factors that promote the weakening of the ovarian stroma to permit expansion of the growing follicle?
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Granulosa cells produce plasminogen activator
— acts locally to convert circulating plasminogen to plasmin |
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what's plasmin?
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(aka fibrinolysin) is a trypsin-like protease which activates collagenases — which, in turn, weaken the surrounding connective tissues.
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how do granulosa cells guide progression thru meiosis?
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Granulosa cells produce oocyte maturation factor: acts to inhibit oocyte from premature continuation of meiosis
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what happens to granulosa cells that stay adherent to zona pellucida?
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make corona radiata
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when are oocyte and surr corona radiata adherent to wall of follicle?
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Early on in early mature graafian follicle stage
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Oocyte completes first meiotic division in this stage..
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early mature graafian follicle stage
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how big can a mature, graafian follicle get?
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>1 cm
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what's corona radiata?
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rim of granulosa cells adherent to zona pellucida
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what's cumulus oophorus?
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stalk of granulosa cells holds oocyte near wall of follicle
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what type of cell division happens during mature graafian follicle time?
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-oocyte completes first meiotic division, casts off first polar body
-secondary oocyte enters 2nd meiosis and arrests @ metaphase to proceed to fertilization |
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what regulates the initiation of primordial follicle maturation?
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FSH
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what's follicular regulatory protein released by?
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FSH stimulated, dominant follicle
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what does follicular regulatory protein do?
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inhibits maturation of other follicles
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what has a negative feedback on FSH?
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ESTROGEN!!
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what happens to the cumulus oophorus at ovulation?
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breaks down --> oocyte ( w/ corona radiata) is now free w/i the antrum!
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what stims LH release (LH surge)?
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ESTROGEN!!
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what releases LH?
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pars distalis
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what chems are needed for ovulation?
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FSH and LH surge
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what happens during ovulation?
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-cumulus oophorus breaks down
-estrogen stims LH release -ovarian stroma weakens -granulosa cells weaken -fluid pressure in antrum increases -follicle wall ruptures |
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what happens when ovarian stroma weakens?
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local ischemia ( pale spot @ surface of ovary = stigma)
proteolytic enzymes (collagenase activity) in stroma |
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what happens when follicle wall ruptures during ovulation?
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oocyte w/ corona radiata is released
-usually 1 oocyte |
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how can stimulated follicle regulate development of surr follicles?
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release by follicular regulatory protein
-it’s releasing a product that is going to have an inhibitory effect on surr follicles.. This effect has a radius of action (finite), so it’s conceivable to have follicles some distance from stimulated follicle undergoing development at same time… some signal favors development of one follicle over another |
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what makes estrogen that neg feeds back on FSH?
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FSH stimulated follicle
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WHAT collaboration is necessary for estrogen to be made?
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collaboration b/w theca interna and granulosa cells
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when does LH and FSH spike? result?
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about mid cycle, which influences granulosa and theca cells to allow ovulation to occur
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what has to happen for expansion of oocyte?
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Ovarian stroma has to weaken
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how do you get corpus luteum?
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differentiates from granulosa cells and theca interna after ovulation
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what's granulosa lutein?
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granulosa cells that enlarge in response to LH
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what morphology do granulosa lutein cells acquire?
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steroid secretory morphology
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what does granulosa lutein make?
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Progesterone necessary to prepare the uterus for implantation
-relaxin |
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what do theca interna cells become after ovulation?
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theca lutein
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what does theca lutein do?
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continues prod of estrogen precursors
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what happens to clot w/i follicle of corpus luteum?
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vascularizes
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where are granulosa and thecal cells after ovulation?
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still in cortex
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what's responsible for production of progesterone that’s essential for maintanence of ovary?
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granulosa lutein, and thus corpus luteum
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why do granulosa cells undergo change in morphology?
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LH
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what's vascular supply for granulosa luteum?
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capillary plexus
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what does granulosa lutein make?
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progesterone
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what does theca lutein make?
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ESTROGEN!
