Histology Exam #1 Connective Tissue

Front 1

Connective tissue have large amount of ____ between the cells.

The extracellular matrix consists of what? (2)

Back 1

extracellular matrix

ground substance and fibers

Front 2

CT is classified according to what?

Adult CT is derived from what?

Malignant tumors from mesenchyme are called what?

T or F: connective tissue contains many lymphatic vessels, nerves and blood vessels

Back 2

the predominant fiber type and organization

embryonic mesenchyme

sarcarmos

true

Front 3

What is the glue between the cell and the fibers and also contains a lot of water inside of it?

true or false: the ground substance allows the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and hormones between cells and capillaries

Increase fluid in the ground substance results in what?

Back 3

The ground substance

true

edema or tissue swelling

Front 4

true of false: the ground substance is composed of tissue fluid with water, electrolytes, glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid), proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins (laminin and fibronectins)

Back 4

isotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

Front 5

This is the most common type of collagen, in the LM they appear as wavy acidophillic bundles of fibers. they are very strong but flexible

Back 5

true

Front 6

These fibers are only visible when specially stained. they form delicate meshwork that support cells, capillaries, nerves, and muscle cells

Back 6

collagen type 1

Front 7

These fibers are thin and composed of elastin. they are present as individual fibers or as sheets and visualized with staining. These fibers return tissue to their original state after stretch and distension

Back 7

reticular fibers (type 3 collagen)

Front 8

Thin branching fibers are composed of____. they can be present as individual fibers or discontinous sheets (t or F). elastic fibers return tissues to their original state after stretch or distention (t or F)

Back 8

Elastic fibers

true

true

Front 9

What is the principal cell of CT?

what type of nucleus?

Fibroblasts __ and ____ the components of the extracellular matrix including all fibers and most of the ground substance. Is it motile and can reproduce?

Back 9

fibroblasts

heterchromatic

secrete and maintain

yes

Front 10

_____ are contractile cells that appear in wounds. They display properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Adipoctyes are neutral fats (true and false) ____ is present in the fetus and newborn where it is used as an energy source, providing heat to newborns.

Back 10

Myofibroblasts

true

Multiocular (brown) fat

Front 11

____ are phagocytic cells derived from blood cells called monocytes. ____ migrate from the blood to the CT where they differentiate into macrophages.

they are called _ in the lungs , and _ in the liver

Back 11

macrophages

monocytes

dust cells (alveolar macrophage)

kupper

Front 12

what are the functions of macrophages?

Back 12

phagocytosis of invaders, removal of debris, and a number of other immune functions *including presentation of antigens to lymphocytes*

Front 13

macrophages can fuse to form a large cell with up to 100 nuclei. Are they capable of walling off relatively large masses if foreign material like splinters

Back 13

yes

Front 14

____ cells are small round cells with a basophillic cytoplasm (RER) and eccentric nucleus. its round nucleus has an unusual pattern of _____ often descfibed as a cock face, cartwheel, or soccor ball.

Plasma secrete what?

Plasma cells are derived from what?

Back 14

Plasma

heterchromatin

circulating antibodies (immunoglobins)

b lymphocytes

Front 15

___ are motile cell and amoebid in shape. cytoplasm is filled with secretory granules. obscuring the small round nucleus. The granules are ______, that is they change the color of the dye. The granules usually stain blue, purple, or even pinkish.

Back 15

Mast

metachromatic

Front 16

Mast cells secrete what?

Secretion of mast granules (degranulation) can affect the leakage of the plasma into the connective tissue. This can result in what?

Back 16

heparin, histamine, leukotrienes

immediate hypersenitivity reactions, allergy, and anaphylaxis

Front 17

What are other cells that travel through the CT?

Back 17

lymphocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil

Front 18

The loos CT of the embryo that fills the embryo is called __. it contains star shaped cells, abundant ground substance and very few fibers.

Mesenchyme can also differentiate into what?

Back 18

mesenchyme

blood, endothelial cells, pericytes, and muscle cells

Front 19

Mesenchyme is derived from what? with exception with what? where is that derived from

___ CT is a specialized embryonic CT present in the umbilical cord.

Back 19

mesoderm

head and neck region

ectoderm (neural crest cells)

Mucous CT (whartons jelly)

Front 20

This type of tissue contains only a few, poorly organized fibers and abundant ground substance. this is highly vascularized of CT

Where it is commonly found?

Back 20

Loose Connective Tissue

found underneath the surface epithelium *(can contains few or many cells)*

Front 21

What type of cell tissue CT are large numbers of collagen that are present in a haphazard, irregular organization?

What are the cell type present?

Can it resist stress in multiple directions? t or f

Give some example

Back 21

Dense irregular CT

Fibroblasts

true

dermis and the CT capsules around organs

Front 22

Type of CT that are large numbers of collagen fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles extending in the direction of tension

Are the fibroblasts also arranged in a parallel direction?

Where are they most?

Back 22

Dense regular CT

yes

tendons, ligaments, cornea

Front 23

This is a specialized type of Loose CT in which adipose tissue cells are the predominant cell.

