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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
function of platelets
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blood clotting (coagulation)
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3 granular leukocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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2 nongranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes, monocytes
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nongranular leukocytes aka
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monocular leukocytes
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neutrophils are phagocytic to:
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bacteria, particular matter
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phagocytize antibody - antigen complexes
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eosinophils
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function of basophil
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chemotactic
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histamine, heparia, and serotonin are
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basophils
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histamine is a
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vaso-dialator
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heparia is a
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anti-coagulant
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serotonin is a
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vaso-constricitor
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play a defensive role in phagocytosis and intracellular digestion micro-organism
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monocytes
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essential for processing of antigen prior to development of antibodies
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monocytes
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T Lymphocytes
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develop in the bone marrow and go to the thymus where maturation and proliferation occur
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T Lymphocytes may
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- re-enter blood stream and return to bone marrow
- go to peripheral lymphoid organs, where they live from months to years - provide additional stimulus to B-cells for the production of antibodies |
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B-Lymphocytes do not pass through the thymus, but go
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directly to lymphoid tissue via blood stream
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B-Lymphocytes survive
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only a few days to a few weeks
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when antigens are present in the body, B-Lymphocytes differentiate into
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plasma cells which synthesize antibodies
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all types of CTP can be distinguished by determining the
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ratio of cells to fibers and the density of interstitial matrix
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the three types of fibers in connective tissue fibers:
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collagen, elastic, reticular
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the three types of fibers can be differentiated by
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appearance and chemical reactions
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most common type of connective fibers
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collagenous or white fibers
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collagenous fibers run
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in all directions
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collagenous fibers occur in all
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connective tissue
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collagenous fibers possess
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tensile strength
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collagenous can be dissolved by
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weak acids
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collagenos fibers, when boiled, yield a
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gelatin substance
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collagenous fibers are made up of smaller units:
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fibrils
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fibrils: composition
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microfibrils
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microfibrils are composed of
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macromolecules: tropocollagens
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reticular are similar to collagen except they are
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finer in caliber
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reticular have less than affinity for
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acid dyes
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reticular dye better with
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silver nitrate - argyrophilic
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if boiled, reticular yield
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reticulum
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elastic are usually thinner than
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collagen fibers
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elastic fibers composed of
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macopolysaccharide and protein referred to as elastin
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elastin consists of 2 components:
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amorphous homogenous gel (elastin) and fibrolar (microfibrils)
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loose connective tissue aka
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areolar
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in loose connective tissue, what fibers are most numerous
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collagenous
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in loose connective tissue, what fibers are present and visible
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elastic fibers
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in loose connective tissue, what fibers are present but aren't visible if not stained
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reticular
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fixed cells of loose connective tissue
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fibrocytes, adipose cells, histiocytes
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fibrocytes aka
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fibroblasts
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fibrocytes or fibroblasts produce
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fiber and ground substance (matrix)
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in loose connective tissue, adipose cells may be present but are bounded by
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reticular fibers
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histocytes aka
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macrophage
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histiocytes function in
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phagocytosis
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may be wandering cells
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histiocytes
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wandering cells of loose connective tissue
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WBCs and plasma from the blood, mast cells
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mast cells produce
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heparin, histamine, serotonin
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locations of loose connective tissue
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meseteries, omenta, hypodermis
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dense irregular CTP is an arrangement of
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random collagen fibers
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in dense irregular CTP, what is visible
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fibrocytes
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dense irregular form the
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dermis
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in dense regular, collage fibers are found in
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dense, wavy, parallel bundles
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in dense regular, fibrocytes are
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visible as thin purple streaks
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dense regular gives tensile strength to
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resist pulling
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locations of dense regular
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tendons, ligaments
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in tendons, dense regular is an
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regular arrangement of fibers
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with dense regular, ligaments are
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less regular fiber arrangement
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reticular ctp is stained with
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silver nitrate or argyrophilic
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with reticular, you look for what kind of patter
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branching
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reticular ctp is found in
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lymphatic system, spleen, sinusoids of liver, bone marrow
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with reticular ctp, what cells are visible
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red and white pulp cells
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reticular ctp functions in
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immunity
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adipose ctp is arranged
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cells with boundaries of reticular fibers
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adipose ctp can be found
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just about anywhere
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the function of adipose ctp
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energy storage and protection
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yellow elastic ctp are
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coiled, spring like appearance with yellow shiny fibers
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elastic fibers greatest in #
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yellow elastic ctp
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yellow elastic ctp can be found
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liamentum nuchae, ligamentum flava, large arteries, bronchi and trachea
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process of preserving protoplasm with the least alteration from the living state
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fixation
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functions of fixing fluid:
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- preservative
- inhibits autolytic changes and bacterial growth - coagulates the protoplasm, rendering it insoluble and hard so sectioning can be easily performed - increases the affinity of protoplasm to certain dyes |
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examples of fixing fluid
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formalin, alcohol, mercuric bichloride, potassium bichloride, picric acid, acetic acid, osmic acid
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examples of fixation mixtures
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bouin's fluid, zenkers fluid, susas fluid
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selections of fixatives
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particular tissues, component to be studied, staining method used
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process of infiltrating tissue with an embedding agent
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embedding
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procedure for embedding
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1. wash - stops action of fixative
2. dehydrate - passing the tissue through increasing strengths 3. cleared - remove dehydrating solution - replace with substance that is miscible with both dehydrating agent an embedding medium 4. infiltration - paraffinand celloidin 5. freeze-drying method - occasionally some histologist prefers to examine tissue that has not been fixed or dehydrated, so they use freeze-drying |
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3 factors for freeze drying method
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rapidly frozen and moisture is removed by suction
tissue is devoid of fluids and is then embedded does not alter the specimen as much |
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process of slicing tissue embedded in paraffin into very thin parts ( 3 to 10 ) using microtome
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sectioning
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process of enhancing natural contrast and making more evident various cell and tissue components
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staining
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decerating agents of staining
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xylol, toluol
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process of mounting
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1. wash - stop reaction with dye
2. dehyrate - gradual alcohol series 3. cleared - miscible with dehydrating and mounting agent |
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mounting agent
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canadian balsam, permamount
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3 elements common to all types of connective tissue
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cells, fibers, matrix
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cells can be either
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fixed or wandering
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responsible for synthesis of both fiber and ground substance
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fixed cells
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these cells move in and out of connective tissue via ground substance
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wandering
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function of wandering cells
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to remove debris after tissue injury; first line of defense against invasion of microorganisms
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factors that influence combination of cells found in tissue samples
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tissue age
whether tissue growth is occurring whether tissue repair is occurring whether an inflammatory response to injury is occurring |
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fixed cells
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fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, adipose cells, macrophages (histocytes)
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fibroblasts look like
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nerve cells
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fibroblasts are common to
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all types of ct
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shape of fibroblasts depend on
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physical state
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when resting, the nucleus of a fibroblast is
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small
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when active, a fibroblast
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is entirely enlarged
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population of fibroblasts are not
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permanent
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in injury, new fibroblasts are recruited from
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an undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
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fibroblasts migrate to site of injury and
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divide for wound repair
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fibroblasts secrete
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glycoprotein and a muscopolysaccharide - basis for ground substance
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mesenchymal cells will also produce
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collagen
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smaller than fibroblasts
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mesenchymal
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believed to be primitive cells
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mesenchymal
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mesenchymal cells are stimulated with
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toxins
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believed to be precursors of adipose tissue
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mesenchymal
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adipose can occur
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singularly or in groups
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whats it called when adipose cells predominate over fiber and ground substance
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adipose tissue
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