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how long does corpus luteum last if no pregnancy?
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10-14 days; sustained by LH
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what has a negative feedback on LH?
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progesterone
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what happens to corpus luteum if LH falls?
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cl degenerates
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what makes gnrh?
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If pregnancy happens, interaction b/w conceptus and uterine wall
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when can ovarian follicles degenerate?
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anytime! any stage!
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what's corpus albicans?
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long-lasting collagenous scar tissue
-largest corpus albicans is from corpus luteum |
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what type of gland is a hilus gland?
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interstitial gland
-resembles Leydig cells |
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what's a hilus gland?
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-persistant mass of steroid secretory cells
-from theca interna -makes adrostenedione |
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what are uterine tubes?
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~12 cm long
extend from body of uterus to ovary -has 4 segments |
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what are the 4 segments of uterine tubes? what do they do?
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interstitial segment- pierces uterine wall
isthmus- medial 1/3 ampulla- dilated intermediate segment infundibulum- bears osteum, fimbriae |
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what chems influence oviducts?
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estrogen
progesterone |
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what do fimbriae do at time of ovulation?
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undergo peristalsis to draw oocyte into it
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what are the 3 layers of the wall of the oviduct?
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mucosa
muscularis serosa |
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what does mucosa of oviduct do?
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mucosal folds increase epithelial surface area
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what type of epithelium is oviduct mucosa?
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simple columnar epithelium
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what type of cells are in oviduct mucosa?
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ciliated cells and secretory cells (Peg cells)
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what does estrogen do to oviduct mucosa cells?
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-stims secretory activity
-increases cell height |
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what does progesterone do to oviduct mucosa cells?
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stimulates ciliary activity
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describe oviduct serosa:
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true serosa
lined by mesothelium |
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describe lamina propria of oviduct:
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highly vascular
has smooth muscle |
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describe smooth muscle of oviduct
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-prominent in fimbriae
-good b/c fimbriae are VERY active during ovulation! |
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describe muscularis of oviduct:
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2 layers: poorly separated
inner circular/spiral outer longitudinal |
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what's the func of oviduct muscularis?
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makes peristaltic contractile mvmnts directed towards uterus
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what's the main func of Peg cells?
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makes prod that conditions env of oviduct for survival of oocyte and survival of spermatozoa
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how big is uterus?
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6.5 cm long X 3.5 cm wide X 2.5 cm thick
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what are the parts of uterus? describe?
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fundus- rounded superior end
body- main part isthmus- constricted, mid part cervix- cylindrical, projects into vagina |
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describe layers of uterus wall:
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epimetrium (outer) - serosa and adventitia
myometrium (middle) - smooth muscle endometrium (inner) - uterine mucosa |
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what's blood supply to endometrium?
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arcuate aa
radial aa straight/basal aa spiral aa nutrient arterioles and capillaries venous sinusoids |
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describe spiral aa:
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bridge endometrial basalis to functionalis —heavily muscular, grow during endometrial cycle
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where are arcuate aa?
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w/i myometrium
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where are radial aa?
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myometrium, then crosses into endometrium
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what do straight/basal aa supply?
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supply endometrial basalis
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what blood supply in stratum basale?
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spiral aa
straight aa |
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where does tissue weaken during period and break?
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b/w stratum basale and stratum functionale
-stratum functionale is part that's lost |
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describe uterine glands:
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tubular, commonly branched, lined by simple columnar epithelium, ciliated and non-ciliated that are mucus secretory cells
-in stratum functionale and stratum basale |
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what makes up uterine endometrium?
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stratum functionale
stratum basale |
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what's uterine mucosa?
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uterine glands surr by lamina propria
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what are histological changes in uterine cycle?
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menstruation: days 1-5
proliferative phase: days 6-15 secretory phase: days 15-27 ischemia: day ~28 |
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what controls uterine cycle phases?
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hormones!
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what influences proliferative phase?
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ESTROGEN!!
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what influences secretory stage?
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progesterone
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Glands in uterine endometrium accum glycogen rich secretory prod is depend on influence of
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progesterone
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what happens during menstruation?