Are they highly vascular?

Back 23

Adipose tissue (white unilocular fat, fatipose)

yes

Front 24

_____ is a specialized type of dense regular CT in which the predominant type of fiber is elastic.

Does it have a small number of collagen and reticular fibers?

Are they organized into a large parallel bundles

Back 24

Elastic CT

yes

yes

Front 25

This type of tissue is the CT framework or stroma of the lymphatic (lymph node, spleen) and hemopoiectic tissues (bone marrow, spleen, liver).

It provides a delicate _______ to support the cells.

What are the fiber secreted by?

Back 25

Reticular CT

flexible meshwork

reticular cells (modified fibroblasts)

Front 26

What are the 4 characteristics of cartillage?

Back 26

supports tubular organs to keep them open (trachea, bronchus), forms a semi flexible union between bones (ribs, sternum), forms a gliding surface at the articular surfaces of bone (joints), and serves as a precursor for many bones in development (endochondral ossification) and after injury

Front 27

In cartillage (like CT), it is surrounded by extracellular matrix. What does the Extracellular matrix contain?

Catillage cells like chondrocyte are trapped in small holes called ____

____ produce and maintain the matrix and can divide.

Back 27

fibers and ground substance

lucunae

chondrocytes

Front 28

Cartillage is avascular/vascular?

Cells trapped in the matrix receive oxygen and nutrients that diffuse from blood vessels in the surrounding CT, this limits what?

What are the 3 types of cartillage?

Back 28

avascular

limits the size of cartillage

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartillage

Front 29

type 2 collagen fibrils=

elastic fibers + type 2 collagen=

type 1 collagen (visible acidophillic fibers)=

Back 29

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartillage

Front 30

__ is the most type of cartilage, is present in the nose, respiratory passages, end of ribs, articular surfaces of bones, and in the developing skeleton where it is eventually replaced by bone. it appears white

perichondrium present?

___ contains collagen type 1 fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and has appositional growth

Back 30

Hyaline

yes

perichondrium

Front 31

name the matrix:

-hydrated gel with type 2 collagen fibrils, fibrils not visible in the LM and avascular

-basophillic matrix around isogenous groups of cells

-lightly stained areas between cell clusters

-basophillic stained matrix around each cell

Back 31

extracellular matrix

territorial matrix

interterrotorial matrix

capsule

Front 32

2-8 cells formed by mitosis of a single chondrocyte?

Back 32

isogenous group

Front 33

Chondroblasts differentiate from what?

Cartilage develop by what type of growths?

Growth characterized by differentiation of chondroblasts from fibroblasts in the perichondrium? Now chondroblasts are trapped in the matrix and are called ___

and adds matrix to the oustide.

Back 33

mesenchyme

appositional and interstitial growth

appositional growth

chondrocytes

Front 34

growth characterized by division of chondrocytes in the lucunae. addition of matrix within and results in isogenous groups. this is common when matrix is soft (when you're young)

Back 34

interstitial growth

Front 35

Process where the chondrocytes hypertrophy, the matrix calcifies (precipitation of mineral salts) and the chondrocytes dies. this is an integral of endochondral bone development

Back 35

degeneration of cartilage

Front 36

Process where damaged adult cartilage regenerates with difficulty, primarily from the ___. If the damaged is too much what is the cartilage replaced by?

Back 36

regeneration

perichodrium

CT scar

Front 37

what type of cartilage is smooth, friction free layer of hyaline cartilage at the end of bone is synovial joints?

does it have a perichondrium?

Where does is receives its oxygen and nutrients from?

does it have a poor ability of repair after damage?

Back 37

articular cartilage

no

synovial fluid of the joint capsule

yes

Front 38

___ is the most degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive degeneration and erosion of articular cartilage. eventually the cartilage is lost and the bone becomes exposed. this is wear and tear disease. Only hits certain joints (cartilage issue)

Back 38

osteoarthritis

Front 39

A chronic systemic autoimmune, inflammatory disorder that affects many tissues and organs. it especially attacks the joints, destroying the cartilage and replacing it with vascular CT. this is a scleodoma problem, hits all the joints, and a secondary cartilage problem

Back 39

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 40

Type of cartilage in areas needing more flexibility. This cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage (chondrocytes, perichondrium) except that in addition to type 2 collagen fibrils it contains a meshwork of fine elastic fibers

Back 40

elastic cartilage

Front 41

Type of cartilage present where additional strength is necessary (intervertebral disc). it is an intermediate structure betweenn dense CT and hyaline cartilage. it is ALWAYS associated with dense regular CT, and does not have a perichondrium

Back 41

fibrocartilage

Front 42

What does fibrocartilage contain?

Back 42

matrix with type 1 collagen fibers aligned in the direction of mechanical stress (acidophillic) and chondrocytes lined up in rows between the collagen fibers

Front 43

In intervertebral disc, a concentric rings of fibrocartilage, called ____ surrounds the gel of nucleus pulposus. with age or trauma the fibrocartilage can weaken allowing the nucleus pulposus to become extruded causing a ____

Back 43

annulus fibrosis

slipped disc