Histology Exam 2

Front 1

Function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Back 1

Deliver air to the lungs (nasal cavity -> bronchioles)

Front 2

Function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

Back 2

Structures within lungs where oxygen in the blood is exchanged for carbon dioxide (bronchioles -> alveoli)

Front 3

Histology of the conducting portion of respiratory system

Back 3

Respiratory Epithelium. (Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

Front 4

Which cells function in conditioning the inspired air?

Back 4

Not sure

Front 5

Sensory receptors for free nerve endings?

Back 5

Not sure

Front 6

Progenitor cells for other cell types?

Back 6

Basal Cells?

Front 7

Ciliated Columnar Cells

Back 7

Cells of the respiratory epithelium. Most numerous and cilia beat toward oral cavity.

Front 8

Mucous Goblet Cells

Back 8

Cells of the respiratory epithelium. Secrets mucus that traps particles

Front 9

Granule Cells

Back 9

Cells of the respiratory epithelium. Nueroendocrine cells have an effect on goblet cell secretion and ciliary activity

Front 10

Brush Cells

Back 10

Cells of the respiratory epithelium. Chemoreceptor with microvilli

Front 11

Describe the epithelium of the nasal cavity

Back 11

Begins as stratified squamous keratinized in the anterior vestibule and stratified squamous nonkeratinized further in.

Front 12

Mucous membrane of the epiglottis

Back 12

consists of the epithelium, lamina propria (loose CT) and glands

Front 13

Epithelium of the lingual and apical laryngeal surfaces of the epiglottis

Back 13

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Front 14

Epithelium of the lower laryngeal surface of the epiglottis

Back 14

respiratory epithelium

Front 15

Lamina propria of the epiglottis

Back 15

Contains muco-serous glands and elastic cartilage.

Front 16

False (vestibular) vocal folds

Back 16

Folds of loose connective tissue containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, & fat cells. Covered by respiratory epithelium

Front 17

True vocal cords

Back 17

consist of skeletal muscle, vocal ligament (elastic and collagen fibers), & a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.

Front 18

Vocalis muscle

Back 18

Skeletal muscle within the true vocal cords

Front 19

Histology of the trachea

Back 19

Respiratory epithelium lining the trachea with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Front 20

Primary Bronchi

Back 20

Arise from subdivisions of the trachea

Front 21

Secondary Bronchi

Back 21

Aka lobar bronchi because serve each lobe of the lung. Contain incomplete hyaline rings with smooth muscle

Front 22

Cartilage struture of the primary bronchi compared to the trachea

Back 22

The hyaline cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen of the bronchi

Front 23

Clara cells

Back 23

Found in terminal bronchioles and secrete glycosaminoglycans as “surfactant” and metabolize airborne toxins

Front 24

Epithelium of bronchioles

Back 24

ciliated columnar or cuboidal with goblet cells (lacks glands)

Front 25

Compostion of the walls of bronchioles

Back 25

smooth muscle instead of hyaline cartilage plates

Front 26

Epithelium of terminal bronchioles

Back 26

simple cubodial epithelium (clara cells and NO goblet cells)

Front 27

Walls of the terminal bronchioles

Back 27

CONTINOUS smooth muscle with some elastic fibers

Front 28

Respiratory bronchioles

Back 28

Trasition to respiration portion, only difference btwn terminal bronchioles is wall is not continous

Front 29

Alveolar ducts

Back 29

confluence of alveolar sacs

Front 30

Alveolar sacs

Back 30

Lead to alveoli

Front 31

Blood-air barrier

Back 31

1. Type 1 cell membrane
2. Fused basement membrane of type 1 and capillary endothelium
3. Endothelial cell membrane

Front 32

Cells of the intraalveolar septum

Back 32

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells), fibroblasts, mast cells, and contractile cells

Front 33

Alveolar pores

Back 33

Tiny holes that connect adjacent alveoli and provide collateral circulation to allow spread of infection through the lungs

Front 34

Pulmonary ateries

Back 34

Deoxy blood {elastic arteries to muscular arteries at the bronchioles to capillaries in the septum}