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-functionalis is shed
-base of uterine glands retained in stratum basalis |
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what's proliferative phase driven by?
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estrogen
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what happens during proliferative phase?
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-torn endometrium is resurfaced
-epithelial and stromal proliferation -endometrium thickens -uterine glands lengthen and coil -cells accum glycogen -coiled arteries grow towards functionalis |
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what drives secretory phase?
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progesterone
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what happens during secretory phase?
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-endometrium continues to thicken
-epithelium releases glycogen rich products -uterine glands become swollen, tortuous, and irregular -coiled/spiral arteries elongate -endometrial stroma accums fluid |
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when does ischemia phase of uterine cycle begin?
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When pregnancy does not occur the
corpus luteum cannot be maintained and estrogen and progesterone levels fall. |
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what happens during ischemia phase?
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Prostaglandins (potent vasoconstrictors) are released in the endometrium.
-Coiled arteries constrict -Coiled arteries open & close intermittently |
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what do vasoconstrictors act on in endometrium?
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- Act on nearby spiral/coiled arteries.
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what happens when coiled arteries constrict in ischemia phase?
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-endometrial stroma loses fluid
-lymphocytes, macrophages invade stroma |
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what happens when coiled arteries open and close intermittently in ischemia phase?
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ischemia --> cell lysis --> weakens stroma
vessels burst --> debrides (cleans) functionalis |
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what happens to cervix mucosa during menstruation?
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not shed
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describe cervical myometrium:
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less smooth muscle than uterine body
abundant collagenous conn tissue elastic fibers |
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describe cervical endometrium:
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-stroma denser than uterus proper: > collagen I
-epithelium of endocervical canal and glands :simple columnar -glands are branched, often dilated - may form Nabothian cysts -mucosa has longitudinal folds (plicae) |
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what's cervical mucus like mid-cycle?
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watery, promotes sperm motility
has lysozymes long strings of mucus from cervix to vagina: sperm ladders! |
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what stimulates mid cycle cervical mucus?
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estrogen
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describe late cycle cervical mucus:
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viscous secretion
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what stims late cycle cervical mucus?
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progesterone
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describe cervical mucus during pregnancy:
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particularly dense
protective |
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what's portio vaginalis of the cervix?
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abrupt change in epithelium
columnar (cervical) --> stratified squamous (vaginal) *cervical carcinoma can start here! |
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describe vaginal mucosa:
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-very thick
-stratified squamous (non keratinized) -in response to estrogen, cells accumulate glycogen |
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what are vagina parts?
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vaginal mucosa
lamina propria muscularis |
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describe lamina propria of vagina:
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no glands
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describe muscularis of vagina:
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interlacing bundles of smooth muscle
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what do estrogens control by feedback?
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neg feedback on FSH
stim release of LH |
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what stims ovulation?
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FSH + LH SURGE!!!
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what promotes corpus luteum formation?
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LH
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what hormone does corpus luteum make?
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progesterone and ESTROGEN!
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what negatively feedbacks on LH?
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progesterone
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what happens if LH reduces?
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corpus luteum degenerates
ESTROGEN and progesterone fall :( |
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what hormone stims the uterine proliferative phase?
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estrogen
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what hormone stims uterine secretory phase?
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progesterone
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what happens when you have reduced estrogen and progesterone?
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MENSTRUATION!!! and CRAZY EMOTIONS!!!
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what maintains the corpus luteum in pregnancy?
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chorionic gonadotrophin hormone
**maintains progesterone and ESTROGEN, too! |
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what does LH stim?
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ovulation
follicular development corpus luteum |
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do you have a maturing follicle before or after LH surge?
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BEFORE!
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what uterine events coincide w/ follicular phase of ovary?
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menstruation
proliferative phase |
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when is endometrium its thickest?
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secretory phase
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when is endometrium its thinnest?
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menstruation
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what uterine events coincide w/ luteal phase of ovary?
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secretory phase
menstruation |
