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107 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
function of platelets
blood clotting (coagulation)
3 granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2 nongranular leukocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
nongranular leukocytes aka
monocular leukocytes
neutrophils are phagocytic to:
bacteria, particular matter
phagocytize antibody - antigen complexes
eosinophils
function of basophil
chemotactic
histamine, heparia, and serotonin are
basophils
histamine is a
vaso-dialator
heparia is a
anti-coagulant
serotonin is a
vaso-constricitor
play a defensive role in phagocytosis and intracellular digestion micro-organism
monocytes
essential for processing of antigen prior to development of antibodies
monocytes
T Lymphocytes
develop in the bone marrow and go to the thymus where maturation and proliferation occur
T Lymphocytes may
- re-enter blood stream and return to bone marrow

- go to peripheral lymphoid organs, where they live from months to years

- provide additional stimulus to B-cells for the production of antibodies
B-Lymphocytes do not pass through the thymus, but go
directly to lymphoid tissue via blood stream
B-Lymphocytes survive
only a few days to a few weeks
when antigens are present in the body, B-Lymphocytes differentiate into
plasma cells which synthesize antibodies
all types of CTP can be distinguished by determining the
ratio of cells to fibers and the density of interstitial matrix
the three types of fibers in connective tissue fibers:
collagen, elastic, reticular
the three types of fibers can be differentiated by
appearance and chemical reactions
most common type of connective fibers
collagenous or white fibers
collagenous fibers run
in all directions
collagenous fibers occur in all
connective tissue
collagenous fibers possess
tensile strength
collagenous can be dissolved by
weak acids
collagenos fibers, when boiled, yield a
gelatin substance
collagenous fibers are made up of smaller units:
fibrils
fibrils: composition
microfibrils
microfibrils are composed of
macromolecules: tropocollagens
reticular are similar to collagen except they are
finer in caliber
reticular have less than affinity for
acid dyes
reticular dye better with
silver nitrate - argyrophilic
if boiled, reticular yield
reticulum
elastic are usually thinner than
collagen fibers
elastic fibers composed of
macopolysaccharide and protein referred to as elastin
elastin consists of 2 components:
amorphous homogenous gel (elastin) and fibrolar (microfibrils)
loose connective tissue aka
areolar
in loose connective tissue, what fibers are most numerous
collagenous
in loose connective tissue, what fibers are present and visible
elastic fibers
in loose connective tissue, what fibers are present but aren't visible if not stained
reticular
fixed cells of loose connective tissue
fibrocytes, adipose cells, histiocytes
fibrocytes aka
fibroblasts
fibrocytes or fibroblasts produce
fiber and ground substance (matrix)
in loose connective tissue, adipose cells may be present but are bounded by
reticular fibers
histocytes aka
macrophage
histiocytes function in
phagocytosis
may be wandering cells
histiocytes
wandering cells of loose connective tissue
WBCs and plasma from the blood, mast cells
mast cells produce
heparin, histamine, serotonin
locations of loose connective tissue
meseteries, omenta, hypodermis
dense irregular CTP is an arrangement of
random collagen fibers
in dense irregular CTP, what is visible
fibrocytes
dense irregular form the
dermis
in dense regular, collage fibers are found in
dense, wavy, parallel bundles
in dense regular, fibrocytes are
visible as thin purple streaks
dense regular gives tensile strength to
resist pulling
locations of dense regular
tendons, ligaments
in tendons, dense regular is an
regular arrangement of fibers
with dense regular, ligaments are
less regular fiber arrangement
reticular ctp is stained with
silver nitrate or argyrophilic
with reticular, you look for what kind of patter
branching
reticular ctp is found in
lymphatic system, spleen, sinusoids of liver, bone marrow
with reticular ctp, what cells are visible
red and white pulp cells
reticular ctp functions in
immunity
adipose ctp is arranged
cells with boundaries of reticular fibers
adipose ctp can be found
just about anywhere
the function of adipose ctp
energy storage and protection
yellow elastic ctp are
coiled, spring like appearance with yellow shiny fibers
elastic fibers greatest in #
yellow elastic ctp
yellow elastic ctp can be found
liamentum nuchae, ligamentum flava, large arteries, bronchi and trachea
process of preserving protoplasm with the least alteration from the living state
fixation
functions of fixing fluid:
- preservative
- inhibits autolytic changes and bacterial growth
- coagulates the protoplasm, rendering it insoluble and hard so sectioning can be easily performed
- increases the affinity of protoplasm to certain dyes
examples of fixing fluid
formalin, alcohol, mercuric bichloride, potassium bichloride, picric acid, acetic acid, osmic acid
examples of fixation mixtures
bouin's fluid, zenkers fluid, susas fluid
selections of fixatives
particular tissues, component to be studied, staining method used
process of infiltrating tissue with an embedding agent
embedding
procedure for embedding
1. wash - stops action of fixative
2. dehydrate - passing the tissue through increasing strengths
3. cleared - remove dehydrating solution - replace with substance that is miscible with both dehydrating agent an embedding medium
4. infiltration - paraffinand celloidin
5. freeze-drying method - occasionally some histologist prefers to examine tissue that has not been fixed or dehydrated, so they use freeze-drying
3 factors for freeze drying method
rapidly frozen and moisture is removed by suction

tissue is devoid of fluids and is then embedded

does not alter the specimen as much
process of slicing tissue embedded in paraffin into very thin parts ( 3 to 10 ) using microtome
sectioning
process of enhancing natural contrast and making more evident various cell and tissue components
staining
decerating agents of staining
xylol, toluol
process of mounting
1. wash - stop reaction with dye
2. dehyrate - gradual alcohol series
3. cleared - miscible with dehydrating and mounting agent
mounting agent
canadian balsam, permamount
3 elements common to all types of connective tissue
cells, fibers, matrix
cells can be either
fixed or wandering
responsible for synthesis of both fiber and ground substance
fixed cells
these cells move in and out of connective tissue via ground substance
wandering
function of wandering cells
to remove debris after tissue injury; first line of defense against invasion of microorganisms
factors that influence combination of cells found in tissue samples
tissue age

whether tissue growth is occurring

whether tissue repair is occurring

whether an inflammatory response to injury is occurring
fixed cells
fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, adipose cells, macrophages (histocytes)
fibroblasts look like
nerve cells
fibroblasts are common to
all types of ct
shape of fibroblasts depend on
physical state
when resting, the nucleus of a fibroblast is
small
when active, a fibroblast
is entirely enlarged
population of fibroblasts are not
permanent
in injury, new fibroblasts are recruited from
an undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
fibroblasts migrate to site of injury and
divide for wound repair
fibroblasts secrete
glycoprotein and a muscopolysaccharide - basis for ground substance
mesenchymal cells will also produce
collagen
smaller than fibroblasts
mesenchymal
believed to be primitive cells
mesenchymal
mesenchymal cells are stimulated with
toxins
believed to be precursors of adipose tissue
mesenchymal
adipose can occur
singularly or in groups
whats it called when adipose cells predominate over fiber and ground substance
adipose tissue