Front 35

Vermilion border of the lips

Back 35

transition from skin to the mucosa of the oral cavity

Front 36

Mucosa of the oral cavity

Back 36

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and lamina propria

Front 37

Submucosa of the oral cavity

Back 37

CT deep to mucosa that contains muco-serous glands

Front 38

Vermilion Border of the lips

Back 38

transition from skin to mucosa of the oral cavity

Front 39

Mucosa of the Oral Cavity

Back 39

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and a lamina propria

Front 40

Submucosa of the Oral Cavity

Back 40

deep to the mucosa and contains muco-serous glands (able to secret both types)

Front 41

Histology of the Lips

Back 41

contain skeletal muscle with a thin lightly keratinized epithelium

Front 42

Histology of the Tongue

Back 42

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, papillae, skeletal m., serous and mucous glands, glands of Von Ebner, and taste buds

Front 43

Filiform papillae of the tongue

Back 43

elongated and partially keritinized on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue [no taste buds]

Front 44

Fungiform papillae of the tongue

Back 44

mushroom shaped, and contain taste buds

Front 45

Taste bud

Back 45

extends through the epithelium with an opening called the taste pore

Front 46

Vallate papillae

Back 46

divide the anterior 2/3 from the posterior 1/3 via the sulcus terminalis. 7 to 10 present on the tongue and surrounded by a groove containing von Ebner glands. [have taste buds]

Front 47

von Ebner glands

Back 47

present in the lamina propria of the tongue, specifically the vallate papillae, and cleanse the taste buds.

Front 48

What separates the crown and root of a tooth

Back 48

gingiva (mucous membrane)

Front 49

Dentin

Back 49

covers the pulp of the tooth and is covered by enamel. Is produced by odontoblasts

Front 50

Enamel

Back 50

made by ameloblasts, which die upon eruption of the tooth

Front 51

Cementum

Back 51

covers the dentin at the root of the tooth and made by cementoblasts

Front 52

General organization of the digestive tract

Back 52

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and serosa/adventitia

Front 53

Structure and function of the periodontal ligament

Back 53

composed of collagen fibers which attach the cementum of the tooth to the adjacent bone

Front 54

Mucosa of the digestive tract

Back 54

contains epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa (circular inner and outer logitudinal)

Front 55

Submucosa of the digestive tract

Back 55

may contain glands and lymphatic tissue (Meissner's plexus found here)

Front 56

Muscularis propria of the digestive tract

Back 56

2 layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal) are responsible for peristalsis. Auerbach's plexus present (soma present)

Front 57

Adventitia vs. Serosa of the digestive tract

Back 57

adventitia is loose CT not cover by mesothelial (esophagus). Serosa is thin CT covered by mesothelium

Front 58

Esophageal cardiac glands

Back 58

mucous secreting glands near the stomach found with is the mucosa

Front 59

Esophageal glands

Back 59

serous secreting glands found throughout the length of the esophagus in the submucosa

Front 60

Epithelium of the esophagus

Back 60

stratified squamous non-keratinized

Front 61

Muscle of the esophagous

Back 61

skeletal upper 1/3, skeletal and smooth middle 1/3, and smooth the bottom 1/3 (all in the muscularis externa)

Front 62

Chief cells of the stomach

Back 62

lower 1/2 of the gland, and produce pepsinogen, lipase, and rennin.

Front 63

Parietal cells of the stomach

Back 63

acidophilic cells found in the upper 1/2 of the stomach, and produce hydorochloric acid intrinsic factor

Front 64

Mucous neck cells

Back 64

secrete neutral mucus that protects the stomach

Front 65

Paneth cells of the small intestine

Back 65

found in the base of the crypts and secret the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme (in the lamina propria)

Front 66

Are goblet cells found in the small intestine?

Back 66

Sure are, mostly for protection

Front 67

Brunner's glands

Back 67

in the duodenum submucosa. secrete alkaline mucus for protection and raises the pH for pancreatic enzymes

Front 68

Peyer's Patches

Back 68

found in the submucosa of the ileum, are aggregations of lymphatic tissue

Front 69

How does the small intestine increase its surface area

Back 69

1. plicae circularis (resemble rugae)
2. villi
3. microvilli

Front 70

Lacteals of the small intestine

Back 70

absorbs dietary fats from the villi

Front 71

Where are crypts of Lieberkuhn

Back 71

between villi

Front 72

Internal anal sphincter

Back 72

composed of smooth muscle

Front 73

External anal sphincter

Back 73

composed of skeletal muscle

Front 74

Name the 3 oral salivary glands

Back 74

1. Parotid Gland (by the ear)
2. Submandibular Gland (beneath the jaw)
3. Sublingual Gland (floor of the mouth)

Front 75

Secretion of the parotid gland

Back 75

serous secretions only

Front 76

Secretions of the submandibular gland

Back 76

serous and mucous but mostly serous

Front 77

Secretions of the sublingual gland

Back 77

serous and mucous but mostly mucous

Front 78

histological difference between the parotid gland and the pancreas

Back 78

pancreas has islets of Langerhan and the parotid has long CT septa and cubodial cells lining the ducts

Front 79

Serous cells of the pancreas

Back 79

secrete digestive enzymes that are stored in acidophilic zymogens granules and released by exocytosis

Front 80

Centroacinar cells of the pancreas

Back 80

beginning of the duct system and secrete bicarbonate and water

Front 81

How are the secretions of the serous and centroacinar cells of the pancreas stimulated?

Back 81

stimulated by the enteroendocrine cells of the Gastrointestinal System

Front 82

Glisson Capsule

Back 82

liver capsule composed of mesothelium

Front 83

Flow of blood in the liver

Back 83

blood flows from the portal triad to the central vein

Front 84

Where does bile flow to in the liver

Back 84

flows from the center of the classic lobule toward the portal triad (making a triangle)

Front 85

Classic Liver Lobule

Back 85

hexagonal shaped with the unit drained by the central vein

Front 86

Portal Liver Lobule

Back 86

3 central veins make up the triangle and blood flows from the portal triad to the central vein

Front 87

Liver Acinus

Back 87

diamond shaped with two central veins and two portal veins (portal triad -> central vein) with 3 zones

Front 88

Liver sinusoids

Back 88

found between plates of hepatocytes and have discontinous epithelium (Kupffer cells live here)

Front 89

Space of Disse in the liver

Back 89

small space between the sinusoid endothelium and the hepatocytes, contains plasma but no RBC

Front 90

Zone 1 of the liver acinus

Back 90

area nearest the vessels and the first to receive blood and nutrients. generally, the last to die in impaired circulation and first to regenerate. first to react to toxins or bile duct occulsion

Front 91

Zone 2 of the liver acinus

Back 91

midway between blood vessels and central vein, will undergo necrosis in yellow fever

Front 92

Zone 3 of the liver acinus

Back 92

closest to the central veins and first to show signs of ischemic necrosis and last to react to toxins and bile duct occulsion

Front 93

Kupffer cells

Back 93

specialized macrophages located in the liver, specifically the liver sinusoids

Front 94

Features and functions of the gallbladder

Back 94

function includes concentrating and storing bile. the mucosa has absorptive simple columnar epithelium with microvilli and does not contain submucosa.

Front 95

Rokitansky- Aschoff sinuses

Back 95

very deep invaginations of the mucosa in the muscle layer of the gallbladder

Front 96

Organization of the kidney

Back 96

bean shaped, covered by CT, in the retroperitoneum, with a hilum. Within it has a cortex and medulla

Front 97

What structure does the cortex of the kidney posses?

Back 97

renal corpuscles and kidney tubules

Front 98

What forms the medulla of the kidney

Back 98

medullary pyramids

Front 99

What makes the renal lobe

Back 99

renal pyramids plus the overlying cortex

Front 100

What are medullary rays?

Back 100

bundles of collecting ducts that extend into the cortex

Front 101

Structure of the Bowman's capsule

Back 101

double walled expansion that covers the glomerulus (visceral and parietal layers)

Front 102

Visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule

Back 102

composed of podocytes that are directly attached to the endothelial cells of the glomerulus

Front 103

Parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule

Back 103

simple squamous epithelium creating the capsule

Front 104

Renal filtration membrane

Back 104

pediceles, the capillary endothelium and the basement membrane

Front 105

Podocytes

Back 105

attached to the glomerulus and has pedicels (interlocking fingers) with filtration slits between.

Front 106

What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubule

Back 106

the proximal has microvilli while the distal does not